Grammar Boot Camp: verb forms

Last week, we found out that verbs either show an action or a state of being. Today we are going to focus on the different forms verbs can take. BASE FORM The base form of the verb is the first-person singular, present tense. It is the form you would use after I ______ or to _______. For example: I want, hope, run, see, think, feel, create, destroy To want, hope, run, see, think, feel, create, destroy *The exception is the verb be, am (as in I am) is NOT the base form, be is. PRESENT PARTICIPLE A present participle tells of a continuous action. For regular verbs, the present participle is formed by adding ing to the base form. For example: wanting, hoping, running, seeing, thinking, feeling, creating, destroying PAST PARTICIPLE A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. The past participle is formed by adding ed to the based form. *Exceptions: If the verb ends in e, just add d If the verb ends in y, change the y to i and add ed PRACTICE: Write the base, present participle, and past participle for each of the verbs in the chart below. Verb Fades Snores Dry Complains Dances Watch Loves Nods Walk Cry Woo hoo! Grammar Boot Camp is improving our writing one day at a time! Tomorrow, were taking on simple present tense. Base Present Participle Past Participle

Grammar Boot Camp: verb Tenses simple present

For a QUICK review from yesterday, fill in the correct BASE, PRESENT PARTICIPLE, and PAST PARTICIPLE in the chart below. Verb Graduates Leaps Fall Include Kiss Base Present Participle Past Participle

You use the SIMPLE PRESENT for: 1. Habitual actions = We always begin Monday with new vocabulary. 2. Actions occurring that moment = I see someone I know over there. 3. Facts or general truths = The first Tuesday in November is Election Day. For regular verbs, the base form of the verb is used for all persons, except for thirdperson singular. For the third-person singular, you add an s or es to the base verb. For example: Person First person Second person Third person Singular I You He/She/It Verb Talk Talk Talks Plural We You They Verb Talk Talk Talk

Time to practice! Fill in the correct form of the verb in the blank. 1. Stevon __________ everyday until three. (to work) 2. They __________ to eat lunch everyday at noon. (to like) 3. The crowd __________ bigger every week. (to get) 4. The people in class _________ after-school. (to smoke) 5. The dog _________ to be walked in the rain. (to hate) 6. Aliyse __________ with her dog every night. (to play) 7. Sheena always __________ very nicely. (to dress) There are a few IRREGULAR verbs in the simple present. Lets fill in the correct verb conjugations for the verbs below. TO DO Person First person Third person Singular I He/She/It Verb Plural We You They Verb

Second person You

TO HAVE Person First person Third person TO BE Person First person Third person

Singular I He/She/It

Verb

Plural We You They

Verb

Second person You

Singular I He/She/It

Verb

Plural We You They

Verb

Second person You

Time to Practice with the Irregulars! **The following sentences use some form of to be** 1. It _______ cold today. 2. I _______ at home now. 3. They _______ Dominican. 4. There ______ a pen on the desk. 5. My name _______ Fredrick. 6. We ______ from Harlem. 7. That ______ right! 8. I ______ OK. 9. Mr. and Mrs. Moxey _________ married. 10. He _______ a writer. 11. _______ Asiyah and Kendra sisters? 12. _______ this bag yours? 13. _______ I in your way? 14. _______ David Lizs boyfriend? 15. _______ you going to Hampton next year? Woo hoo! Grammar Boot Camp is improving our writing one day at a time! Tomorrow, were taking on simple past tense.

