EE 2192 Laboratory Practice IV

Over Current Relay Grading

Name Instructed by: A.G.C.U.Perera

: V.V.Muthugala

Index No: 090341C Group : G9 : 2011/08/ : 2011/08/

Date of per Date of sub

Calculation

Specimen calculation

Relay 1 PSM = 25/2.5 = 10 Op time (can be obtained from the graph using TMS & PSM) = 0.26 S

Relay 2 Discrimination time = 0.1 + 0.15 t Op time = 0.26 + 0.1 + 0.15 * 0.26 = 0.4 S PSM = 50/5 = 10 TMS (obtained from the graph using PSM & Op time) = 0.15

Relay 3 Discrimination time = 0.1 + 0.15 t Op time = 0.4 + 0.1 + 0.15 * 0.4 = 0.56 S PSM = 50/6.25 = 8 TMS (obtained from the graph using PSM & Op time) = 0.186

IR=25 Amps Relay 1 Relay 2 Relay 3

PS 6.25 5 2.5

PSM 8 10 10

TMS 0.186 0.15 0.1

Op time (S) 0.56 0.4 0.26 50Amps 50Amps 25Amps

Discussion Disadvantages of electro mechanical over current relays compared to numeric over current relay Electro mechanical relays are designed for particular protection, such that it has a limited range of settings. Therefore the range that relay can be used is limited. A different relay is necessary when very inverse characteristics are required for a particular application. Less reliable than the Numerical OC relays because mechanical faults can be present within the relays. High burden on the instrument transformers. High operating time due to inertia of the moving parts hence slow in operation. Internal moving parts get affected by the external disturbances like vibrations and shocks. Required frequent maintenance because of these moving parts. Sometimes get damaged because of the overshooting of the moving parts.

Reasons for calculated results being different from the experimental results Rounding errors and chopping errors happen in the calculation. Errors occurred when measuring the time. Internal faulty conditions of the instruments and the resistances of the wires may cause error nous results at the experiment. Adjustments in the relays cant be done with a 100 % accuracy which may also cause faulty results. Relays are not perfect. Therefore we cant expect their respond to be perfect, which means that under over current conditions relays may fail to respond in time or sometimes may not.

Over current principle in a ring network The primary reason of the ring network is to maintain supplies to consumers in case of fault conditions occurring on the interconnecting feeders. Current may flow in either direction through the various relay locations, and therefore directional over current relays are applied. In the case of a ring network fed at one point only, the settings of the relays at the supply end and at the midpoint substation are identical. They can therefore be made non-directional. The usual grading procedure for relays in a ring main circuit is to open the ring at the supply point and to grade the relays first clockwise and then anti-clockwise. That is, the relays looking in a clockwise direction around the ring are arranged to operate in the sequence 1-2-3- 4-5-6 and the relays looking in the anticlockwise direction are arranged to operate in the sequence 1-2- 3-4-5-6.

Use of over current relays in the electricity industry Lines are protected by over current relaying equipment, depending on the requirements. Over current relaying is the simplest and cheapest, the most difficult to apply, and the quickest to need readjustment or even replacement as a system changes. It is generally used for phase- and ground-fault protection on station-service and distribution circuits in electric utility and in industrial systems, and on some sub transmission lines where the cost of distance relaying cannot be justified. It is used for primary ground-fault protection on most transmission lines. Over current protection is applied at medium and low voltage networks. Over current relaying is used extensively also at power-transformer locations for external-fault back-up protection.