Chapter VIII (To Student)

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity
Functions and continuity

NGUYEN CANH Nam1
1 Faculty of Applied Mathematics Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics Hanoi University of Technologies namnc@mail.hut.edu.vn
HUT - 2010
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Mathematics I - Chapter 8
Agenda
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Functions Functions Limit of a Function Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits Continuity Continuity at a point Continuity on an interval Discontinuity Uniform continuity
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Functions
Agenda
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Functions
Denition
Denition A function if on a set D IR into a set S IR is mapping from D to S. In this denition D = D(f ) is the domain of the function f . The range R(f ) of f is the subset of S consisting of all values f (x) of the function.
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Functions
Operations on Functions
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division The sum of two functions f and g, denoted f + g, is dened by: (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) The domain of f + g is the set {x | x D(f ) and x D(g)}. The difference of two functions f and g, denoted f g, is dened by: (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) The domain of f g is the set {x | xinD(f ) and x D(g)}. The product of two functions f and g, denoted fg, is dened by: (fg)(x) = f (x)g(x) The domain of fg is the set {x | x D(f ) and x D(g)}. f The division of two functions f and g, denoted , is dened by: g f (x) f (x) = g g(x) f The domain of is the set {x | D(f ) and x D(g) with g(x) = 0}. g
NGUYEN CANH Nam Mathematics I - Chapter 8
Functions
Properties of a function
Denition Let f : D IR be a real-valued function. f is said to be: 1. Increasing, if a, b D(a b f (a) f (b)) 2. Decreasing, if a, b D(a b f (a) f (b)) 3. Strictly increasing, if a, b D(a < b f (a) < f (b)) 4. Strictly decreasing, if a, b D(a < b f (a) > f (b)) 5. Monotone, if it is either increasing or decreasing. 6. Strictly monotone, if it is either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
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Functions
Properties of a function
continue.. Denition Let f : D IR be a real-valued function. f is said to be: 7. Bounded above, if its range is bounded above, that is if M IR : x D, f (x) M 8. Bounded below, if its range is bounded below, that is if m IR : x D, f (x) m 9. Bounded, if it is both bounded above and below. 10. Even, if x D, x D and f (x) = f (x) 11. Odd, if x D, x D and f (x) = f (x) 12. Periodic, if T = 0 IR : x D, x +T D and f (x + T ) = f (x). x T D The smallest such T is called the period of the function.
Functions
Functions
continue...
Injection Surjection Bijection Composition of functions Inverse function
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Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits
Agenda
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Denition
Denition We say that lim f (x) = L or that f (x) L as x a if

xa
> 0, > 0 : 0 < |x a| < |f (x) L| < . |x a| represents how far x is from a. The above statement says that f (x) can be made arbitrarily close to L simply by taking x close enough to a.
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Example
Example Prove that lim (x + 5) = 7.

x2
Given > 0, we must prove that there exists > 0 such that 0 < |x 2| < |x + 5 7| < . Let > 0 be given. |x + 5 7| < |x 2| < Thus we see that = will work. Indeed, given > 0, 0 < |x 2| < |x + 5 7| < .
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Limits equal innity

Denition
Denition We say that lim f (x) = or that f (x) as x a if

xa
M > 0, > 0 : 0 < |x a| < f (x) > M.
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Limits equal innity

Example
Example 1 = . (x 1)2 Given M > 0, we must prove that there exists > 0 such that 1 > M. 0 < |x 1| < (x 1)2 Prove that lim
x1
1 1 > M (x 1)2 < 2 (x 1) M 1 1 < x 1 < |x 1| < M M M 1 Thus, given M > 0, = will work. M
Limits equal innity

continue..
Denition We say that lim f (x) = or that f (x) as x a if

xa
M < 0, > 0 : 0 < |x a| < f (x) < M. Remark In the last two denition, the vertical line x = a is a vertical asymptote for the graph of y = f (x). Remark When we say that the limit of a function exists, we mean that it exists and is nite. When the limit is innite, it does not exist in the sense that it is not a number. However, we know what the function is doing, it is approaching .
Agenda
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Limit at innity
Denition
Denition We say that lim f (x) = L or that f (x) L as x if