Grammar Boot Camp: verb Tenses simple PAST

Review from Yesterday fill in the correct form in simple present tense below. 1. Every game day, Khadim ________ himself up with Rrow, rrow! (to pump) 2. Be quiet, Sylvester _________ sleeping. (to be) 3. This delicious chocolate ________ made in Switzerland. (to be) 4. Christina always _________ very loudly. (to talk) 5. Allegra, _______ you a cheerleader? (to be) SIMPLE PAST TENSE You use past tense when an action was began and completed in the past. For regular verbs, the simple past tense is the same as the past participle. You add ed to the base verb to form the past tense. If the verb ends in y, change it to an i and then add ed. Practice with simple past tense (regular verbs). 1. Only eight people _______ in their homework last night. (to turn) 2. Kaseem ________ to school three days after it began in September. (to arrive) 3. If you __________ last night, you will do fine on your quiz. (to study) 4. Who __________ Gossip Girl last week? (to watch) 5. Maurice _________ me last night, but I _________ his call. (to call, to miss) 6. Two girls ____________ during the last fire drill. (to argue) IRREGULAR PAST TENSE Over 100 English verbs are irregular; their past tense is not as simple as adding ed. They take different forms in the past tense and/or past participle. For practice, well identify the correct past tense and/or past participle. For the first group, the past tense and past participle will be the same. Base Verb have bite dig pay tell Past/Past Participle Base Verb bleed hear hold say shine Past/Past Participle Base Verb light meet lay sell shoot Past/Past Participle

sit deal mean bring fight

spit kneel spent buy think

keep leave sent catch find

Now, well look at verbs that have DIFFERENT past tenses and past participles. Base Verb begin sing go lie sink tear blow grow throw choose speak take get ride Past Tense Part Participle Base Verb ring do see drink stink wear draw know drive break fall forget give steal Past Tense Past Participle

Just like simple present, the verb to be is the most irregular. Person First I Second - you Third he/she/it First we Third they Some practice 1. I cant believe I _________ an 100 on my quiz! (to get) 2. LaQuanna _________ a new skirt yesterday. (to buy) 3. Nicolette and Kendon ________ bored yesterday. (to be) 4. Kadeem __________ two Pepsis yesterday. (to drink) 5. I _________ from Missouri to New York in a U-Haul. (to drive) 6. Duane _________ his table M&Ms yesterday. (to give) 7. Who _________ the winning shot yesterday? (to make) Present Tense am are is are are Past Tense was were was were were Past Participle have been have been has been have been have been

8. Where __________ Gabby and Princess meet? (to do) 9. Who __________ to do their homework last night? (to forget)

Grammar Boot Camp: verb Tenses past participles and perfect tenses
To understand WHEN to use past participles, we need to understand the PERFECT TENSE. There are three perfect tenses present, past, and future. *PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: An action that happened in the past at an indefinite time or began in the past and continues into the present. Ex: The race has ended. o Note: has is present tense, ended is a past participle *PAST PERFECT TENSE: An action that happened in the past before another past action. Ex: The race had ended, and the words were handed out. o Note: had is past tense, ended is a past participle *FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: An action in the future that will happen before another future action. Ex: The race will have ended before the awards will be given out. o Note: will have and will be are future tense, ended and given are past participles The perfect tense is always formed using to verb to have. Present perfect tense uses have or has (depending on who is doing the action) + past participle Past perfect tense uses had + past participle Future perfect tense uses will have + past participle It is important to know that past participles are NOT VERBS. They must be used with another verb in the perfect tenses above OR as an adjective to describe a noun. **Examples: Who has broken the record for number of hot dogs ate in 60 seconds? o broken is a past participle, used in the present perfect tense with has Brad has a broken leg. o broken is a past participle, used as a adjective modifying leg Base Verb begin sing go lie sink tear blow grow throw Past Tense began sang went lay sank tore blew grew threw Part Participle Base Verb ring do see drink stink wear draw know drive Past Tense rang did saw drank stank wore drew knew drove Past Participle

choose chose break broke speak spoke fall fell take took forget forgot get got give gave ride rode steal stole Just like simple present, the verb to be is the most irregular. Person First I Second - you Third he/she/it First we Third they Present Tense am are is are are Past Tense Was Were Was Were Were Past Participle have been have been has been have been have been

