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Nutrient ManagementAGRICULTURAL

THE PHILIPPINE Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System


SCIENTIST S.M.A. Jabbar et al.
ISSN 0031-7454
Vol. 91 No. 3, 269-277
September 2008

Evaluation of Different Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice


Cropping System under Agroecological Zone 1 in Bangladesh
S. M. A. Jabbar1,2*, M. Mahamuda Begum2, P. C. Sta. Cruz2 and M. Harun-ur-Rashid1
1Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
2College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
*Author for correspondence; e-mail: s.jabbar@cgiar.org, smajabbar@yahoo.com

A study on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system using six different
nutrient management practices was conducted during 2002–2004 in Panchagarh, under Agroecological
Zone 1 in Bangladesh for the development of cropping pattern-based fertilizer recommendations. The
six different nutrient management treatments were as follows: soil test-based inorganic fertilizer
doses for moderate yield goal (MYG), soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for high yield goal (HYG),
integrated nutrient management for HYG (INM), Agroecological Zone-based standard fertilizer recom-
mendations given in Fertilizer Recommendation Guide ’97 (FRG ’97), local farmers’ practice (FP) and
unfertilized control.
The combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer could increase system productivity com-
pared with the use of inorganic fertilizer alone. In general, soil test-based fertilizer doses performed
better than fertilizer applied at standard doses without prior soil testing. Based on the 2-yr study, soil
test-based INM treatment produced the highest crop yields, improved yield-contributing characters,
resulted in the highest gross margin and gave the highest marginal benefit cost ratio over the unfertil-
ized control compared with the other nutrient management practices. Under such conditions, the
application of farm yard manure in the form of cow dung in the INM treatment was found useful in
increasing crop yields. To increase soil fertility and sustainable crop productivity, the farmers in
Bangladesh should be encouraged to use farm yard manure such as cow dung along with INM treat-
ment for wheat-rice cropping system.

Key Words: farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers, integrated nutrient management, wheat-rice cropping system

Abbreviations: AEZ – Agroecological zone, FYM – farm yard manure, FP – farmers’ practice, FRG ’97 – fertilizer recom-
mendation guide ’97, HI – harvest index, HYG – high yield goal, INM – integrated nutrient management, MBCR – marginal
benefit cost ratio, MYG – moderate yield goal, SOM – soil organic matter

INTRODUCTION the introduction of high-yielding rice and wheat varieties,


the adoption of modern cultivation technologies, the in-
The economy of Bangladesh, one of the world’s most creased use of chemical fertilizers, the expansion of irri-
densely populated countries, depends on the agricultural gated area and the increase in cropping intensity (Bhuiyan
sector. More than 80% of the arable land in Bangladesh is et al. 2002). Cropping intensity (the ratio of cropped area to
used for food production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)- cultivated area) in Bangladesh has reached about 179%
rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system is the principal ag- (Saleque et al. 2004).
ricultural production system in southern and eastern Asia, The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Cen-
covering an estimated area of 21.9 million ha in seven coun- ter (CIMMYT 1990 and CIMMYT 1992) reported that the
tries, i.e., Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, yields of rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains Region
Nepal and Pakistan (Ladha et al. 2000; Mann and Garrity of India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh had reached a
1994). Rice and wheat cover about 83% of the total land plateau due to declining factor productivity (the ratio of
planted to cereals (Ahmed and Meisner 1996). Food pro- production output to inputs used in the production at spe-
duction in Bangladesh has increased from 10.97 million cific period of time) under increasing intensification. How-
tons in 1971 to 25.9 million tons in 2007 (Datta 2008) due to ever, increasing cropping intensity with cultivation of mod-

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 91 No. 3 (September 2008) 269


Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System S.M.A. Jabbar et al.

