INTRODUCTION

History Of Petroleum Energy

Petroleum (petroleum,from Greek : petra (rock) + Latin : oleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring,flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and another liquid organic compounds ,that are fundin geologic formation beneath the Earths surface. The team petroleum is found (in the spelling is petraoleum) in tenth-century Old English sources.It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1548 by the German mineralogist Geog Baoer, also known as Georgius Agricola. In the 19th Century , the term petroleum was frequently used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as canned coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; in the United Kingdom, storage (and later transport) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts , from the Petroleum Acts 1862 c, 66 onward. Petroleum,in one form or another,has been used since ancient times,and is now important across society, including in economy, politics and technology.The rise in importance was mostly due to the invention of the internal combustion engine , the rise in commercial aviation and the increasing More than 4000 years ago,according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculion,asphait as used in the construction of walls and towers of Babylon: there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus .Great quantites of it were found on the river issus,one of the tributaries of the Euphrates.Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lightning uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society .By 347 CE,oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China. In the 1850s, the process kerosene from petroleum was invented by Ignancy Lukasiewicz,providing a cheaper alternative to whale oil. The demand for the petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America and around the world quickly grew. The worlds first commercial oil well was drilled in Poland in 1853. Oil exploration developed in many parts of the world with the Russian Empire,particulary the Branobel company in Azerbajin (Asias first modern

borehole oil production began in 1848 at the Bibi-Heybat field near Baku), taking the lead in production by the end of the 19th century. Access to oil was and still is a major factor in several military conflicts of the twentieth century including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategics asset and were extensively bombed. Operation Barbossa included the goal to capture the Baku oilfields as it would provide much needed oil-supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades. Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century later led to the U.S becoming the leading producer by the mid 1900s. As petroleum production in the U.S peaked during the 1960s , however , the United States was surpassed by Saudi Arabia and Russia. Today,90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation.Petroleums worth as a portable,dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the worlds most important commodities. The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia,Russia and United States. About 80% of the worlds readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5:Saudi Arabia,UAE,Iraq,Qatar and Kuwait. A large portion of the worlds total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as bitumen in Canada and Vanezuela and oil shale.White significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particulary in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain,as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water, making its net energy content quite low relatives to conventional crude oil.Thus, Canadas oil sands are not expected to provides more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future.

Alternative energy source

Energy development is the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary forms for supply,cost,impact on air pollution and water pollution,miligation of climatechange with renewable energy.

Technology advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation,the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services. This energy allows people who can afford the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation,and/or air conditioning.Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies,as do the climates,convienience,levels of traffic congestion, pollution and availability energy sources.

A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electric power. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines , and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm may also located offshore to take advantage of strongs winds blowing over the surface of an ocean or lake.

As a general rule,economic wind generators require windspeed of 10 mph (16 km/h) or greater.An ideal location would have a near constant flow of non-turbulent wind throughout the year, with a minimum likehood of sudden powerful burst of wind.An important factor of turbine sitting is also access to local demand or transmission capacity.

Floating wind farms are similar to a wind farm,but the difference is that they float in the middle of the ocean.Offshore wind farms can be placed in water up to 40 metres (130 ft) deep,whereas floating wind turbines can float in water up 700 meters (2,300 ft) deep.The advantage of having a floating wind farm is to be able to hardness the winds from the open ocean. Without any obstructions such as hills,trees and buildings, winds from the open ocean can reach up to speeds twice as fast as coastal ureas.

AIM

The aims of carrying out this project work are:

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems; To improve thinking skills; To promote effective mathematical communication; To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases students interest and confidence; To use the language of mathematical to express mathematical ideas precisely To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning; To develop positive attitude towards mathematics

By using Phythagoras Theorem,we can calculate the length of any sides of a triangle.The theory can be concluded that any right triangle, the area of the square whose side is the hypothanus (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the areas of the squres whose sides are the two legs (the two sides that meet at a right angle). The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a,b and c,often called the Phytagorean equation: a+b=c where c represents the length of the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b represent the lengths of the other two sides. Therefore,the calculation of the distance is as follows:

ROUTE 1 Section 1 6 + 8 = c 36 + 64 = c 100 = c 10 = c Section 2 10 + 2 = c 100 + 4 = c 104 = c 10.198 = c Section 3 6 + 9 = c 36 + 81 = c 117 = c 10.817 = c