Some practice. Write the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence using a perfect tense. 1. Had I been able to go to school as a child, I would have _________ how to read. (to learn) 2. I would have _________ all night, but we had to leave early. (to sing) 3. Henry should have never ___________ home. (to leave) 4. Perhaps she wouldnt have been _________ by the dog if the owner had come more quickly. (to bite) 5. If you had not ____________ me that medicine, I would still feel sick. (to give) 6. Im glad to know you have ______________ me. (to forgive) 7. After looking for him all day, Greg finally found his dog ___________ under a bush. (to hide) 8. I had __________ pictures on the trip, but the film was ruined. (to take) 9. When he finally arrived, his date had already ___________. (to go) More practice! 1. What is the correct present perfect form of "I do the laundry"? _________________________________________________________ 2. What is the correct future perfect form of "She makes some delicious cookies"? _________________________________________________________ 3. What is the correct past perfect form of "We visit Paris"? _________________________________________________________ 4. What is the correct past perfect form of "We give thanks"? _________________________________________________________

5. What is the correct present perfect form of "It is hot."? _________________________________________________________ Woo hoo! Grammar Boot Camp is improving our writing one day at a time!

Grammar Boot Camp: Verb Tenses

Past Tense and Present Perfect Practice *Remember, present perfect tense is used for an action that was COMPLETED in the past at an unsure time OR started in the past and continues to the present. **It is formed by have or has + past participle! 1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" B: I don't know. I (see, never) 2. Sam (arrive) that movie. in San Diego a week ago. each other for over fifteen

3. My best friend and I (know) years. We still get together once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. 5. I (have, not) 6. Things (change) this much fun since I (be) a kid.

a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) to include more than 2000

working here three years ago, the company (have, only) six employees. Since then, we (expand) full-time workers. 7. I (tell) (wander) snake.

him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he off into the forest and (be) bitten by a

8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) (be)

the bus this morning. You

late to work too many times. You are fired!

9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami. of going to California before he died, the ocean.

10. How sad! George (dream) but he didn't make it. He (see, never)

11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be)

much easier and very two or three months to very rough and

often dangerous. Things (change) a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. 12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) (see) you. You (grow) since the last time I at least a foot!

13. This tree (be) planted by the settlers who (found) our city over four hundred years ago. 14. This mountain (be, never) mountaineers (try) climbed by anyone. Several to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) . The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die) trying to reach the summit. 15. I (visit, never) I (visit) the Amazon, (hike) over the Nazca Lines. **Woohoo! Tomorrow we take on the FUTURE tense!** Africa, but I (travel) Brazil and Peru. I (spend) to to South America, two weeks in

South America several times. The last time I (go)

for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly)

Grammar Boot Camp: verb Tenses FUTURE TENSE

FUTURE TENSE expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998. The class of 2008 will graduate in June 2008. Shall we dance? The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to. The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota. The cheerleaders are going to cheer at Fridays game. Are you going to pass Mrs. Moxeys class? PRACTICE TIME!! Fill in the correct future form of the verb in parenthesis. 1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper? B: I (write) a letter to my friends back home in Texas.

2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! B: I (get) 3. A: I can't hear the television! B: I (turn) it up so you can hear it. you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.

4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) Paris, Nice and Grenoble. 5. Sarah (come) there as well. 6. Ted: It is so hot in here! Sarah: I (turn) 7. I think he (be) the air-conditioning on. the next President of the United States. medical school and become to the party. Oliver (be)

8. After I graduate, I (attend) a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life.

9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people.

B: That man at the service counter (help) 10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) beach and go swimming.

you. down to the

MORE PRACTICE! Fill in the correct future tense for the verb in parenthesis. Liz: What are you doing with those scissors? Maxiel: I (cut) magazine. Liz: What (you, do) that picture of the ocean out of the travel with it?

Maxiel: I (paint) a watercolor of the ocean for my art class, and I thought I could use this photograph as a model.