ern varieties increased the removal of nitrogen (N), phos- farms are in rural and periurban areas (Azizunnesa et al.
phorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S) and other plant nu- 2008). Many of the farmers in Bangladesh are small to mar-
trients from the soil because of their greater biomass ginal and own 0.5–1.5 acres of land (Rashid et al. 2002),
(Dobermann et al. 1996a and 1996b; Saleque et al. 2004). mostly fragmented landholdings. They can produce the
Nutrient removal has exceeded annual replacement, in spite required amount of cow dung (5 ton ha-1) from their own
of adherence to the application of appropriate fertilizer cattle or buy it from the surrounding farms. The applica-
doses based on the national fertilizer recommendations tion of cow dung in rice and wheat fields may help to re-
(Saleque et al. 2004). duce the use of chemical fertilizers and overall production
A crop production system with high yield target can- cost.
not be sustainable unless balanced nutrient inputs are sup- The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council is up-
plied to the soil, considering the rate of nutrient removal dating its Fertilizer Recommendation Guide ’97 (FRG ’97)
by crops (Bhuiyan et al. 1991). Moreover, in the crop pro- with soil test-based fertilizer recommendations for the tar-
duction system of Bangladesh agriculture, inorganic fertil- get yield of a crop. Hence, the present study was con-
izers are not usually applied in balanced proportion by the ducted to evaluate the different fertilizer management prac-
farmers (BARC 1997) who are mainly concerned with ap- tices along with farmers’ practice for the wheat-rice crop-
plying high rates of inorganic N fertilizer and tend to ne- ping system to establish a cropping pattern-based system
glect the use of organic fertilizers (Saleque et al. 2004). for recommended rates of fertilizer application in
Most farmers are reluctant to use organic fertilizer due to Bangladesh.
some constraints: 1) organic fertilizers are bulky and re-
quire more time and labor cost for collection, storage, trans-
port and application; 2) nutrient contents in organic fertil- MATERIALS AND METHODS
izers are lesser compared with those of inorganic fertiliz-
ers; 3) slow nutrient releasing nature of organic fertilizers; Site Characterization
and 4) the beneficial effects of organic fertilizers are not Two field experiments were conducted at the Boda Multi
immediately observed. Hence, such imbalanced nutrient Location Testing (MLT) site in Panchagarh, Bangladesh
management practices may hamper the productivity of soils during the dry (Rabi season) and wet (Kahrif-II season)
in Bangladesh that generally contain low levels of organic seasons of 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 in medium highland
matter (Saleque et al. 2004). under irrigated condition. The same experimental plots were
Soil fertility is one of the major factors in the manage- used in both years. The experimental site belongs to
ment of soils to improve their sustainability. Integrated Agroecological Zone 1 in Bangladesh, known as Old Hi-
nutrient management (INM) is the maintenance or adjust- malayan Piedmont Plain.
ment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply at an opti-
mum level to sustain the desired crop productivity whereby Soil Analysis
both organic and inorganic fertilizers are used simulta- A composite topsoil sample (0–0.15 m depth) from eight
neously in the field. This approach could be a practical subsamples was collected at the beginning of the experi-
option to maintain sustainable soil productivity in a tropi- ment from each replication and was analyzed for soil pH
cal country such as Bangladesh. (1:1 soil-water mixture), percentage of SOM (Nelson and
Soil organic matter (SOM), which is related to soil qual- Sommers 1982), total soil N (Bremner 1996), available P
ity, is known to be an important fertility parameter. Wade (Olsen et al. 1954), exchangeable K (NH4O-Ac extraction;
and Ladha (1995) and Willet (1995) confirmed that the addi- Helmke and Sparks 1996), available S (wet chemical meth-
tion of organic matter in the soil is considered essential for ods), available zinc (Zn) (0.05N HCl method) and available
the improvement of the soil cation exchange and the buff- boron (B) (Azomethine-H method). The experimental site
ering capacities for nutrient retention and better soil struc- has a clay loam soil texture.
ture. The average organic matter content of soils in
Bangladesh is about 1.0% (Saleque et al. 2004). Under tropi- Experimental Design, Crop Establishment and Manage-
cal climates, increasing organic matter to a high level is not ment
easy. In such conditions, farm yard manure (FYM) was The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block
found to be useful in improving soil fertility and productiv- design with 6 dispersed replications. The size of the experi-
ity, increasing the efficiency of applied fertilizers and even- mental unit plot was 40 m2 (5 m x 8 m). The field was plowed,
tually increasing crop yields. cross-plowed about 15 cm and harrowed to incorporate
In Bangladesh, cow dung is one of the important weed and previous crop residues into the soil during land
sources of organic manure. The total cattle population in preparation. Each plot was separated by bunds to prevent
Bangladesh is about 24.4 million and most of the cattle movement of water with nutrients from one treatment to