Total distance = 10 + 10.198 + 10.817 = 31.015 km

ROUTE 2 Section 1 26 + 2 = c 676 + 4 = c 680 = c 26.076 = c Section 2 11 + 15 = c 121 + 225 = c 346 = c 18.601 = c Section 3 6 + 9 = c 36 + 81 = c 117 = c 10.817 = c

Total distance = 26.076 + 18.601 + 10.817 = 55.494 km

ROUTE 3 Section 1 20 + 2 = c 400 + 4 = c 404 = c 20.100 = c Section 2 8 + 2 = c 64 + 4 = c 68 = c 8.246 = c Section 3 6+9 = c 36 + 81 = c 117 = c 10.817 = c

Total distance = 20.100 + 8.246 + 10.817 = 39.181 km

BEARINGS
To calculate bearings,we must first find the length of the horizontal line and vertical line.Then,we could use tangent of the lengths to get the angle.Lastly,we must calculate the angle from the True North rotating clockwise to the desired location.

N 360 / 000

W 270

E 090

S 180

Route 1 Horizontal length Vertical length Calculation of angle Section 1 8 km 6 km tan = 8/6 = 8/6 = 53.13 Section 2 2 km 10 km Section 3 9 km 6 km

Route 2 Horizontal length Vertical length Calculation of

length

Section 1 26 km 2 km

Section 2 11 km 15 km = 15

Section 3 9 km 6 km

Route 3 Horizontal length Vertical length Calculation of angle Section 1 2 km 20 km Section 2 8 km 2 km Section 3 9 km 6 km

Coordinates
After calculating the distance and the bearings of the course , we need to find out the coordinates of which the boat needed to turn.

Route 1 From the coordinates ( 0 , 0 ) , the boat is needed to turn 53.13 from North.Then, at the coordinates ( 8 , 6 ) , the boat is turned bearing 11.31 . Lastly, just before reaching the offshore oil rig,the boat is turned bearing 56.31 at coordinate ( 15 , 18 )

Route 2 From the coordinates ( 0 , 0 ) , the boat is needed to turn 86.50 from North.Then,at coordinates ( 26 , 2 ) , the boat is turned bearing 323.75 . Lastly,just before reaching the offshore oil rig,the boat turned bearing 56.31 at coordinate ( 15 , 18 )

Route 3 From the coordinates ( 0 , 0 ) , the boat is needed to turn 5.71 from North. Then, at coordinates ( 2 , 20 ) , the boat is turned bearing 104.04 . Lastly,just before reaching the offshore oil rig the boat turned bearing 56.31 at coordinates ( 15 , 18 )

Possible dangers
There are many possible dangers that lays in the journey. Besides that,there are also several preserved and conserved areas that have high risk of being intruded.

Route 1 Coral reef Sunken ship Giant octopus

Route 2 Shark infested water Thunderstorm Sunken ship Giant octopus

Route 3 Coral reef Sunken ship Giant octopus

Time estimation
To calculate the time estimation of arrival of the boat,we must use the formula :

Distance travelled

Speed = Time of arrival

Route 1 31.015 km km/hr = 0.87 hours = 53.17 minutes

Route 2 55.494 km km/hr = 1.59 hours = 95.13 minutes

Route 3 39.181 km 35 km/hr = 1.12 km

= 67.17 minutes

Conclusion

Types of routes Distance Bearings

Route 1 31.015 km 53.13 11.31 56.31 (0,0) (8,6) ( 15 , 18 ) Coral reef Sunken ship Giant octopus 0.87 hours 53.17 minutes

Route 2 55.494 km 85.60 323.75 56.31 (0,0) ( 26 , 2 ) ( 15 , 18 ) Shark infested water Thunderstorm Sunken ship Giant octopus 1.59 hours 95.13 minutes

Route 3 39.181 km 5.71 104.04 56.31 (0,0) ( 2 , 20 ) ( 15 , 18) Coral reef Sunken treasure Giant octopus 1.12 hours 67.17 minutes

Coordinates

Possible danger

Time estimation

Based on the table above , we can conclude that route 1 is the best route to travel to the offshore oil rig . Not only has the shortest distance overall,it also has the lowest bearing overall meaning that the boat doesnt need to turn so hard . Furthermore , it also has one danger which is the giant octopus and two preservation and conservation site which is the coral reef and the sunken ship. Lastly,it also needed the lowest time needed to arrive to the offshore oil rig which is 0.87 hours,equivalent to 53.17 minutes.

