Chemistry 534 Review

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Chemistry Review Package

Before we get started, we must spend some time reviewing Science 10. Try your best. We will cover it very quickly, so please come see me if you need help. We must be familiar with the following information: Classification of matter Terms Atomic Structure Periodic Table Valence Electrons Writing & Naming Compounds Balancing Equations Scientific Notation

Classification & Terms

Matter
Physically Separable

Pure Substance

Mixture of Substances

Elements ex. Fe, O

Chemically Separable

Compound ex. water

Homogenous Mixture

Heterogeneous Mixture

MATTER: SUBSTANCE: ELEMENT:

Anything that takes up space and has mass. Ex. A desk Matter that has a uniform composition. The simplest form of matter that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances. Ex. Iron (Fe), Oxygen (O) A substance that is composed of two or more elements. It can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Ex. Water (H2O) A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Sugar Sugar (Compound) Carbon (element) & Water (compound) Oxygen (element)

COMPOUND:

MIXTURE: Example:

Hydrogen (element) & Remember, elements are made up of ATOMS.

ATOM: Proton: Neutron: Electron: ATOMIC MASS:

The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element. A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. A subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom. A negatively subatomic particle. The mass of a single atom measured in atomic mass units (amu or ). The sum of the protons and the neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER:The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. Example: Oxygen: Atomic Mass of 16 g/mol Atomic Number of 8 So, 8 protons, 8 electrons and 8 neutrons Sodium: Atomic Mass of 23 g/mol Atomic Number of 11 So, 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons Argon:

Cobalt:

Potassium:

Periodic Table
The PERIODIC TABLE groups elements according to their similar properties. examples of properties include density, melting and boiling point, color, etc.) Group Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
1

(Remember

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2

H
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 17 35 53

He
10 18 36 54

Li
11 19

Be
12 20 21 22 23 24 42 74 25 43 75 26 44 76 27 45 77 28 46 78 29 47 79 30 48 80

B
13

C
14

N
15

O
16

F Ne Cl Ar

Na Mg K
37 55 87

Al
31 49

Si
32 50 82

P
33 51 83

S
34 52 84

Ca
38 56 88

Sc
39

Ti
40

V
41 73

Cr Mn Fe Co

Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr In
81

Rb Sr Cs Ba Fr Ra

Y
71

Zr
72

Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Ta W Re Os Ir Mt Pt Ds Au Hg

Sn Sb Te

I
85

Xe
86

Lu Lr

Hf Rf

Tl

Pb Bi Po At Rn

103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

Db Sg Bh Hs

Within the periodic table you can find the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, metalloids, non-metals, halogens and inert gases. The periodic table is organized into: Horizontal Rows: Period Represents the # of electron shells Recall: 3 Li 7 Lithium has 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons. 1 valence electron Family I
3p 4n

Vertical Columns:

Family or Group Represents the # of valence electrons

2 shells Period 2

Recall: First Shell Second Shell Third Shell Where do these belong? N F

2 electrons 8 electrons 18 electrons BUT put 8 electrons in first, then 2 electrons into the fourth shell, then continue to fill the third shell! He Mg C Ca 4

Family V Period 2 So, 2 shells & 5 valence elec Recall that ATOMS are usually NEUTRAL. meaning that the number of protons equals the number of electrons. When atoms lose or gain electrons they become charged and called IONS. Ions want a full outer electron shell & will gain or lose electrons to achieve this! Cation: Anion: Positively charged ion. i.e. the atom lost electron(s) Negatively charged ion. i.e. the atom gained electron(s)

For example: Name of Element Sodium Calcium Oxygen Fluorine Iodine Nitrogen Symbol of Element Na Ca O F I N Change in Electrons Loses one Loses two Gains two Gains one Gains one Gains three Ion Na+ Ca2+ O2FIN3Name of Ion Sodium ion Calcium ion Oxygen ion Fluoride ion Iodide ion Nitride ion

Note the relationship between charge and the position in the periodic table (the families). How do valency and ionic charge relate? What do you notice about metallic ions?

Some elements have more than one ionic charge. See page 95 for complete list. Name of Symbol of Change in Electrons Ion Element Element Copper Cu Loses one OR Loses two Cu+ or Cu2+ Iron Fe Loses two or Loses three Fe2+ or Fe3+ POLYATOMIC ION: A tightly bond units of atoms that behaves as a unit and carries a charge. For example phosphate PO43-. 5

Ammonia Carbonate Hydroxide Nitrate MEMORIZE THESE!