270 The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 91 No. 3 (September 2008)


Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System S.M.A. Jabbar et al.

another. Drainage canals were constructed after the final HYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for
harrowing and leveling. For the wheat-rice cropping sys- high yield goal (HYG); (4–5 t ha-1 for wheat;
tem, the high-yielding wheat variety ‘Shatabdi’, released 5–6 t ha-1 for rice)
by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, and the INM = Integrated nutrient management for HYG
high-yielding rice variety ‘BRRI Dhan-33’, released by the FRG ’97 = Agroecological Zone-based standard
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, were used in the study. fertilizer recommendations given in Fertilizer
Wheat seeds were sown in rows following 25 cm to row Recommendation Guide’97 by the Bangladesh
distance and covered by soil with little pressure by hand. Agricultural Research Council
The rice variety was established by transplanting 25-d-old FP = Local farmers’ practice (based on interviews
seedlings at a planting distance of 20 cm x 20 cm. The of 30 local farmers)
experimental plots were irrigated at different crop growth Control = Unfertilized control.
stages for three and six times for wheat and rice crops,
respectively. Insects, diseases and weeds were controlled The doses for different fertilizers under each treatment
based on recommended practices in the area. Yield compo- are specified in Table 1. The sources for N, P, K, S, Zn and
nents (plant height, spike number, tiller number, spike B were urea (46% N), triple superphosphate (20% P), muri-
length, panicle length, number of effective grains per spike, ate of potash (50% K), gypsum (18.6% S), zinc sulphate
number of filled grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight) (35% Zn) and boric acid (17% B), respectively. Well-de-
were determined from a 1-m2 sampling area at harvest. Grain composed cow dung (0.5% N, 0.2% P and 0.5% K) from the
yield and straw yield were determined at harvest from a 5- farmers’ own farm was used as organic fertilizer for the first
m2 designated sampling area in the center of each subplot. crop (wheat) and was incorporated at 1 wk before wheat
Harvest index (HI) was calculated by dividing the total seeds were sown. One-third of N and full doses of P, K, S,
grain yield by the combined grain and straw yields. Zn and B were applied during the final land preparation.
The remaining N was top-dressed in two equal splits at
Fertilizer Treatments mid-tillering and at panicle initiation stages in both crops.
The six different fertilizer management practices used as
treatments in the experiment are described as follows: Cost and Return Analysis
MYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses Cost and return analysis for both crops was done to evalu-
for moderate yield goal (MYG); (3–4 t ha-1 ate the economic potential of the different fertilizer man-
for wheat; 4–5 t ha-1 for rice) agement practices. The variable cost was computed based
on the cost of fertilizers applied in both crops including the

Table 1. Fertilizer treatments and rate of nutrient applications for the wheat-rice cropping system.

Wheat Rice
Treatment
Nutrient (kg ha-1) Cow dung* Nutrient (kg ha-1 )
(t ha-1)
N P K S Zn B N P K S Zn