Jerry: (you, do) me a favor, Gerique? Gerique: Sure, what do you want me to do? Jerry: I (change) the broken light bulb in the lamp above the dining room table. I need someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there. Gerique: No problem, I (hold) Shari: Where are you going? Maurice: I (go) groceries. Shari: What (you, get) Maurice: I (buy) coffee. Aquasia: Wow, it's freezing out there. Shantell: I (make) piece of pie as well? some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a dinner with to the store to pick up some ? some milk, some bread, and some it for you.

Aquasia: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) some friends later, so I'd better skip the pie. Shantell: I (go) piece of pie anyway.

to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a

Asia: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college.

Justin: Yeah, I (go) to Guatemala next spring and I thought knowing a little Spanish would make the trip easier. Asia: I (visit) I should take a French class. my brother in Marseilles next year. Maybe

Name: ______________________________________ Period: _______

Grammar Boot Camp: Verb tenses II

*Underline the verb and next to each sentence write if it is in present, past, or future tense. 1. Hooray! You wrote a research paper. 2. I am glad that break starts soon. 3. Will you miss me tomorrow? 4. All I want for Christmas is you! 5. My favorite gift was a dollhouse from my Grandparents.

Name: ______________________________________ Period: _______

Grammar Boot Camp: Verb tenses II

*Underline the verb and next to each sentence write if it is in present, past, or future tense. 1. Hooray! You wrote a research paper. 2. I am glad that break starts soon. 3. Will you miss me tomorrow?

4. All I want for Christmas is you! 5. My favorite gift was a dollhouse from my Grandparents.

Grammar Boot Camp: verb Tenses present or future TENSE?

It is important to know when to use PRESENT TENSE and when to use FUTURE tense. Fill in the correct tense of the verb in parenthesis below. 1. Today after I (get) ______________ out of class, I (go) _________________ to a movie with some friends. 2. When you (arrive) ______________ in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show) ___________________ you around the city and help you get situated. 3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate)_________________? B: After I (receive) ___________________ my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go) _______________________ to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science. 4. If it (snow) _______________ this weekend, we (go) _______________ skiing near Lake Tahoe. 5. Your father (plan) _____________________ to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He (meet) ______________________you across the street near the ice cream shop. If something happens and he cannot be there, I (pick) _______________________ you up instead. 6. If the people of the world (do, stop, not) ____________________ cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, we (experience) ________________________ huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century. 7. If Vera (keep) ____________________ drinking, she (lose, eventually) _________________________ her job. 8. I promise you that I (tell, not) _____________________ your secret to anybody. Even if somebody (ask) ____________________ me about what happened that day, I (reveal, not) _________________________ the truth to a single person. 9. She (make) __________________ some major changes in her life. She (quit) _____________________ her job and go back to school. After she (finish)

_____________________ studying, she (get) ____________________ a better-paying job and buy a house. She is going to improve her life!

Grammar Boot Camp: verb Tenses Progressive Tenses

PROGRESSIVE TENSES describe actions that are IN PROGRESS. **The progressive tense is formed by to be (in present, past, or future tense) + the present participle (the ing form) of the verb. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE using the verb think I __________ thinking We ___________ thinking You ________ thinking He _________ thinking They __________ thinking PAST PROGRESSIVE using the verb think I __________ thinking We ___________ thinking You ________ thinking He _________ thinking They __________ thinking FUTURE PROGRESSIVE using the verb think I __________ thinking We ___________ thinking You ________ thinking He _________ thinking They __________ thinking PRACTICE TIME!! Using the following cues, write the sentence in PRESENT PROGRESSIVE. 1. Sequan/watch TV. ____________________________________________ 2. Brandy/play squash. __________________________________________ 3. They/listen to the radio. _______________________________________ 4. You/go to the store. ___________________________________________ 5. I/cook dinner. ______________________________________________ Using the following cues, write the sentence in PAST PROGRESSIVE. 1. I/read a book. _______________________________________________ 2. It/rain. ___________________________________________________

3. They/watch a movie. __________________________________________ 4. The cat/sleep on the chair. ______________________________________ 5. Laquan/walk the dog. _________________________________________ Using the following cues, write the sentence in FUTURE PROGRESSIVE. 1. Keith/work on a paper. _______________________________________ 2. Tyleisha/cook dinner. ________________________________________ 3. Jasmine and Luz/study tonight. _________________________________ 4. We/sleep at 4 a.m. ___________________________________________ 5. The team/play a big game tomorrow. _______________________________ Woo hoo! Grammar Boot Camp is improving our writing one day at a time! Tomorrow, were going to take a verb tenses quiz. Study study!

