Poularikas A. D.

Calculus
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing.
Ed. Alexander D. Poularikas
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,1999

1999 by CRC Press LLC


1999 by CRC Press LLC

45

Calculus

45.1 Derivatives

45.2 Integration

45.3 Integrals

45.1 *Derivatives

In the following formulas

u

,

v

,

w

represent functions of

x

, while

a

,

c

,

n

represent xed real numbers.
All arguments in the trigonometric functions are measured in radians, and all inverse trigonometric and
hyperbolic functions represent principal values.
45.1.1.
45.1.2.
45.1.3.
45.1.4.
45.1.5.
45.1.6.

*

Let and dene respectively a function and its derivative for any value

x

in their
common domain. The differential for the function at such a value

x

is accordingly dened as
Each derivative formula has an associated differential formula. For example, formula 6 above has the differential
formula
y f x ( )
dy
dx
d f x
dx
f x
[ ( )]
( )
dy d f x
dy
dx
dx
d f x
dx
dx f x dx [ ( )]
[ ( )]
( )
d uvw uvdw vwdu uwdv ( ) + +
d
dx
a ( ) 0
d
dx
x ( ) 1
d
dx
au a
du
dx
( )
d
dx
u v w
du
dx
dv
dx
dw
dx
( ) + +
d
dx
uv u
dv
dx
v
du
dx
( ) +
d
dx
uvw uv
dw
dx
vw
du
dx
uw
dv
dx
( ) + +

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.1.7.
45.1.8.
45.1.9.
45.1.10.
45.1.11.
45.1.12.
45.1.13.
the binomial coefcient,

n

non-negative integer and
45.1.14.
45.1.15.
45.1.16.
45.1.17.
45.1.18.
45.1.19.
45.1.20.
45.1.21.
45.1.22.
45.1.23.
45.1.24.
d
dx
u
v
v
du
dx
u
dv
dx
v v
du
dx
u
v
dv
dx

_
,

2 2
1
d
dx
u nu
du
dx
n n
( )
1
d
dx
u
u
du
dx
( )
1
2
d
dx u u
du
dx
1 1
2

_
,

d
dx
f u
d
du
f u
du
dx
[ ( )] [ ( )]
d
dx
f u
df u
du
d u
dx
d f u
du
du
dx
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
[ ( )]
( ) ( )
+

_
,

d
dx
uv
n
v
d u
dx
n
dv
dx
d u
dx
n
d v
dx
d u
dx
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
[ ]

_
,

_
,

_
,

0 1 2
1
1
2
2
2
2

+ +

_
,

+ +

_
,

L L
n
k
d v
dx
d u
dx
n
n
u
d v
dx
k
k
n k
n k
n
n
where
n
r
n
r n r

_
,

!
!( )!
n
0
1

_
,

.
du
dx
dx
du
dx
du

1
0 if
d
dx
u e
u
du
dx
a a
(log ) (log )
1
d
dx
u
u
du
dx
e
(log )
1
d
dx
a a a
du
dx
u u
e
( ) (log )
d
dx
e e
du
dx
u u
( )
d
dx
u vu
du
dx
u u
dv
dx
v v
e
v
( ) (log ) +
1
d
dx
u
du
dx
u (sin ) (cos )
d
dx
u
du
dx
u (cos ) (sin )
d
dx
u
du
dx
u (tan ) (sec )
2
d
dx
u
du
dx
u (cot ) (csc )
2
d
dx
u
du
dx
u u (sec ) sec tan

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.1.25.
45.1.26.
45.1.27.
45.1.28.
45.1.29.
45.1.30.
45.1.31.
45.1.32.
45.1.33.
45.1.34.
45.1.35.
45.1.36.
45.1.37.
45.1.38.
45.1.39.
45.1.40.
45.1.41.
45.1.42.
45.1.43.
45.1.44.
d
dx
u
du
dx
u u (csc ) csc cot
d
dx
u
du
dx
u ( ) sin vers
d
dx
u
u
du
dx
u (arcsin ) , arcsin