MYG 84 14 53 20 1 0.6 0 67 4 37 8 1
HYG 120 20 75 28 1.4 0.8 0 90 5 47 10 1.4
INM 105 15 60 28 1.4 0.8 5.0 90 5 47 10 1.4
FRG ’97 90 20 45 15 1.5 0.5 0 75 10 35 4 0
FP 86 24 40 13 0 0 0 80 7 30 4 0
Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Treatment legend:
MYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for moderate yield goal (MYG)
HYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for high yield goal (HYG) which is 1.4 times higher than the fertilizer doses in MYG
I N M = Integrated nutrient management for HYG
FRG ’97 = Agroecological Zone-based standard fertilizer recommendations given in Fertilizer Recommendation Guide’97
F P = Local farmers’ practice
Control = Unfertilized control
*Well-decomposed cow dung (fresh basis) at 5 t ha-1 = 25, 10 and 25 kg of N, P and K, respectively. At an assumed mineralization rate
of 60% during the cropping period, this provided 15, 5 and 15 kg of N, P and K, respectively.

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 91 No. 3 (September 2008) 271


Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System S.M.A. Jabbar et al.

price of cow dung applied in the first crop. The cost of Data Analysis
fertilizers in Taka were as follows: urea - 6.00; triple-super Data were statistically analyzed using procedures de-
phosphate - 15.00; muriate of potash - 10.00; gypsum - scribed by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Analysis of variance
5.00; zinc sulphate - 40.00 Taka per kg and cow dung - 250 and the least significant difference for comparison of treat-
Taka per ton (1 U.S Dollar is equivalent to 68.00 Bangladesh ment means at 5% level of significance were computed by
currency Taka in 2008). The average grain and straw yields using IRRISTAT Version 5.0.
of wheat and rice were used in computing the gross return
for both cropping years. The cost of grain and straw for
wheat and rice were computed as follows: wheat grain - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.00, wheat straw - 1.25, rice grain - 7.50 and rice straw - 1.50
Taka per kg. Gross margin was calculated from the differ- Site Soil Characterization
ence between gross return and variable costs. Marginal Based on the results of pre-experimental soil analysis, the
benefit cost ratio was computed based on gross return and experimental fields were characterized by acidic soil reac-
variable cost over the unfertilized control. tion, low soil organic matter and soil N, very low available
P, deficient exchangeable K, medium available S, Zn and
Table 2. Values for selected soil characteristics of com- very low B (Table 2), and were frequently classified as
posite topsoil samples (0–0.2 m) from the six dispersed having extremely poor soil (Wade et al. 1999). Thus, the
replications.
chance of producing the differential effects due to fertilizer
Soil Characteristics Measured Critical management practices as variables in the study was antici-
Value Soil Level* pated.

pH 5.1 6–6.5 Wheat Crop


% Soil organic matter 1.67 2–3
% N (Kjeldahl) 0.09 0.1–0.15
Yield-contributing characters of wheat. The average val-
Available P (mg kg-1) 3.3 <5 ues of yield-contributing characters of wheat, as influenced
Exchangeable K (cmolc kg-1) 0.11 <0.2 by the different fertilizer management practices during the
Available S (mg kg-1) 8.8 <5 dry (winter) seasons of 2002–2003 and 2003–2004, are
Available Zn (mg kg-1) 0.78 <0.6 shown in Table 3. The yield-contributing characters varied
Available B (mg kg-1) 0.16 <0.5
significantly with different fertilizer management practices.
*Source: Rice Knowledge Bank, International Rice Research In- INM produced the tallest plant, which was significantly
stitute (IRRI), Philippines (2008)

Table 3. Yield contributing characters of wheat at harvest in wheat-rice cropping system


under different fertilizer management practices during the dry (winter) seasons of 2002–
2003 and 2003–2004 at Boda MLT site, Panchagar, Bangladesh (average of 2 yr).