NH4+ CO32OHNO3-

Writing & Naming Formulas

Writing
What would happen if lithium and oxygen came together? Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Write the chemical symbols for each element, with the metal first. Li O Write the ionic charges above each symbol. Li+ O2Crossover the ionic charges and write them below, removing the + or -. Li2O1 Simply the numbers (if necessary). Remove the 1s. Li2O Step 3 Add more positive or negative ions as required until the charge is balanced. Li+ Li+ O2Write the formula using subscripts to indicate the number of ions of each type. Li2O1 then remove any 1 Li2O

Step 4 -

Step 4 -

*This method can mess you up at times! Use this only if you really understand what is happening. Examples: 1calcium and fluorine Ca F 2+ Ca FCa2+ FFCaF2 aluminum and sulfur

or

Ca1F2

2-

3-

magnesium and oxygen

NAMING 1- When naming a metal and a non-metal:

iiiName the metal first, using the name on the periodic table. Name the non-metal, changing the ending to ide Li2O Al2S3 BaO

Example: CaF2 calcium fluoride

2-

When naming two non-metals:

iiiiiiivvName the first non-metal, using the name on the periodic table. Determine how many of the first non-metal there are. Add the appropriate pre-fix before the non-metals name.* Name the second non-metal, using the name on the periodic table. Add the appropriate pre-fix before the non-metals name. CO2 CO

Example: N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide

*Note if there is only one of the first non-metal, then we do not write mono.

3-

When naming a formula with a multiple charged ion:

If the formula has a metal and non-metal: Name the metal first. Determine the metals ionic charge. Write the ionic charge using Roman numerals in brackets. Name the non-metal, changing the ending to ide. Example: Cu2O copper(I) oxide Fe2O3

4-

When naming a formula with a polyatomic ion:

Follow the appropriate rules above!! (see pg 97 for polyatomic ions) Example: KNO3 potassium nitrate NaOH Ca3(PO4)2 BaSO4

WRITING & NAMING

Given the following compounds, writing the correct chemical formula or name the compound. 1magnesium nitride

2-

carbon dioxide

3-

iron (III) sulfide

4-

NaCl

5-

CF4

6-

HgCl2

Writing & Balancing Equations

All chemical reactions involve changes in substances. The reactants (the starting substances) are changed into one or more new substances called the products. Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed just rearranged. Example: Sodium Na + + Iodine I Sodium iodide NaI

Because atoms are neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged, when writing reactions we must ensure we follow this and balance the equation. Example: Aluminum metal reacts with oxygen in the air to form aluminum oxide Al (s) + 4Al (s) + O2 (g) 3O2 (g) Al2O3 (s) 2Al2O3 (s) skeleton equation balanced equation

When balancing equations, each side of the equation must have the same number of atoms! RULES FOR BALANCING EQUATIONS: pg 148 123Determine the correct formulas for all reactants and products and properly set up an equation. Count the number of atoms of each element in the reactants and products and determine what needs to be balanced. Count polyatomic ions has a unit. Balance the elements one at a time by using coefficients, which are numbers placed in front of the formula. It is best to begin with elements other than hydrogen or oxygen. You CANNOT balance by changing the subscripts. Check to see if everything is balanced. Make sure that the coefficients are in the lowest possible ratio. + O2 (g) 2 Oxygens + O2 (g) H2O (l) 2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen 2H2O (l)

45Example: 1H2 (g)

2 Hydrogens 2H2 (g)

2-

Al (s)

O2 (g)

Al2O3 (s)

3-

AgNO3 (aq)

Cu (s)

Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

Ag (s)

Scientific Notation
We will be using very BIG & very SMALL numbers. It takes a long time to write out the entire number, so we use a short cut called scientific notation. Example: 1, 100, 000.00 becomes 1.10 x 106 Move decimal over to first number 1, 100, 000.00 The number of times you move the decimal becomes the power of 10 So, six times so 106 o If you move to the left, the power is positive. o If you move to the right, the power is negative. Take to two decimal places So, 1.10 x 106

Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1, 250 becomes 1.25 x 103 13, 472 becomes 1.35 x 104 0.000864 becomes 8.64 x 10 -4 0.05725 becomes 5.73 x 10 -2

Hint Your calculator will do this for you!!!