_
,

1
1
2 2
2

d
dx
u
u
du
dx
u (arccos ) , arccos

( )
1
1
0
2

d
dx
u
u
du
dx
u (arctan ) , arctan
+
< <

_
,
1
1 2 2
2

d
dx
u
u
du
dx
u ( cot ) , cot arc arc
+
( )
1
1
0
2

d
dx
u
u u
du
dx
u u ( sec ) , sec , sec arc arc arc

< <

_
,
1
1
0
2 2
2

d
dx
u
u u
du
dx
u u ( csc ) , csc , csc arc arc arc

< <

_
,
1
1
0
2 2
2

d
dx
u
u u
du
dx
u ( ) , arcvers arcvers

( )
1
2
0
2

d
dx
u
du
dx
u (sinh ) (cosh )
d
dx
u
du
dx
u (cosh ) (sinh )
d
dx
u
du
dx
u (tanh ) (sec ) h
2
d
dx
u
du
dx
u (coth ) (csc ) h
2
d
dx
u
du
dx
u u (sec ) (sec tanh ) h h
d
dx
u
du
dx
u u (csc ) (csc coth ) h h
d
dx
u
d
dx
u u
u
du
dx
(sinh ) [log( )]

+ +
+
1 2
2
1
1
1
d
dx
u
d
dx
u u
u
du
dx
u u (cosh ) [log( )] , ( , cosh )

+

> >
1 2
2
1
1
1
1
1 0
d
dx
u
d
dx
u
u u
du
dx
u (tanh ) log , ( )

1
]
1

<
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
d
dx
u
d
dx
u
u u
du
dx
u (coth ) log , ( )

1
]
1

>
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
d
dx
u
d
dx
u
u
u u
du
dx
u (sec ) log , ( ) h

1
]
1
1

< <
1
2
2
1 1 1
1
0 1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.1.45.
45.1.46.
45.1.47.
45.1.48.

45.2 Integration

The following is a brief discussion of some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be
found in a number of good text books. However, the purpose of this introduction is simply to discuss a
few of the important techniques which may be used, in conjunction with the integral table which follows,
to integrate particular functions.
No matter ow extensive the integral table, it is a fairly uncommon occurrence to nd in the table the
exact integral desired. Usually some form of transformation will have to be made. The simplest type of
transformation, and yet the most general, is substituion. Simple forms of substituion, such as
are employed almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral tables. Other substitutions may
require more thought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for integrals
which are similar to, but not exactly like, integrals in the table. Finding the right substitution is largely
a matter of intuition and experience.
Several precautions must be observed when using substitutions:
1. Be sure to make the substitution in the

dx

term, as well as everywhere else in the integral.
2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the
integral must be restricted in such a way as to make it true. See the example following.
3. With denite integrals, the limits should also be expressed in terms of the new dependent variable.
With indenite integrals, it is necessary to perform the reverse substitutions to obtain the answer
in terms of the original independent variable. This may also be done for denite integrals, but it
is usually easier to change the limits.

Example

Here we make the substitution Then and
Notice the absolute value signs. It is very important to keep in mind that a square root radical always
denotes the positive square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus Failure
to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration.
Notice also that the indicated substitution is not a one-to-one function, that is, it does not have a
unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of

in such a way as to make the function one-to-one.
Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for

d
dx
u
d
dx
u
u
u u
du
dx
(csc ) log h

+ +

1
]
1
1

+
1
2
2
1 1 1
1
d
dq
f x dx f q p
p
q

( ) ( ), [ constant]
d
dp
f x dx f p q
p
q

( ) ( ), [ constant]
d
da
f x a dx
a
f x a dx f q a
dq
da
f p a
dp
da p
q
p
q

+ ( , ) [ ( , )] ( , ) ( , )

y ax ,

x
a x
dx
4
2 2
x a sin . dx a d cos ,
a x a a a a
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 sin sin cos
x x
2
.