Plant No. of Spike No. of 1000


Treatment Height Spikes Length Effective Grain
(cm) per m 2 (cm) Grains per Spike Weight (g)

MYG 88.5 204 8.9 41.4 43.0


HYG 89.7 213 9.27 41.3 44.5
INM 97.7 221 10.3 46.1 45.6
FRG ’97 88.8 202 9.28 41.4 42.8
FP 91.3 199 9.25 39.3 41.4
Control 65.9 151 6.45 26.6 35.2

LSD (P>0.05) 6.1 15.6 0.45 2.83 1.2

Treatment legend:
MYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for moderate yield goal (MYG)
HYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for high yield goal (HYG) which is 1.4 times higher than
the fertilizer doses in MYG
I N M = Integrated nutrient management for HYG
FRG ’97 = Agroecological Zone-based standard fertilizer recommendations given in Fertilizer Recom-
mendation Guide’97
F P = Local farmers’ practice
Control = Unfertilized control

272 The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 91 No. 3 (September 2008)


Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System S.M.A. Jabbar et al.

higher compared with those from the other treatments, while grain yield was obtained from the soil test-based inorganic
the shortest plant was observed in the unfertilized control. fertilizer for HYG with a yield gain of 1.45 t ha-1, which
The FP produced the second highest plant height which represents a 49% increase over the unfertilized control,
was followed by HYG. The number of spikes per m2 was and this was followed by MYG and FRG ’97. The FP
significantly higher in INM followed by HYG and the low- achieved significantly higher grain yield compared with
est was observed in the unfertilized control. Significantly the unfertilized control.
higher spike length was noted in INM, while the lowest The INM fertilizer treatment consistently produced the
was observed in the unfertilized control. The FRG ’97, HYG highest wheat yield compared with other fertilizer manage-
and FP treatments did not differ in spike length. Similarly, ment treatments and the unfertilized control. This confirms
INM had the highest number of effective grains per spike, the earlier findings of Russel (1973), Cosico (1978), Solido
while the lowest was observed in the unfertilized control. (1991) and Rajput (1995) wherein the combined use of inor-
The MYG , FRG ’97 and HYG treatments did not differ in ganic fertilizer and animal manure (such as cow dung) re-
the number of effective grains per spike. Significantly high- sulted in higher crop yield than when organic fertilizer was
est 1000-grain weight was observed in the INM treatment, applied alone. The better grain yield responses of the soil
which was followed by HYG, while the significantly lowest test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for HYG and MYG
value was observed in the unfertilized control. The MYG, compared with Agroecological zone-based standard fertil-
FRG ’97 and FP did not differ in terms of this parameter. izer doses without soil testing and FP were consistent with
Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of wheat. the findings of Saika and Pathak (1999) who reported that
The average grain yield, straw yield and HI of wheat as soil test-based fertilizer doses generally produce better
affected by the different fertilizer management practices yields than the standard fertilizer application doses with-
during the dry (winter) seasons of 2002–2003 and 2003– out prior soil testing.
2004 are shown in Table 4. Among the fertilizer manage- Wheat yields under FP and INM fertilizer management
ment practices, INM produced the highest wheat grain yield, treatments were evaluated by using regression analysis in
i.e., a yield gain of 1.94 t ha-1, which represents a 56% yield order to determine the relative increases in grain yields for
increase over the unfertilized control. The second highest both treatments. Wheat yields in FP plots were plotted
against INM plots, with a unity (1:1) line established (Fig.
Table 4. Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of 1). The relationship between wheat yields under FP and
wheat at harvest in wheat-rice cropping system under INM fertilizer treatments was highly significant (R2 =
different fertilizer management practices during the dry 0.92**), and revealed that wheat yields due to INM treat-
(winter) seasons of 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 at Boda ment were above the unity line, suggesting that higher
MLT site, Panchagar, Bangladesh (average of 2 yr).
yields were obtained in INM plots with reference to FP
Treatment Grain Yield Gain Straw Harvest plots.
Yield over Yield Index Similar trend was observed in wheat straw yields that
(t ha-1) Unfertilized (t ha-1) (%) varied from 2.47–4.45 t ha-1 in different fertilizer manage-
Control ment practices (Table 4). INM produced the highest straw
(t ha-1)

MYG 2.87 1.38 4.09 41.2


HYG 2.94 1.45 4.32 40.5
INM 3.43 1.94 4.45 43.5
FRG ’97 2.68 1.19 3.73 41.8
FP 2.45 0.96 3.35 42.2
Control 1.49 - 2.47 37.6
LSD (P>0.05) 0.24 0.49 1.2