Part 2
Before we can find the time arrival of the boat,we must first calculate the resistance of the sea current or drag to effect on the speed of the boat .

Desired Destination Actual Movement Sea current Boat movement

If the boat was to move directly to the desired destination, the coming sea current will push the boat away from the move a bit further away to another location.This can be shown in Diagram 1 (above)

Desired Destination Actual Movement Sea current Boat movement

Now,if the boat was to move towards the incoming sea current will push the boat to its destination as shown in Diagram 2 (above)

Section 1
Vr 10
6

Vc

15

Vb

Vy

Cos Vx

= Vx / Vr = Vr cos .. 1

Sin Vy

= Vy / Vr = Vr sin 2

Vr = ( ) = ( Vb = ( ) )

=(

Vc = (

Vr ( )= (

Vb ) + (

+ )

Vc

Vr 8/10

= 36 cos

. 1

Vr 6/10 = 36 sin = 60 sin .. 2

Combine those two equation and we can find the ( use the Formula + = 1= 1)

8/10 ( 60 48 sin 2304 ( 1 2304 2304 3600

) = 36 cos

) = ( 36 + 225

Because the value = 22.4 Vr = 60 sin 22.4 = 22.855 km/h of is 90

Time taken = 10/22.855 = 0.4375

Section 2

Vc

15

V104 10

Vb

Vr

Vy

Vx Vx = Vr .. 1

= Vy / Vr Vy = Vr Vr = ( ) .. 2

=( )

=(

Vb = (

Vc = (

Vr (
Vr 2 / Vr 10 /

= ) = (
= 36 = 36

Vb )+(

+ )

Vc

- 15 1

Vr =

/ 10

.. 2

Combine those two equation and we find the (use the Formula

9/ 54 54 ( 1 -

/6

= 36 = 36 = (36 1296 1080

54 54 1350

Vr =

/ 10

= 29.915 km/h Time taken = = 0.341 hours /

Journey start at 10.00 a.m Distance from starting point ( 0 , 0 ) to Wind Farm ( 11 , 16 ) is 20.198 km Distance from Wind Farm ( 11 , 16 ) to Oil Rig ( 25 , 23 ) is 10.817 km

The boat will arrive at the Oil Rig = 10.00 a.m + t1 + t2 + 2 hours ( maintaining wind farm ) + t3 = 10.00 a.m + 0.4375 hours + 0.3410 hours + 2 hours + 0.48 hours = 1.15.31 p.m

Part 3
a) To find the machine constant , c , we must first utilize the formula given which is :

P = cAu

the value of the other unknown has been given : Wind speed,u = 13 m/s

Surface area of the turbine = 10 m Power output = 10 kW

P = cAu 10 000 = c(10) (13) (13) C = 10 000 C = 5.917 b) The determine the time taken to produce 50 MJ of energy,we must use the other formula given,which is : E= E= E= 50 000 000 = (5.917) (10) (13) (13) t t = 50 000 000 = 5000 seconds = 250/3 minutes = 25/18 hours 10 000 dt dt 1690

b)ii) 50 000 000 = 50 000 000 =

dt

= 4/169 (t) / 3 = 4/507 t t = 1850.6 seconds

Part 4
a) To find the average rate of oil production in hours that can last 10 years,we must first find the number of hours in 10 years.

Number of hours =Hours in a day Days in a year 10 = = 24 365 10

87 600 hours

Then we should divide the number of barrels by the total hours to find the average rate of oil production.

Average rate = Number of barrels Total hours = 100 000 000 87600

= 1142 barrels per hour

b)

1 metre

0.5 metre To find the rate of increase of oil , we must utlize the formula : dh / dt = dh / dv dv / dt From the question ,it given that :

Time Diameter Height

= 5 minutes = 0.5 metre = 1 metre

dh / dv = 100 /

( 25 ) ( 25 ) ( 100 )

= 100 / 62500 = 0.0016 / .1

dv / dt =

( 25 ) ( 25 ) ( 100 ) / 5 2

= 125 00

dh / dt = dh / dv = 0.0016/

dv / dt 12500

= 20 cm / minutes

PART 5 a ) Oil Productions and Consumption

As we can see from the charts above , Russian Federation is the second largest producer of oil seconded only to the major producer og oil which is Saudi Arabia with a production of 10 . 5 million barrels a day.