Name: ______________________________________ Period: _______

Grammar Boot Camp: Verb tenses

Directions: UNDERLINE the verb or verb phrase in each sentence (1 point). Then next to the sentence, write what tense the verb is in from the list below (1 point).

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

Simple present Simple past Simple future Present perfect Past perfect Future perfect Present progressive Past progressive Future progressive

_____ 1. Who has the highest grade? _____ 2. I will be going on the senior trip, will you? _____ 3. Who will be cooking tomorrow night? _____ 4. I loved my 6th grade teacher. _____ 5. Have you seen I Am Legend? _____ 6. Princess and Saidah are going to attend Morgan State next year. _____ 7. You are taking a grammar quiz. _____ 8. I went to a meeting last night. _____ 9. Who passed Mr. Eastons test? (Other than ME!!) _____ 10. Shantell has played squash for 6 years. _____ 11. I am going to fly home for Christmas. _____ 12. Your research paper is due in 24 hours. _____ 13. I will have been coaching for 4 months in February. _____ 14. Johnny was reading a book in class yesterday. _____ 15. She has been late to class for the past five days.

Grammar Boot Camp: transitive vs. intransitive verbs

So whats with all this vi or vt in the dictionary? The word is a verb, but whether or not it is transitive or intransitive depends on if it takes an object. A transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object, as in the following examples: INCOMPLETE The shelf holds. COMPLETE The shelf holds three books and a vase of flowers. INCOMPLETE The committee named. COMPLETE The committee named a new chairperson. INCOMPLETE The child broke. COMPLETE The child broke the plate A direct object RECEIVES the action of a verb. A direct object is a noun. An intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object: This plant has thrived on the south windowsill. The sound of the choir carried through the cathedral. The train from Montreal arrived four hours late. Some verbs can be BOTH transitive and intransitive depending on the sentence. *For each pair of sentences below, underline the verb and write a T if it is transitive or an I if it is intransitive. According to the instructions, we must leave this goo in our hair for twenty minutes. We would like to stay longer, but we must leave. The cook watched while the new dishwasher picked up the fragments of the broken dish. The audience attentively watched the latest production of The Trojan Women. The crowd moves across the field in an attempt to see the rock star get into her helicopter. Every spring, William moves all boxes and trunks from one side of the attic to the other.

*Look at the bolded verb. Is it transitive or intransitive? If it is intransitive, underline the DIRECT OBJECT. 1. The old woman struggled up the hill, pulling a grocery cart that had lost one wheel behind her. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 2. Hermione is editing her uncle's memoirs of his lifetime as a green grocer. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 3. Much to the amusement of the onlookers, Paul danced a minuet to the polka music that drifted out of the beer tent. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 4. At the beginning of the play, the entire cast dances manically across the stage. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 5. Stella is reading quietly in the upstairs bedroom instead of doing her chores. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 6. This term I am reading all of the works of Sylvia Townsend Warner. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 7. At the feast, we will eat heartily. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 8. Charles opened up his lunch, examined the contents carefully, and ate his dessert first. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 9. The Stephens sisters are both very talented; Virginia writes and Vanessa paints. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb 10. When I was three years old, my father left a can of paint open in my bedroom, and early one morning, I painted my baby brother's face green. 1. transitive verb 2. intransitive verb

