Name:
Pure Substance
Mixture of Substances
Homogenous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Anything that takes up space and has mass. Ex. A desk Matter that has a uniform composition. The simplest form of matter that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances. Ex. Iron (Fe), Oxygen (O) A substance that is composed of two or more elements. It can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Ex. Water (H2O) A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Sugar Sugar (Compound) Carbon (element) & Water (compound) Oxygen (element)
COMPOUND:
MIXTURE: Example:
The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element. A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. A subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom. A negatively subatomic particle. The mass of a single atom measured in atomic mass units (amu or ). The sum of the protons and the neutrons
ATOMIC NUMBER:The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. Example: Oxygen: Atomic Mass of 16 g/mol Atomic Number of 8 So, 8 protons, 8 electrons and 8 neutrons Sodium: Atomic Mass of 23 g/mol Atomic Number of 11 So, 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons Argon:
Cobalt:
Potassium:
Periodic Table
The PERIODIC TABLE groups elements according to their similar properties. examples of properties include density, melting and boiling point, color, etc.) Group Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
1
(Remember
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2
H
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 17 35 53
He
10 18 36 54
Li
11 19
Be
12 20 21 22 23 24 42 74 25 43 75 26 44 76 27 45 77 28 46 78 29 47 79 30 48 80
B
13
C
14
N
15
O
16
F Ne Cl Ar
Na Mg K
37 55 87
Al
31 49
Si
32 50 82
P
33 51 83
S
34 52 84
Ca
38 56 88
Sc
39
Ti
40
V
41 73
Cr Mn Fe Co
Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr In
81
Rb Sr Cs Ba Fr Ra
Y
71
Zr
72
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Ta W Re Os Ir Mt Pt Ds Au Hg
Sn Sb Te
I
85
Xe
86
Lu Lr
Hf Rf
Tl
Pb Bi Po At Rn
Db Sg Bh Hs
Within the periodic table you can find the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, metalloids, non-metals, halogens and inert gases. The periodic table is organized into: Horizontal Rows: Period Represents the # of electron shells Recall: 3 Li 7 Lithium has 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons. 1 valence electron Family I
3p 4n
Vertical Columns:
2 shells Period 2
Recall: First Shell Second Shell Third Shell Where do these belong? N F
2 electrons 8 electrons 18 electrons BUT put 8 electrons in first, then 2 electrons into the fourth shell, then continue to fill the third shell! He Mg C Ca 4
Family V Period 2 So, 2 shells & 5 valence elec Recall that ATOMS are usually NEUTRAL. meaning that the number of protons equals the number of electrons. When atoms lose or gain electrons they become charged and called IONS. Ions want a full outer electron shell & will gain or lose electrons to achieve this! Cation: Anion: Positively charged ion. i.e. the atom lost electron(s) Negatively charged ion. i.e. the atom gained electron(s)
For example: Name of Element Sodium Calcium Oxygen Fluorine Iodine Nitrogen Symbol of Element Na Ca O F I N Change in Electrons Loses one Loses two Gains two Gains one Gains one Gains three Ion Na+ Ca2+ O2FIN3Name of Ion Sodium ion Calcium ion Oxygen ion Fluoride ion Iodide ion Nitride ion
Note the relationship between charge and the position in the periodic table (the families). How do valency and ionic charge relate? What do you notice about metallic ions?
Some elements have more than one ionic charge. See page 95 for complete list. Name of Symbol of Change in Electrons Ion Element Element Copper Cu Loses one OR Loses two Cu+ or Cu2+ Iron Fe Loses two or Loses three Fe2+ or Fe3+ POLYATOMIC ION: A tightly bond units of atoms that behaves as a unit and carries a charge. For example phosphate PO43-. 5
NH4+ CO32OHNO3-
Step 4 -
Step 4 -
*This method can mess you up at times! Use this only if you really understand what is happening. Examples: 1calcium and fluorine Ca F 2+ Ca FCa2+ FFCaF2 aluminum and sulfur
or
Ca1F2
2-
3-
2-
*Note if there is only one of the first non-metal, then we do not write mono.
3-
If the formula has a metal and non-metal: Name the metal first. Determine the metals ionic charge. Write the ionic charge using Roman numerals in brackets. Name the non-metal, changing the ending to ide. Example: Cu2O copper(I) oxide Fe2O3
4-
2-
carbon dioxide
3-
4-
NaCl
5-
CF4
6-
HgCl2
Because atoms are neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged, when writing reactions we must ensure we follow this and balance the equation. Example: Aluminum metal reacts with oxygen in the air to form aluminum oxide Al (s) + 4Al (s) + O2 (g) 3O2 (g) Al2O3 (s) 2Al2O3 (s) skeleton equation balanced equation
When balancing equations, each side of the equation must have the same number of atoms! RULES FOR BALANCING EQUATIONS: pg 148 123Determine the correct formulas for all reactants and products and properly set up an equation. Count the number of atoms of each element in the reactants and products and determine what needs to be balanced. Count polyatomic ions has a unit. Balance the elements one at a time by using coefficients, which are numbers placed in front of the formula. It is best to begin with elements other than hydrogen or oxygen. You CANNOT balance by changing the subscripts. Check to see if everything is balanced. Make sure that the coefficients are in the lowest possible ratio. + O2 (g) 2 Oxygens + O2 (g) H2O (l) 2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen 2H2O (l)
2-
Al (s)
O2 (g)
Al2O3 (s)
3-
AgNO3 (aq)
Cu (s)
Cu(NO3)2 (aq)
Ag (s)
Scientific Notation
We will be using very BIG & very SMALL numbers. It takes a long time to write out the entire number, so we use a short cut called scientific notation. Example: 1, 100, 000.00 becomes 1.10 x 106 Move decimal over to first number 1, 100, 000.00 The number of times you move the decimal becomes the power of 10 So, six times so 106 o If you move to the left, the power is positive. o If you move to the right, the power is negative. Take to two decimal places So, 1.10 x 106
Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1, 250 becomes 1.25 x 103 13, 472 becomes 1.35 x 104 0.000864 becomes 8.64 x 10 -4 0.05725 becomes 5.73 x 10 -2