Treatment legend:
MYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for moderate
yield goal (MYG)
HYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for high yield
goal (HYG) which is 1.4 times higher than the fertilizer doses in
MYG
INM = Integrated nutrient management for HYG
FRG ’97 = Agroecological Zone-based standard fertilizer recom- Fig. 1. Relationship between grain yield (t ha -1) under
mendations given in Fertilizer Recommendation Guide ’97
farmers’ practice (FP) and integrated nutrient
F P = Local farmers’ practice
Control = Unfertilized control
management (INM) treatments in wheat-rice
cropping system.

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 91 No. 3 (September 2008) 273


Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System S.M.A. Jabbar et al.

Table 5. Yield-contributing characters of transplanted rice at harvest in wheat-rice


cropping system under different fertilizer management practices during the wet
seasons of 2003 and 2004 at Boda MLT site, Panchagar, Bangladesh (average of 2 yr).

Treatment Plant No. of Panicle No. of 1000 Grain


Height Effective Tillers Length Filled Grains Weight
(cm) per Hill (cm) per Panicle (g)

MYG 93.2 11.2 23.0 110.7 23.1


HYG 94.3 11.7 23.3 109.9 23.8
INM 100.2 12.9 25.3 125.5 24.5
FRG ’97 93.7 11.3 23.1 104.5 23.2
FP 94.4 11.8 22.2 103.2 23.0
Control 85.9 9.3 20.6 68.4 20.7
LSD (P>0.05) 2.16 0.46 0.51 6.2 0.58

Treatment legend:
MYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for moderate yield goal (MYG)
HYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for high yield goal (HYG) which is 1.4 times
higher than the fertilizer doses in MYG
I N M = Integrated nutrient management for HYG
FRG ’97 = Agroecological Zone-based standard fertilizer recommendations given in Fertilizer
Recommendation Guide’97
FP = Local farmers’ practice
Control = Unfertilized control

yield but did not differ significantly with HYG and MYG , obtained in INM followed by HYG but lower in the unfertil-
while the lowest was obtained in the unfertilized control. ized control.
HI varied among the fertilizer management practices Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of rice.
(Table 4). The highest HI was obtained in the INM treat- The average grain yield, straw yield and HI of transplanted
ment. The HI in FP, FRG ’97 and MYG did not differ but rice for 2 yr during the wet seasons of 2003 and 2004 are
were significantly higher than the HI in HYG. Consistently, presented in Table 6. Rice grain yield significantly differed
the lowest HI was observed in the unfertilized control. across the different fertilizer management practices. Appli-
cation of the INM fertilizer treatment resulted in the high-
Rice Crop est grain yield, with a yield gain of 2.02 t ha-1, which is
Yield-contributing characters of rice. The average values about 50.4% yield increase over the unfertilized control.
of yield-contributing characters of transplanted rice in The second highest grain yield was obtained from the soil
wheat-rice cropping system during the wet seasons of 2003 test-based fertilizer doses for HYG, with a yield gain of 1.37
and 2004 at the experimental site are presented in Table 5. t ha-1, which is about 41.5% yield increase over the unfer-
All the yield-contributing characters of transplanted rice tilized control. Grain yields as a result of soil test-based
examined were significantly influenced by the different fer- fertilizer doses for MYG, FRG ’97 and FP did not differ but
tilizer management practices. The highest plant height was were significantly higher compared with the unfertilized
observed in INM, and the lowest in the unfertilized con- control.
trol. Plant height obtained in FP, HYG , FRG ’97 and MYG Generally, the INM fertilizer treatment resulted in the
did not differ but was significantly lower than that ob- highest rice grain yield compared with the other fertilizer
served in INM and higher than that observed in the unfer- treatments through improvement of the yield-contributing
tilized control. Higher number of effective tillers per hill characters, namely: number of effective tillers per hill, panicle
was observed in INM followed by FP, and the lowest in the length, number of filled grains per panicle and 1000-grain
unfertilized control. Consistently, the longest panicle and weight. Similar with grain yield trends in wheat, the second
highest number of filled grains per panicle were observed highest grain yield was obtained from the soil test-based
in INM and significantly lowest values for the same param- inorganic fertilizer doses for HYG, which was followed by
eters were obtained in the unfertilized control. Insignifi- soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for MYG, whereas
cant different values for panicle length and number of filled the Agroecological zone-based standard fertilizer doses
grains per panicle were obtained in HYG, MYG and FRG ’97, without soil testing and FP resulted in lower grain yields.
although these were significantly lower than those obtained The results were consistent with the findings of Saika and
in INM and higher than those obtained in FP and the un- Pathak (1999) who reported that soil test-based fertilizer
fertilized control. Significantly higher 1000-grain weight was doses resulted in better yield compared with the applica-

