Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Introduction to Internet
Prof. Indranil Sen Gupta Dept. of Computer Science & Engg. I.I.T. Kharagpur, INDIA

Lecture 1:

Introduction to Internet

On completion, the student will be able to: 1. Define the Internet. 2. Explain how the Internet has evolved. 3. Identify the distinguishing characteristics of the Internet. 4. Summarize the popular Internet applications. 5. Identify the Internet resources and documents (RFC documents). 6. Identify the topics that would be covered in the present course.

What is Internet?
The network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large number of computer networks.
Network of networks. No one owns the internet Every person who makes a connection owns a slice of the Internet. There is no central administration to the Internet.

Network Network Network

Network Network Network

So what is it actually?
A community of people
who use and develop the networks.

A collection of resources
that can be reached from those networks.

A setup to facilitate collaboration

among members of the research and educational communities, world-wide.

The connected networks use the TCP/IP protocol.

Key Milestones in Evolution

1950s ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) 1970 ARPANET creates precursor to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1971 Universities added to net Telnet and FTP are available 1972 First electronic mail message sent

Contd.
1973ARPANET connected to England and Norway 1974TCP starts being used for communicating across a system of networks 1982US DoD starts building defense data networks based on ARPANET technology 1983ARPANET splits into ARPANET and MILNET

Contd.
1983Internet now in place TCP/IP standardized

1986National Science Foundation (NSF) implements NFSNET; a system of regional network of routers connected over a backbone network

1991Archie and Gopher released

Contd.
1992Internet links more that 17,000 networks in 33 countries; 3 million hosts

1993World Wide Web is launched

1995Interconnected network providers start offering service

1995About 30 million users

Growth of Internet
100000000 90000000 80000000 70000000 60000000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001

Number of hosts

Exponential Growth

Important Internet Applications

Telnet File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Electronic Mail (Email) Gopher Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Usenet News World Wide Web (WWW)

Request for Comments (RFC)

Internet standards and RFCs

The Internet Society Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) Request for Comments (RFC) Publication The actual development of new standards is carried out by working groups chartered by the IETF. Membership is voluntary.

The process involved:

The working group makes a draft version of the document. Places it in the Internet Draft online directory. Kept there for six months, and review and comments on the draft obtained.

The IESG may approve the publication of the draft as an RFC during this period. Or else it is withdrawn from the directory. The working group may subsequently publish a revised version of the draft.

RFC Publication Process

Internet Draft

Proposed Standard Draft Standard Internet Standard

Experimental

Informational

Light shaded boxes are temporary states

Historic

Important RFCs
RFC821: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol RFC791: Internet Protocol RFC793: Transmission Control Protocol RFC2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol 1.1 RFC2045: MIME RFC1321: MD5 Message Digest Algorithm RFC1866: Hypertext Markup Language 2.0 RFC2437: RSA Crypto Specifications 2.0 RFC2631: Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement

Where to find the RFCs?

Available in many web sites.
http:// www.faqs.org / rfcs / http:// www.ietf.org / rfc.html http:// www.rfc.net

Topics to be Covered

Module 1
Introduction
Lecture 1 Introduction to Internet Lecture 2 Review of network technologies

10

Module 2
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
Lecture 3 TCP/IP Part I Lecture 4 TCP/IP Part II Lecture 5 TCP/IP Part III

Module 3
Addressing and Routing
Lecture 6 IP subnetting and addressing Lecture 7 Internet routing protocols Part I Lecture 8 Internet routing protocols Part II

11

Module 4
Common Internet Applications
Lecture 9 Client-server concepts, DNS, Telnet, FTP Lecture 10 Electronic mail Lecture 11 World wide web Part I Lecture 12 World wide web Part II

Module 5
Creating Web Pages
Lecture 13 HTML Part I Lecture 14 HTML Part II Lecture 15 HTML Part III Lecture 16 XML

12

Module 6
Designing Interactive Web Pages
Lecture 17 HTML forms Lecture 18 Image maps Lecture 19 CGI scripts Lecture 20 Other technologies

Module 7
Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (PERL)
Lecture 21 PERL Part I Lecture 22 PERL Part II Lecture 23 PERL Part III Lecture 24 PERL Part IV

13

Module 8
Javascript
Lecture 25 Javascript Part I Lecture 26 Javascript Part II Lecture 27 Javascript Part III

Module 9
Java and the Internet
Lecture 28 Java applets Part I Lecture 29 Java applets Part II Lecture 30 Client-server programming in Java

14

Module 10
Internet Security
Lecture 31 Intranet, extranet, firewall Lecture 32 Basic cryptographic concepts Part I Lecture 33 Basic cryptographic concepts Part II Lecture 34 Basic cryptographic concepts Part III

Module 11
Miscellaneous Applications
Lecture 35 Electronic commerce Lecture 36 Real-time applications, IP telephony Lecture 37 Web crawler, search engines Lecture 38 Miscellaneous topics

15

Module 12
Case Studies
Lecture 39 Web-based mail, proxy server Lecture 40 Connectivity to backend databases

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