x
> 0, w > 0 : x w |f (x) L| < |f (x) L| represents the distance between f (x) and L. The above statement simply says that f (x) can be made as close as one wants from L, simply by taking x large enough. Graphically, this simply says that the line y = L is a horizontal asymptote for the graph of y = f (x).
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Limit at innity
Example
Example 1 = 0. x Let > 0 be given. We want to nd w > 0 so that 1 x w | 0| < . As usual, we begin with the inequality we are x trying to prove. 1 1 | 0| < < x |x| Prove that lim
x
Since we are considering the limit as x , we can restrict ourselves to positive values of x. Thus, the above inequality can be 1 replaced with < which is equivalent to x > 1 . Thus we see that x 1 given > 0, w = will work.
Limit at innity
continue...
Denition We say that lim f (x) = or that f (x) as x if

x
M > 0, w > 0 : x w f (x) > M. The above denition says that f (x) can be made arbitrarily large, simply by taking x large enough.
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Limit at innity
continue...
Example Prove that lim x 2 = .

x
Given M > 0, we must prove that there exists w > 0 such that x w x 2 > M. Since we are considering the limit as x , we can restrict ourselves to x > 0. In this case x2 > M x > M Thus, we see that given M > 0, w = M will work.
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Agenda
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Denitions
When we say x a, we realize that x can approach a from two sides. If x approaches a from the right, that if x approaches a and is greater than a, we write x a+ . Similarly, if x approaches a from the left, that is if x approaches a and is less than a, then we write x a . We can rewrite the above denition for one sided limits with little modications. We do it for a few of them.
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Denitions
continue..
Denition We say that lim+ f (x) = L or that f (x) L as x a+ if

xa
> 0, > 0 : 0 < x a < |f (x) L| < Denition We say that lim f (x) = L or that f (x) L as x a if
xa
> 0, > 0 : 0 < a x < |f (x) L| <
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Example
Example 1 = . x0 x Given M > 0, we need to prove that there exists > 0 such that 1 0 < x 0 < x > M. Prove that lim+ 1 1 >Mx < x M Thus, given M > 0, we see that =
1 M
will work.
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Theorem
Theorem The following two conditions are equivalent (i) lim f (x) = L
xa
(ii) lim+ = lim = L

xa xa
Remark One way to prove that lim f (x) does not exits is to prove that
xa
the two one-sided limits are not the same or that at least one of them does not exist.
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Elementary Theorems
Theorem If the limit of a function exists, then it is unique. Theorem Suppose that f (x) g(x) h(x) in a deleted neighborhood of a and lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L then lim g(x) = L.
xa xa xa
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Operations with Limits

Theorem Assuming that lim f (x) and lim g(x) exist, the following results are true:
xa xa 1 2 xa xa
lim (f (x) g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x)

xa xa
lim (f (x)g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x)

xa xa
xa 4 5 6
lim
f (x) xa = as long as lim g(x) = 0 xa g(x) lim g(x)

xa xa
lim f (x)
xa
lim |f (x)| = | lim f (x)|

xa
If f (x) 0 then lim f (x) 0 If f (x) g(x) then lim f (x) lim g(x)
xa xa
If f (x) 0 then lim
xa
f (x) =
xa
lim f (x)
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Continuity at a point Continuity on an interval Discontinuity Uniform continuity
Agenda
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Denition
Denition We say that a function f is continuous at an interior point c of its domain if lim f (x) = f (c).
xc
If either lim x cf (x) fails to exist, or it exists but it not equal to f (c), then we say that f is discontinuous at c. In graphical term, f is continuous at an interior point c of its domain if its graph has no break in at the point (c, f (c)); in other words, if you can draw the graph through that point without lifting your pen from the paper.
Right continuity and left continuity
Denition We say that f is right continuous at c if lim+ f (x) = f (c)