Name: ______________________________________ Period: _______ English Grammar Boot Camp Homework Due Monday 12/10 Subject and Verb Agreement Choose the right form of the verb. 1. There (is, are) many things to do today. 2. There (is, are) only one thing to do today. 3. There (is, are) my best friend. 4. There (is, are) no way to climb this mountain by nightfall. 5. There (is, are) a great film on television this afternoon. 6. There (is, are) six students waiting for you. 7. There (is, are) dry clothes waiting for you in the bathroom. 8. There (is, are) a cactus and a geranium in the window. 9. There (is, are) a large chair in the corner. 10. There (is, are) many things to be learned from older people. 11. There (is, are) a goldfish and a guppy in the fishtank. 12. There (is, are) no reason for buying these expensive items. 13. There (is, are) two finals left to take. 14. There (is, are) children playing in the street. Be careful. 15. There (is, are) my slippers by the chair. What is the subject of each of these sentences? Underline the subject. Is it singular or plural? Write S or P at the end of the sentence. Then, choose the right verb. 1. There (are, is) two hungry dogs on the porch. 2. There (go, goes) the fire trucks. 3. There (was, were) drifts of snow ten feet high outside my window this morning. 4. (Was, Were) the rosebushes sprayed yesterday? 5. (Aren't, Isn't) there more cookies in the oven? 6. There (are, is) about twenty boats tied up at the pier. 7. (Has, Have) the cows been milked yet?

8. (Are, Is) there wild horses still on the western plains? 9. In our neighborhood there (are, is) six poodles with the name Fifi. 10. There (are, is) orange, green, cinnamon, and yellow canaries. 11. (Was, Were) there any potato chips left over? 12. There (go, goes) the Carter twins on their bikes. 13. (Has, Have) the crocuses come up yet? 14. In the western part of our country there (are, is) still thousands of acres of open range. 15. There (was, were) only two rowboats for rent. 16. (Wasn't, Weren't) all the members of the Outdoor Club at the barbecue supper? 17. There (are, is) four strings on a violin. 18. On the desk (was, were) several colorful rocks as paperweights. 19. There (are, is) many uses for a good dictionary. 20. There (was, were) two baby robins in the nest. Select the correct word or expression. 1. Each of the members of our club (has, have) an unusual hobby. 2. Some dinosaurs (was, were) plant eaters. 3. Above the circular pavilion (was, were) the colorful state flags. 4. All the fans in the stadium (was, were) cheering wildly. 5. How late (was, were) you for rehearsal? 6. In the Congressional Library in Washington there (are, is) thousands of miles of bookshelves. 7. They (was, were) trying very hard to win. 8. Mr. Long (doesn't, don't) smile very often. 9. Umbrellas (was, were) used in the Orient at least two thousand years ago. 10. The winners of the essay contest (are, is) listed on the front page of the NY Post. 11. The skin divers (was, were) searching for sunken treasure. 12. The price of that album of Christmas carols (are, is) five dollars. 13. Neither of the teams (was, were) in scoring position.

14. He (was, were) exploring the old silver mine. 15. She (doesn't, don't) believe your fantastic story. 16. Neither Paul nor Steve (has, have) a hobby. 17. (There are, There's) three sailboats in the cove. 18. Terry and Alma (was, were) with us on the hike to Lincoln Observatory. 19. On the opposite shore of the lake (was, were) two flamingos. 20. We (was, were) in the planetarium for two hours. 21. (Do, Does) rings really tell the age of a tree? 22. Americans (has, have) played basketball for about seventy years. 23. Treasure Island (tell, tells) about a boy's adventures with pirates. 24. All the girls in our class (has, have) promised to bake cakes for the fair. 25. Ted's hobbies (include, includes) raising tropical fish and building gasolinepowered model airplanes. 26. (Do, Does) leaves manufacture chlorophyll? 27. The Dutch people (are, is) renowned for their persistence in reclaiming land from the sea. 28. Sandy (go, goes) to some of the football games but (doesn't, don't) understand the rules very well.