b ) Oil Imports and Exports

In the previous charts , Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of oil , thus Saudi Arabia is the largest exporter og oil globally which is 9.1 billion barrels per year , about 24% of global export. The second largest exporter is Rusia which is also second largest oil producer of the world . Russsia exported 21 % of world oil export , 7.9 billion barrels per year

Eventhough our country , Malaysia is a producer of oil , the export of oil is insignificant in global scale that we did not enter the pie chart for the major oil exporter.

Crude Oil Imports by Country of Origin, 2005

Based from the pie chart above , we can conclude that the country that import the most oil is Canada which is 16.3 % of global oil import.Second , Mexico imports about 15.4 % of total oil import in the world . In third place is Saudi Arabia which imports 14.3 % of global oil imports eventhough it is the largest producer of oil . The other countries imports a total of 16.5 % of world oil imports.

c ) Oil Reserves

In the Asia pacific , China holds the most oil reserves abaut 2 .0 billion barrels . Seconds, India which have about 6 billion barrels in its reserves. Our country , Malaysia shared third place with Indonesia for the most oil reserve. Both of the countries have 4 billion barrels each. Lastly, Australia is the last of the top 5 oil reserves holders in Asia pacific.

FURTHER EXPLORATION
Careers in Petroleum Industry that requires a good foundation in Additional Math :

- Petroleum Engineer
Petroleum Engineers help locate natural reservoirs of petroleum deposits. They work with teams of specialist to develop more effective, cost-efficient methods of petroleum recovery. Petroleum Engineers require at least a bachelors degree in Petroleum Engineering or related field. Petroleum Engineers apply principles from chemistry, mathematics, engineering and geology to develop new processes and methods of petroleum extraction.

Engineering Geologist
An engineering geologist is a geologist is a geologist trained in the discipline of engineering geology. Many organizations and governments have programs for the qualifications, testing and certification of engineering geologists as a protection to the public. Engineering geologist commonly works with civil engineers, architects, developers and planners, to ensure that the geologic factors affecting the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and adequately provided for. One of the most important roles of the engineering geologist is the interpretation of landforms and earth processes to indentify potential geologic and related manmade hazards that may impact civil structures and human development.Nearly all engineering geologist are initially trained and educated in geology, primarily during their undergraduate education.

HYDROLOGIST
Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the fields of earth environmental engineering. The main jobs of a hydrologist are to assess contaminant transport risk and establish environmental policy guidelines, part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling, designing riparian restoration projects. They also involved determining the water balance of a region.

GEOPHYSICIS
Geophysicis is the physics of the earth and its environment in space . Its subjects include the shape of the earth , its gravitational ang magnetic fields, the dynamics of the earth as a whole and of its component parts, the earths internal structure, composition and tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation, the hydrological cycle including snow and ice, all aspects of the oceans, the atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations, and analogous problems associated with the moon and other planets Geophysics is a highly interdisciplinary subjects and geophysicist contribute to every area of the earth sciences such as Gravity, heat flow and magnetism.

SOURCES / REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydrologist#branches_of_hydrology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/engineering_geologist http://www.energyzone.net/downloads/career%20path%20o%20&%20g%20rev2.pdf http://educationportal.com/articles/petroleum_engineer_job_description_and_info_abaut_ a_career_in_petroleum_engineering.html

CONCLUSION
Oil industry plays a very important part in our life. Oil powers our cars, electcity and many others things. Just imagine a world without petroleum. That is why oil exploration and research is important and must be continued by future generations.

I learnt many things from this coursework such as :

Additional Math can be used in daily life Additional Math is not very hard to learn We must keep on finding newer renewable energy sources to replace oil reserves that are depleting. Careers that involved in oil industry requires a basic knowledge of Additional Math

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my teacher, Puan Halimaton Saadiah Bt Saad for her wonderful guidance for me to able to complete this project work. Next, is to my parents for their continuous support to me throughout this experiment. Special thanks to my friends for their help, and to all those who contributed directly or indirectly towards the completion of this project work.

Throughout this project, I acquired many valuable skills, and hope that in years to come, those skills will be put to good use.