1999 by CRC Press LLC

and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values,
Thus the integral becomes
Now, however, in the range of values chosen for

, cos

is always positive. Thus we may remove the
absolute value signs from cos

in the denominator. (This is one of the reasons that the principal values
of the inverse trigonometric functions are dened as they are.)
Then the cos

terms cancel, and the integral becomes
By application of integral formulas 45.3.14.9 and 45.3.14.7, we integrate this to
We now must perform the inverse substitution to get the result in terms of

x

. We have
Then
Because of the previously mentioned fact that cos

is positive, we may omit the sign. The reverse
substitution then produces the nal answer
Any rational function of

x

may be integrated, if the denominator is factored into linear and irreducible
quadratic factors. The function may then be broken into partial fractions, and the individual partial
fractions integrated by use of the appropriate formula from the integral table. See the section on partial
fractions for further information.


sin
1
x
a

2 2
.

a a d
a
4 4
sin cos
cos

a d
4 4

sin
+ + a
a a
C
4
3 4 4
4
3
8
3
8
sin cos
cos sin




sin
1
x
a
sin
x
a
cos sin . t t t

1 1
2
2
2
2 2
x
a
a x
a

+ +

x
a x
dx x a x a x a x
a x
a
C
4
2 2
3 2 2 2 2 2
4
1
1
4
3
8
3
8
sin .

1999 by CRC Press LLC

Many integrals may be reduced to rational functions by proper substitutions. For example,
will reduce any rational function of the six trigonometric functions of

x

to a rational function of

z

.
(Frequently there are other substitutions which are simpler to use, but this one will always work. See
integral formula number 45.3.16.5.)
Any rational function of

x

and may be reduced to a rational function of

z

by making the
substitution
Other likely substitutions will be suggested by looking at the form of the integrand.
The other main method of transforming integrals is integration by parts. This involves applying formula
number 5 or 6 in the accompanying integral table. The critical factor in this method is the choice of the
functions

u

and

v

. In order for the method to be successful, must be easier to
integrate than the original integral. Again, this choice is largely a matter of intuition and experience.

Example

Two obvious choices Since a preliminary mental calcu-
lation indicates that in the second choice would be more, rather than less, complicated than the
original integral (it would contain

x

2

), we use the rst choice.
Of course, this result could have been obtained directly from the integral table, but it provides a simple
example of the method. In more complicated examples the choice of

u

and

v

may not be so obvious,
and several different choices may have to be tried. Of course, there is no guarantee that any of them
will work.
Integration by parts may be applied more than once, or combined with substitution. A fairly common
case is illustrated by the following example.

Example
z
x
tan
2
ax b +
z ax b +
v dv vdu

and

x x dx sin
u x dv x dx u x dv x dx , sin , sin , . or

vdu
u x du dx
dv x dx v x

sin cos

+

x x dx udv uv vdu x x x dx
x x x
sin cos cos
sin cos

e x dx
x
sin

1999 by CRC Press LLC

Let
In this latter integral,
This looks as if a circular transformation has taken place, since we are back at the same integral we
started from. However, the above equation can be solved algebraically for the required integral:
In the second integration by parts, if the parts had been chosen as we would
indeed have made a circular transformation, and returned to the starting place. In general, when doing
repeated integration by parts, one should never choose the function

u

at any stage to be the same as the
function

v

at the previous state, or a constant times the previous

v

.
The following rule is called the extended rule for integration by parts. It is the results of

n

+1 successive
applications of integration by parts.
If
then
A useful special case of the above rule is when is a polynomial of degree

n

. Then
and
u e du e dx
dv x dx v x
x x


Then
sin cos

+ e x dx udv uv vdu e x e x dx
x x x
sin cos cos
let Then u e du e dx
dv x dx v x
x x

cos sin

+ +
+
+
e x dx e x e x dx e x udv
e x uv vdu
e x e x e x dx
x x x x
x
x x x
sin cos cos cos
cos
cos sin sin

e x dx e x e x
x x x
sin ( sin cos )
1
2
u x dv e dx
x
cos , .
g x g x dx g x g x dx
1 2 1
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ,


g x g x dx g x g x dx
m m 3 2 1
( ) ( ) , , ( ) ( ) , ,


K K

+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+
f x g x dx f x g x f x g x f x g x
f x g x f x g x dx
n n
n
n n
n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
( ) ( )
1 2 3
1
1 1
1
1 1
L
f x ( ) f x
n ( )
( ) ,
+

1
0

1999 by CRC Press LLC

Example

If
Another application of this formula occurs if
where

a

and

b

are unequal constants. In this case, by a process similar to that used in the above example
for we get the formula
This formula could have been used in the example mentioned. Here is another example.