xc
We say that f is right continuous at c if lim f (x) = f (c)

xc
Denition We say that f is continuous at a left end point c of its domain if it is right continuous there. We say that f is continuous at a right end point c of its domain if it is left continuous there.
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Theorems
Theorem If the functions f and g are both dened on an interval containing c, and are both continuous at c, then the following functions are also continuous at c : The sum f + g and the difference f g. The product fg The constant multiple kf , where k is any number The quotient f /g (provided g(c) = 0) The nth rooth f (x)1/n (provided f (c) > 0 if n is even)
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Theorems
continue..
Theorem If f (g(x)) is dened on an interval containing c, and if f is continuous at L and lim g(x) = L, then
xc xc
lim f (g(x)) = f (L) = f ( lim g(x)).

xc
In particular, if g is continuous at c (so L = g(c)), then the composition f g is continuous at c :

xc
lim f (g(x)) = f (g(c)).
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Agenda
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Denition
Denition We say that function f is continuous on the interval I if it is continuous at each point of I. In particular, we will say that f is a continuous function if f is continuous at every point of its domain.
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Theorems
Theorem (Min-max theorem) If f (x) is continuous on the closed, nite interval [a, b], then there exists numbers x1 and x2 in [a, b] such that for all x [a, b], we have f (x1 ) f (x) f (x2 ) Thus f has the absolute minimum value m = f (x1 ), taken on at the point x1 , and the absolute maximum value M = f (x2 ), taken on at the point x2 .
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Theorems
Theorem (Intermediate-Value theorem) If f (x) is continuous on the interval [a, b] and if s is a number between f (a) and f (b), then there exists a number c [a, b] such that f (c) = s. In particular, a continuous function dened on a closed interval takes on all values between its minimum value m and its maximum value M, so its range is also a closed interval [m, M].
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Agenda
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Denition
Denition If a function f that is discontinuous at a point a can be redened at that single point so that it becomes continuous there, then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at a. We also say that a is a removable discontinuous point. Example x if x = 2 has a removable 1 if x = 2 discontinuity at x = 2. To remove it, redened g(2) = 2. The function g(x) =
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Agenda
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Denition
Denition We say that a function f is uniformly continuous on a set I IR if and only if > 0, > 0x, y I, |x y | < |f (x) f (y )| < . Example Let S = IR and f (x) = 3x + 7. Then f is uniformly continuous on S. Choose > 0. Let = . Choose x0 S. Choose x S. 3 Assume |x x0 | < . Then |f (x) f (x0 )| = |(3x + 7) (3x0 + 7)| = 3|x x0 | < 3 = .
Example
continue...
Example (A counter example) The function f (x) = x 2 is continuous but not uniformly continuous on IR. Indeed, let = 1. Let > 0 be arbitrary. For n IN let 2 2 xn = n + 1, yn = n. Then xn yn = 1, but ( n + 1 n)( n + 1 + n) 0 < xn yn = n+1+ n = 1 1 < n+ n n+1+ n
if n > (1/2)2 . Thus > 0, > 0, x, y : |x y | < and |x 2 y 2 | > .

Theorem
Theorem If f is continuous on [a, b], then f is uniformly continuous on [a, b].
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Chapter VIII (To Student)

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Chapter VIII (To Student)

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Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Functions and continuity

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Injection Surjection Bijection Composition of functions Inverse function

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Denition We say that lim f (x) = L or that f (x) L as x a if

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Example Prove that lim (x + 5) = 7.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Limits equal innity

Denition We say that lim f (x) = or that f (x) as x a if

M > 0, > 0 : 0 < |x a| < f (x) > M.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Limits equal innity

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Limits equal innity

Denition We say that lim f (x) = or that f (x) as x a if

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Denition We say that lim f (x) = L or that f (x) L as x if

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Denition We say that lim f (x) = or that f (x) as x if

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Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

Example Prove that lim x 2 = .

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Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Functions Limit of a Function Continuity

Limit at a nite point Limit at innity One-sided Limits

NGUYEN CANH Nam