SUB:GLOBALPERSPECTIVEMANAGEMENT N.B.: 1) 2) AttemptanyFourCases Allcasescarriesequalmarks.

No:1
PUBLIUS AlthoughmanypeoplebelievethattheWorldWideWebisanonymousandsecurefrom censorship,therealityisverydifferent.Governments,lawcourts,andotherofficialswho wanttocensor,examine,ortraceafileofmaterialsontheWebneedmerelygotothe server(theonlinecomputer)wheretheythinkthefileisstored. Usingtheirsubpoena power,theycancombthroughtheserversdrivestofindthefilestheyarelookingforand theidentifyofthepersonwhocreatedthefiles. On Friday June 30, 2000, however, researches at AT & T Labs announced the creationofPublius,asoftwareprogramthatenablesWebuserstoencrypt(translateinto asecretcode)theirfilestext,pictures,ormusicbreakthemuplikethepiecesofa jigsawpuzzle,andstoretheencryptedpiecesonmanydifferentserversscatteredallover theglobeontheWorldWideWeb.Asaresult,anyonewantingtoexamineorcensorthe files or wanting to trace the original transaction that produced the file would find it impossible to succeed because they would have to examine the contents of dozens of differentserversallovertheworld,andthefilesintheserverswouldbeencryptedand fragmentedinawaythatwouldmakethepiecesimpossibletoidentifywithoutthehelp ofthepersonwhocreatedthefile. Apersonauthorizedtoretrievethefile,however, wouldlookthroughadirectoryofhisfilespostedonaPubliusaffiliatedwebsite,and the Publius network would reassemble the file for him at his request. Researchers publishedadescriptionofPubliusatwww.cs.nyu.edu/waldman/publius.

Althoughmanypeoplewelcomed thewaythat thenewsoftwarewould enhance freedom of speech on the Web, many others were dismayed. Bruce Taylor, an

antipornographyactivistfortheNationalLawCenterforChildrenandFamilies,stated: Its nice to be anonymous, but who wants to be more anonymous than criminals, terrorists,childmolesters,childpornographers,hackersandemailviruspunks.Aviel Rubin and Lorrie Cranor, the creators of Publius, however, hoped that their program wouldhelppeopleincountrieswherefreedomofspeechwasrepressedandindividuals werepunishedforspeakingout.TheidealuserofPublius,theystated,wasapersonin Chinaobservingabusesofhumanrightsonadaytodaybasis. Questions: 1. AnalyzetheethicsofmarketingPubliususingutilitarianism, rights, market Publius?

justice,andcaring.Inyourjudgment,isitethicalto Explain. 2.

Are the creators of Publius in any way morally responsible for any criminalactsthatcriminalsareabletocarryoutandkeepsecret by

relyingonPublius?IsAT&Tinanywaymorally responsible Explainyouranswers. 3.

for these?

Inyourjudgment,shouldgovernmentsallowtheimplementation

of

Publius?Whyorwhynot?