Example

If and
The following additional points should be observed when using this table.
1. A constant of integration is to be supplied with the answers for indenite integrals.
2. Logarithmic expressions are to base

e

= 2.71828 , unless otherwise specied, and are to be
evaluated for the absolute value of the arguments involved therein.
3. All angles are measured in radians, and inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent
principal values, unless otherwise indicated.
4. If the application of a formula produces either a zero denominator or the square root of a negative
number in the result, there is always available another form of the answer which avoids this
difculty. In many of the results, the excluded values are specied, but when such are omitted it
is presumed that one can tell what these should be, especially when difculties of the type herein
mentioned are obtained.
5. When inverse trigonometric functions occur in the integrals, be sure that any replacements made
for them are strictly in accordance with the rules for such functions. This causes little difculty
when the argument of the inverse trigonometric function is positive, since then all angles involved
are in the rst quadrant. However, if the argument is negative, special care must be used. Thus
if

u

> 0,
However, if

u

< 0,

+ + + +
+
f x g x dx f x g x f x g x f x g x f x g x C
n n
n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2 3 1
1 L
f x x g x x ( ) , ( ) sin
2

+ + + x x dx x x x x x C
2 2
2 2 sin cos sin cos
f x a f x g x bg x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), and

e x dx
x
sin ,
f x g x dx
f x g x f x g x
b a
C ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+

f x e g x x a b
x
( ) , ( ) sin , , ,
2
3 4 9 then

+ + e x dx
e x e x
C
e
x x C
x
x x x
2
2 2 2
3
3 3 2 3
9 4 13
2 3 3 3 sin
cos sin
( sin cos )
sin cos csc ,


1 1 2 1
1
1
u u
u
etc.
sin cos csc ,


1 1 2 1
1
1
u u
u
etc.

1999 by CRC Press LLC

See the section on inverse trigonometric functions for a full treatment of the allowable substitu-
tions.
6. In integrals 259263, the right side includes expressions of the form
In these formulas, the tan

1

does not necessarily represent the principal value. Instead of always emplying
the principal branch of the inverse tangent function, one must instead use that branch of the inverse
tangent function upon which lies for any particular choice of

x

.

Example

Using Integral Formula 45.3.14.24.
Here
since and
since

45.3 Integrals

45.3.1 Elementary Forms

45.3.1.1.
45.3.1.2.
45.3.1.3.
45.3.1.4.
A B C f x tan [ tan ( )].

+
1
f x ( )
0
4
1
0
4
1 1
2
2
3
2
2
1
3
2
3
2 2 1
3
2 0 1
3
2
3
13
6 6
4
3
4 3
3

+

+

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

dx
x
x
sin
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan ,

+

1 1
2 2 1
3
1
3
13
6

f x ( ) ; 2
tan
tan
tan ,

+

1 1
2 0 1
3
1
3 6

f x ( ) . 0

adx ax

a f x dx a f x dx ( ) ( )

( )
( )
, y dx
y
y
dy y
dy
dx
where

+ + ( ) , u v dx udx vdx u v x where and are any functions of

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.1.5.
45.3.1.6.
45.3.1.7.
45.3.1.8.
45.3.1.9.
45.3.1.10.
45.3.1.11.
45.3.1.12.
45.3.1.13.
45.3.1.14.
45.3.1.15.
45.3.1.16.
45.3.1.17.
45.3.1.18.
45.3.1.19.
45.3.1.20.
45.3.1.21.

udv u dv vdu uv vdu

u
dv
dx
dx uv v
du
dx
dx

+

+
x dx
x
n
n
n
n 1
1
1 , except

f x dx
f x
f x df x f x dx
( )
( )
log ( ), ( ( ) ( ) )

dx
x
x log

f x dx
f x
f x df x f x dx
( )
( )
( ), ( ( ) ( ) )
2

e dx e
x x

e dx e a
ax ax
/

> b dx
b
a b
b
ax
ax
log
, ( ) 0

log log x dx x x x

> a adx a a
x x
log , ( ) 0

+


dx
a x a
x
a
2 2
1
1
tan

>

'

dx
a x
a
x
a
a
a x
a x
a x
2 2
1
2 2
1
1
2
tanh
log , ( )
or

+
>

'

dx
x a
a
x
a
a
x a
x a
x a
2 2
1
2 2
1
1
2
coth
log , ( )
or

'

dx
a x
x
a
x
a
2 2
1
1
sin
cos ,
or

t
+ t
dx
x a
x x a
2 2
2 2
log( )

dx
x x a
a
x
a
2 2
1
1
sec

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.1.22.
45.3.1.23.