274 The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 91 No. 3 (September 2008)


Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System S.M.A. Jabbar et al.

Table 6. Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of ized control, which was statistically similar with that of HYG.
transplanted rice at harvest in wheat-rice cropping sys- Based on the results, INM fertilizer treatment favored the
tem under different fertilizer management practices
greater partitioning of biomass to grains, which is prob-
during the wet seasons of 2003 and 2004 at Boda MLT
site, Panchagar, Bangladesh (average of 2 yr). ably due to the improvement of nutrient availability during
the reproductive and grain filling stage in both crops.
Treatment Grain Yield Straw Harvest
Yield Gain over Yield Index Cost and Return Analysis for Wheat-Rice Cropping
(t ha-1) Unfertilized (t ha-1) (%)
System
Control
(t ha-1) Economic return is an important indicator of the productiv-
ity of any cropping system. Cost and return analysis of
MYG 3.27 1.28 4.19 43.8 wheat-rice cropping system as influenced by different fer-
HYG 3.36 1.37 4.51 42.7 tilizer management practices is presented in Table 7. Re-
INM 4.01 2.02 4.99 44.6
sults showed that the gross return was highest in INM
FRG ’97 3.19 1.2 4.05 44.1
FP 3.05 1.06 3.95 43.6 fertilizer treatment, followed by soil test-based inorganic
Control 1.99 - 2.83 41.3 fertilizer doses for HYG and MYG. Higher gross returns of
LSD (P>0.05) 0.35 0.58 1.8 these treatments were due to their higher productivity in
both crops and cropping years. Comparatively lower gross
Treatment legend:
returns were obtained from the Agroecological Zone-based
MYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for moderate
yield goal (MYG) standard fertilizer doses without prior soil testing and FP.
HYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for high yield The gross return obtained from the unfertilized control was
goal (HYG) which is 1.4 times higher than the fertilizer doses in the lowest among all the treatments.
MYG The highest variable cost obtained in INM was due to
I N M = Integrated nutrient management for HYG
higher quantities of inorganic fertilizer used and the addi-
FRG ’97 = Agroecological Zone-based standard fertilizer recom-
mendations given in Fertilizer Recommendation Guide ’97 tional cost for cow dung. Although the farmers used cow
FP = Local farmers’ practice dung from their own farm, the price of cow dung was con-
Control = Unfertilized control sidered as a variable cost item in INM. Ishaque et al. (1998)
reported that if cow dung can be supplied from the farmers’
tion of fertilizer at standard rates without prior soil testing. own cattle, it will not be an additional financial burden;
Grain yield increments of 34–50% due to fertilizer manage- likewise, its use for crop production will be agronomically,
ment variables substantiate the earlier findings of Uddin et economically and environmentally profitable.
al. (2001) who reported a 47–68% increment in rice grain The highest gross margin, which is attributed to the
yield due to different fertilizer applications. highest gross return, was obtained from INM followed by
Similarly with wheat, rice grain yields in FP plots were MYG, while the lowest was obtained in the unfertilized con-
plotted against INM plots, with a unity (1:1) line estab- trol. The highest marginal benefit cost ratio over the unfer-
lished (Fig. 1). The relationship between rice grain yields tilized control was observed in INM due to its higher pro-
under FP and INM fertilizer treatments was highly signifi- ductivity. Likewise, the soil test-based fertilizer doses for
cant (R2 = 0.87**). Apparently, all of the x-y intercepts for MYG had better marginal benefit cost ratio over the unfer-
the two fertilizer treatments were found above the unity tilized control due to its less variable cost. The cost and
line, which suggest that higher grain yields were obtained return analysis of wheat-rice cropping system as influenced
under INM fertilizer treatment with reference to FP fertilizer by different fertilizer management practices revealed that
treatment. the soil test-based INM and the soil test-based fertilizer
The rice straw yield was also found to be significantly doses for MYG are economically profitable for wheat-rice
influenced by the different fertilizer management treatments cropping system.
(Table 6). The highest straw yield was obtained in the INM
treatment but did not differ with HYG, while the lowest CONCLUSION
straw yield was obtained in the unfertilized control. No
significant differences in straw yield were observed among The application of cow dung in combination with inorganic
MYG, FRG ’97 and FP, but the yields were significantly fertilizer in wheat-rice cropping system could increase sys-
higher than that of the unfertilized control. tem productivity. The soil test-based fertilizer doses per-
Significant differences in HI were observed among the formed better than fertilizer applied at standard doses with-
different fertilizer treatments (Table 6). The highest HI was out prior soil testing. Highest grain yield was obtained from
found in INM, but did not differ with those of FRG ’97, soil test-based INM fertilizer treatments in both wheat and
MYG and FP. The lowest HI was obtained in the unfertil- rice crops. The highest yield in INM was attributed to bet-

