C

1539 1492 Peritctico 1394

+L

Austenita
912

1147 C

Eutectico

+Fe3C
+

Eutectoide

723 C

+Fe3C
0
0,18

1
0,8

2
2,11

4
4,3

6,67 wt % C Fe3C

31/05/2010

Perlita 650 x

TRATAMIENTO TERMICO

Es un ciclo de calentamiento, mantenimiento y enfriamiento controlados para modificar las estructuras y en consecuencia las propiedades asociadas, en los materiales metlicos

TC
mantenimiento

Temple y revenido
T r a t a m i e n t o s Temple superficial Cementacin T r m i c o s

Endurecimiento
Nitrurado Carbonitrurado Solucin y Precipitacin

Recocido Ablandamiento Normalizado

CURVAS TTT

Possible Transformations

Martensite T Martensite bainite fine pearlite coarse pearlite spheroidite General Trends

Strength

Ductility

Coarse

pearlite (high diffusion rate) and (b) fine pearlite

- Smaller T: colonies are larger

- Larger T: colonies are smaller

Bainite: Non-Equil Transformation Products

elongated Fe3C particles in a-ferrite matrix diffusion controlled a lathes (strips) with long rods of Fe3C

Martensite

800

Austenite (stable)

T(C)
600

TE
Cementite Ferrite

P
100% pearlite

400

100% bainite B

200 10-1 10 103 105

time (s)

Bainite Microstructure
Bainite consists of acicular (needle-like) ferrite with very small cementite particles dispersed throughout. The carbon content is typically greater than 0.1%. Bainite transforms to iron and cementite with sufficient time and temperature (considered semi-stable below 150C).

Spheroidite: Nonequilibrium Transformation

Fe3C particles within an a-ferrite matrix diffusion dependent heat bainite or pearlite at temperature just below eutectoid for long times driving force reduction of a-ferrite/Fe3C interfacial area

10

Pearlitic Steel partially transformed to Spheroidite

Martensite Formation
Isothermal Transformation Diagram
800

Austenite (stable)

T(C)
600

TE

400

B
0% 50% 90%

200 10-1

M+A M+A M+A

10

103

105

time (s)

Martensite needles Austenite

single phase body centered tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure BCT if C0 > 0.15 wt% C Diffusionless transformation BCT few slip planes hard, brittle % transformation depends only on T of rapid cooling

An micrograph of austenite that was polished flat and then allowed to transform into martensite. The different colors indicate the displacements caused when martensite forms.

CURVAS TTT PARA ACERO EUTECTOIDE

TC 723

ENFRIAMIENTO CONTINUO

0% transformada 100% transformada

Perlita

Austenita

Perlita + Bainita

Ms

Bainita

Mf Martensita

Perlita
t

TC 723

TEMPLE Y REVENIDO

0% transformada 100% transformada

Perlita

Austenita

Perlita + Bainita

Revenido Vc Bainita Martensita Revenida t

Ms

Mf Temple

MARTENSITA

TRATAMIENTOS TERMICOS

Precipitation Hardening
The strength and hardness of some metal alloys may be improved by the formation of extremely small, uniformly dispersed particles (precipitates) of a second phase within the original phase matrix. Other alloys that can be precipitation hardened or age hardened:
Copper-beryllium (Cu-Be) Copper-tin (Cu-Sn) Magnesium-aluminum (Mg-Al) Aluminum-copper (Al-Cu) High-strength aluminum alloys

Phase Diagram for Precipitation Hardened Alloy

Criteria: Maximum solubility of 1 component in the other (M); Solubility limit that rapidly decreases with decrease in temperature (MN). Process: Solution Heat Treatment first heat treatment where all solute atoms are dissolved to form a single-phase solid solution. Heat to T0 and dissolve B phase. Rapidly quench to T1 Nonequilibrium state (a phase solid solution supersaturated with B atoms; alloy is soft, weak-no ppts).

Precipitation Heat Treatment the 2nd stage

The supersaturated a solid solution is usually heated to an intermediate temperature T2 within the a+b region (diffusion rates increase). The b precipitates (PPT) begin to form as finely dispersed particles. This process is referred to as aging. After aging at T2, the alloy is cooled to room temperature. Strength and hardness of the alloy depend on the ppt temperature (T2) and the aging time at this temperature.

Precipitation Hardening
Particles impede dislocation motion. Ex: Al-Cu system Procedure: -- Pt A: solution heat treat (get a solid solution) -- Pt B: quench to room temp. (retain a solid solution) -- Pt C: reheat to nucleate small q particles within a phase.
Temp. Pt A (solution heat treat)

700

T(C)

600 a A C

a+L

L
q+L a+q

CuAl2
q

500 400

(Al)

300 0 B 10

20

30

40

50

composition range available for precipitation hardening

wt% Cu

Pt C (precipitate q) Time

At room temperature the stable state of an aluminum-copper alloy is an aluminum-rich solid solution () and an intermetallic phase with a tetragonal crystal structure having nominal composition CuAl2 ().

Pt B

Precipitation Heat Treatment the 2nd stage

PPT behavior is represented in the diagram: With increasing time, the hardness increases, reaching a maximum (peak), then decreasing in strength. The reduction in strength and hardness after long periods is overaging (continued particle growth).

Small solute-enriched regions in a solid solution where the lattice is identical or somewhat perturbed from that of the solid solution are called Guinier-Preston zones.