45.3.2 Forms Containing

For forms containg but not listed in the table, the substitution may prove helpful.
45.3.2.1.
45.3.2.2.
45.3.2.3.
45.3.2.4.
45.3.2.5.
45.3.2.6.
45.3.2.7.
45.3.2.8.
45.3.2.9.
45.3.2.10.

t

+ t

_
,

dx
x a x
a
a a x
x
2 2
2 2
1
log

<
+
+
+ +

'

dx
x a bx
a
a bx
a
a
a
a bx
a
a
a bx a
a bx a
2
0
2
1
1
1
tan , ( )
tanh
log
or
or
( ) a bx +
( ) a bx + u
a bx
x

+
+
+

+
( )
( )
( )
, ( ) a bx dx
a bx
n b
n
n
n 1
1
1

+
+
+
+
+
+ +
x a bx dx
b n
a bx
a
b n
a bx n
n n n
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) , ( , )
1
2 1
1 2
2
2
2
1

+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

1
]
1
+ + +
x a bx dx
b
a bx
n
a
a bx
n
a
a bx
n
n
n n n
2
3
3 2
2
1
1
3
2
2 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+

x a bx dx
x a bx
m n
an
m n
x a bx dx
m n
m n
m n
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1 1

+
+
+ + + + +

1
]
1
+ +
+ +

1
]
1

'

+ + +
+
x a bx dx
a n
x a bx m n x a bx dx
b m n
x a bx ma x a bx dx
m n
m n m n
m n m n
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
2
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
or

+
+
dx
a bx b
a bx
1
log( )

+

+
dx
a bx b a bx ( ) ( )
2
1

+

+
dx
a bx b a bx ( ) ( )
3 2
1
2

+

+ +
+

'

x dx
a bx
b
a bx a a bx
x
b
a
b
a bx
1
2
2
[ log( )]
log( )
or

+
+ +
+

1
]
1
x dx
a bx b
a bx
a
a bx ( )
log( )
2 2
1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.2.11.
45.3.2.12.
45.3.2.13.
45.3.2.14.
45.3.2.15.
45.3.2.16.
45.3.2.17.
45.3.2.18.
45.3.2.19.
45.3.2.20.
45.3.2.21.
45.3.2.22.

45.3.3 Forms Containing

c

2



x

2

,

x

2



c

2

45.3.3.1.
45.3.3.2.
45.3.3.3.
45.3.3.4.

+

+
+
+

1
]
1
x dx
a bx b a bx
a
a bx ( ) ( )
3 2 2
1 1
2

+


+
+
+

1
]
1


x dx
a bx b n a bx
a
n a bx
n
n n n
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
, ,
1 1
2 1
1
2 2 1
2

+
+ + + +

1
]
1
x dx
a bx b
a bx a a bx a a bx
2
3
2 2
1 1
2
2 ( ) ( ) log( )

+
+ +
+

1
]
1
x dx
a bx b
a bx a a bx
a
a bx
2
2 3
2
1
2
( )
log( )

+
+ +
+

+

1
]
1
x dx
a bx b
a bx
a
a bx
a
a bx
2
3 3
2
2
1 2
2 ( )
log( )
( )

+

x dx
a bx
n
2
( )
1 1
3
2
2 1
1
3 3 2
2
1
b n a bx
a
n a bx
a
n a bx
n
n n n

+
+
+

+

1
]
1


( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
, , , 2 3

+

+ dx
x a bx a
a bx
x ( )
log
1

+

+

+ dx
x a bx a a bx a
a bx
x ( ) ( )
log
2 2
1 1

+

+
+

_
,
+
+

1
]
1
dx
x a bx a
a bx
a bx
x
a bx ( )
log
3 3
2
1 1
2
2

+
+
+ dx
x a bx ax
b
a
a bx
x
2 2
1
( )
log

+


+
+
dx
x a bx
bx a
a x
b
a
x
a bx
3 2 2
2
3
2
2 ( )
log

+

+
+
+
+ dx
x a bx
a bx
a x a bx
b
a
a bx
x
2 2 2 3
2 2
( ) ( )
log

+


dx
c x c
x
c
2 2
1
1
tan

_
,

>

dx
ax c ac
x
a
c
a c
2
1
1
0 tan , ( ) ,

>
dx
c x c
c x
c x
c x
2 2
2 2
1
2
log , ( )

+
> <

+

< >

'

dx
ax c
ac
x a c
x a c
a c
ac
c x a
c x a
a c
2
1
2
0 0
1
2
0 0
log , ( )
log , ( )
,
or
,

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.3.5.