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 91 No. 3 (September 2008) 275


Nutrient Management Practices for Wheat-Rice Cropping System S.M.A. Jabbar et al.

Table 7. Cost and return analysis of wheat-rice cropping system as influenced by different fertilizer management
practices (average of 2 yr).

Treatment Gross Variable Gross Marginal Benefit


Return Cost Margin Cost Ratio (over
(Tk. per ha) (Tk. per ha) (Tk. per ha) Unfertilized Control)

MYG 50273 6644 43628 3.10


HYG 52065 9131 42934 2.45
INM 60273 9558 50714 3.20
FRG ’97 48063 7154 40909 2.57
FP 45238 6394 38844 2.43
Control 29708 0 29708 -

Treatment legend:
MYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for moderate yield goal (MYG)
HYG = Soil test-based inorganic fertilizer doses for high yield goal (HYG) which is 1.4 times higher than the fertilizer doses in MYG
INM = Integrated nutrient management for HYG
FRG ’97 = Agroecological Zone-based standard fertilizer recommendations given in Fertilizer Recommendation Guide ’97
F P = Local farmers’ practice
Control = Unfertilized control
Variable cost = Computed from fertilizer cost only
Price (Taka per kg): urea - 6.00; triple super phosphate - 15.00; muriate of potash - 10.00; gypsum - 5.00; zinc sulphate - 40.00; cow
dung (Taka per ton) - 250.00
Gross return = Compared from average grain and straw yields of wheat and rice crops
Price (Taka per kg): wheat grain - 5.00; wheat straw - 1.25; rice grain - 7.50; rice straw - 1.50
1 USD = 68.00 Taka (Bangladesh currency, exchange rate in 2008).

ter yield-contributing characters of the crops compared ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


with the other fertilizer management practices. Under such
fertilizer treatments, farm yard manure such as cow dung The research was part of the project “Integrated Soil Fertil-
was found to be useful in increasing crop yields. ity and Fertilizer Management Project (SFFP)”, which was
Treatments with inorganic fertilizer alone, except MYG, supported by the Danish International Development
were not sufficient to produce economically profitable yield Agency (DANIDA) and the Bangladesh Agricultural Re-
in wheat and rice crops. The INM fertilizer treatment re- search Institute (BARI).
sulted in the highest average gross margin and marginal
benefit cost ratio compared with the unfertilized control.
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