45.3.4 Forms Containing and

45.3.4.1.
45.3.4.2.
45.3.4.3.
45.3.4.4.
45.3.4.5.
45.3.4.6.
45.3.4.7.
45.3.4.8.

45.3.5 Forms Containing and with

If and other formulas should be used.
45.3.5.1.
45.3.5.2.

+
>
dx
x c c
x c
x c
x c
2 2
2 2
1
2
log , ( )
a bx + + a b x

+ +


+
+

_
,

dx
a bx a b x ab a b
a b x
a bx ( )( )
log
1

+ +


+

1
]
1
x dx
a bx a b x ab a b
a
b
a bx
a
b
a b x
( )( )
log( ) log( )
1

+ +

+
+


+
+

_
,

dx
a bx a b x ab a b a bx
b
ab a b
a b x
a bx ( ) ( )
log
2
1 1

+ +


+



+
+
x dx
a bx a b x
a
b ab a b a bx
a
ab a b
a b x
a bx ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
log
2 2

+ +

x dx
a bx a b x
2
2
( ) ( )
a
b ab a b a bx ab a b
a
b
a b x
a ab a b
b
a bx
2
2 2
2
2
1 2
( )( ) ( )
log( )
( )
log( )
+
+

+ +

+

1
]
1

+ +

dx
a bx a b x
n m
( ) ( )
1
1
1
2
1 1 1
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) m ab a b a bx a b x
m n b
dx
a bx a b x
n m n m

+ +
+
+ +

1
]
1

+
+

+
a bx
a b x
dx
bx
b
ab a b
b
a b x
2
log( )

+
+

+
+
+
+
+

1
]
1

+
+
+
+

( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
a bx dx
a b x
n ab a b
a bx
a b x
b n m
a bx dx
a b x
b n m
a bx
a b x
m
m
n
m
n
m
n
m
n
1
1
2
1
1
1 1
1
or
1
(( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
ab a b
a bx dx
a b x
n b
a bx
a b x
mb
a bx dx
a b x
m
n
m
n
m
n

+
+

1
]
1

+
+

+
+

1
]
1

'

1
1
1
1
1
1
or
a bx u + + a b x v k ab a b
k v
a
a
u

0, , then

uv dx
k bv
bb
uv
k
bb
dx
uv
2
4 8
2

'

dx
v u
kb
b u kb
b u kb
kb
b u
kb
1
2
1
log
tan
or

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.5.3.
45.3.5.4.
45.3.5.5.
45.3.5.6.
45.3.5.7.
45.3.5.8.

45.3.6 Forms Containing

45.3.6.1.
45.3.6.2.
45.3.6.3.
45.3.6.4.
45.3.6.5.
45.3.6.6.
45.3.6.7.

>

+

>

+
>


<

'

dx
uv
bb
bb uv
bv
bb
bb
bv bb uv
bv bb uv
bb
bb
bv bb uv
v
bb
bb
bb uv
bv
bb
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
2
1
tanh , ( )
log , ( )
log
( )
, ( )
tan , ( )
or
or
or

x dx
uv
uv
bb
ab a b
bb
dx
uv 2

>
dx
v uv
uv
kv
u
k v
v
2 2
0 or , ( )

>
v
u
dx
vdx
uv
uv
b
k
b
dx
uv
v or
2
0 , ( )

+
+

_
,

+
v u dx
m b
v u k
v dx
u
m m
m
1
2 3
2
1
( )

_
,

_
,

dx
v u m k
u
v
m b
dx
v u
m m m
1
1
3
2
1 1
( )
( ) a bx
n
+

+


dx
a bx ab
x ab
a
2
1
1
tan

<

'

dx
a bx
ab
a x ab
a x ab
ab
x ab
a
ab
2
1
1
2
1
0
log ,
tanh , ( )
or

+


dx
a b x ab
bx
a
2 2 2
1
1
tan

+
+
x dx
a bx b
a bx
2
2
1
2
log( )

+
+
x dx
a b x b
a b x
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2
log( )

+

+
x dx
a bx
x
b
a
b
dx
a bx
2
2 2

+

+
+
+
dx
a bx
x
a a bx a
dx
a bx ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
1
2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.6.8.
45.3.6.9.
45.3.6.10.
45.3.6.11.
45.3.6.12.
45.3.6.13.
45.3.6.14.
45.3.6.15.
45.3.6.16.
45.3.6.17.
45.3.6.18.
45.3.6.19.
45.3.6.20.
45.3.6.21.
45.3.6.22.
45.3.6.23.
45.3.6.24.
45.3.6.25.
45.3.6.26.
45.3.6.27.

+
+
+

dx
x a a
x
a
x
a x a ( )
tan
( )
2 2 2 3
1
2 2 2
1
2 2

dx
a b x ab
a bx
a bx
2 2 2
1
2
log

+
+

dx
x a
x
a x a a
a x
a x ( ) ( )
log
2 2 2 2 2 2 3
2
1
4

+

+
+

+
+
dx
a bx ma
x
a bx
m
ma
dx
a bx
m m m
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 2
1
2
2 1
2

+

+
+
x dx
a bx bm a bx
m m
( ) ( )
2 1 2
1
2

+


+
+
+
+
x dx
a bx
x
mb a bx mb
dx
a bx
m m m
2
2 1 2 2
2
1
2 ( ) ( ) ( )

+

+
dx
x a bx a
x
a bx ( )
log
2
2
2
1
2

+

+
dx
x a bx ax
b
a
dx
a bx
2 2 2
1
( )

+

+
+
+

+
dx
x a bx am a bx a
dx
x a bx
m
m m m
( ) ( ) ( )
, ( )
2 1 2 2
1
2
1
0

+

+

+
+ +
dx
x a bx a
dx
x a bx
b
a
dx
a bx
m m m 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )

+

+
+
+

1
]
1

dx
a bx
k
a
k x
k kx x
x k
k
bk a
3
2
2 2
1 3
3
1
2
3
2
3
log
( )
tan , ( )

+

+
+
+

1
]
1

x dx
a bx bk
k kx x
k x
x k
k
bk a
3
2 2
2
1 3
1
3
1
2
3
2
3
log
( )
tan , ( )

+

+
dx
x a bx an
x
a bx
n
n
n
( )
log
1

+

+

+
+ +
dx
a bx a
dx
a bx
b
a
x dx
a bx
n m n m
n
n m
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1

+

+

+
+

+
x dx
a bx b
x dx
a bx
a
b
x dx
a bx
m
n p
m n
n p
m n
n p
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1

+

+

+
+ +
dx
x a bx a
dx
x a bx
b
a
dx
x a bx
m n p m n p m n n p
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1

+
+
+ +

+
+ +
+
+ +

x a bx dx
x a bx
b np m
a m n
b np m
x a bx dx
m n p
m n n p
m n n p
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1
1
1

+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+

x a bx dx
x a bx
np m
anp
np m
x a bx dx
m n p
m n p
m n p
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1 1

+
+
+
+ +

1
]
1
x a bx dx
b m np
x a bx m n a x a bx dx
m n p m n n p m n n p 1 1 1
1
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )


+
+
+ + +

1
]
1
x a bx dx
m np
x a bx npa x a bx dx
m n p m n p m n p 1 1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.6.28.
45.3.6.29.

45.3.7 Forms Containing

If and other formulas should be used.
45.3.7.1.
45.3.7.2.
45.3.7.3.
45.3.7.4.
45.3.7.5.
45.3.7.6.
45.3.7.7.
45.3.7.8.
45.3.7.9.
45.3.7.10.
45.3.7.11.
45.3.7.12.
45.3.7.13.

+ +
+ + + + +

1
]
1
x a bx dx
ma
x a bx m np n b x a bx dx
m n p m n p m n n p 1 1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ +
+
+
+ + + + +

1
]
1
x a bx dx
an p
x a bx m np n x a bx dx
m n p m n p m n p 1 1 1 1
1
1
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) a bx cx + +
2
X a bx cx q ac b + +
2 2
4 and
q X c x
b
c
+

_
,
0
2
2
, then ,

dx
X q
cx b
q
2 2
1
tan

dx
X q
cx b
q
2 2
1
tanh

+
+ +
dx
X q
cx b q
cx b q
1 2
2
log

+
+
dx
X
cx b
qX
c
q
dx
X
2
2 2

+
+

_
,

+
dx
X
cx b
q X
c
qX
c
q
dx
X
3 2
2
2
2 1
2
3 6

+
+

_
,

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

'

dx
X
cx b
nqX
n c
qn
dx
X
n
n
c
q
cx b
q
q
cX
r r
r
dx
X
n
n n
n
r
r
n
1
2
1
2 2 2 1
2 2 1
2
( )
( )!
( !)
( )! !
( )!
or


x dx
X c
X
b
c
dx
X
1
2 2
log


+

x dx
X
bx a
qX
b
q
dx
X
2
2

+

+

x dx
X
a bx
nqX
b n
nq
dx
X
n n n 1
2 2 1 ( )

+
x
X
dx
x
c
b
c
X
b ac
c
dx
X
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
log

+
+
x
X
dx
b ac x ab
cqX
a
q
dx
X
2
2
2
2 2 ( )

+

+

+

+

+
+
+

+

x dx
X
x
n m cX
n m
n m
b
c
x dx
X
m
n m
a
c
x dx
X
m
n
m
n
m
n
m
n 1
1 1
1
2
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
2 1 ( )


dx
xX a
x
X
b
a
dx
X
1
2 2
2
log

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.7.14.
45.3.7.15.
45.3.7.16.

45.3.8 Forms Containing

45.3.8.1.
45.3.8.2.
45.3.8.3.
45.3.8.4.
45.3.8.5.
45.3.8.6.
45.3.8.7.
45.3.8.8.
45.3.8.9.
45.3.8.10.
45.3.8.11.
45.3.8.12.
45.3.8.13.
45.3.8.14.

+

_
,

dx
x X
b
a
X
x ax
b
a
c
a
dx
X
2 2 2
2
2
2
1
2
log

+

dx
xX a n X
b
a
dx
X a
dx
xX
n n n n
1
2 1 2
1
1 1
( )

+ + +

dx
x X m ax X
n m
m
b
a
dx
x X
n m
m
c
c
dx
x X
m n m n m n m n 1 1 1 1 2 1
1
1
1
1
2 1
1 ( )
a bx +

+ + a bx dx
b
a bx
2
3
3
( )

+
+
x a bx dx
a bx a bx
b
2 2 3
15
3
2
( ) ( )

+
+ +
x a bx dx
a abx b x a bx
b
2
2 2 2 3
3
2 8 12 15
105
( ) ( )

+
+
+ +

1
]
1

x a bx dx
b m
x a bx ma x a bx dx
m m m
2
2 3
3 1
( )
( )

+
+ +
+
a bx
x
dx a bx a
dx
x a bx
2
(see No. 45.3.8.12 and No. 45.3.8.13)

+

+
+
+
a bx
x
dx
a bx
x
b dx
x a bx
2
2
(see No. 45.3.8.12 and No. 45.3.8.13)

+

+
+
+

1
]
1
1


a bx
x m a
a bx
x
m b a bx dx
x
m
m m m
1
1
2 5
2
1
3
1 1
( )
( ) ( )
, ( )

+

+ dx
a bx
a bx
b
2

+


+
x dx
a bx
a bx
b
a bx
2 2
3
2
( )

+

+
+
x dx
a bx
a abx b x
b
a bx
2 2 2 2
3
2 8 4 3
15
( )

+

+
+

+ +

x dx
a bx
x a bx
m b
ma
m b
x dx
a bx
m m m
2
2 1
2
2 1
1
( ) ( )

+

+
+ +

_
,

>
dx
x a bx a
a bx a
a bx a
a
1
0 log , ( )

+
<

dx
x a bx a
a bx
a
a
2
0
1
tan , ( )

+

+

+
dx
x a bx
a bx
ax
b
a
dx
x a bx
2
2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.8.15.
45.3.8.16.
45.3.8.17.
45.3.8.18.
45.3.8.19.
45.3.8.20.

45.3.9 Forms Containing

45.3.9.1.
45.3.9.2.
45.3.9.3.
45.3.9.4.
45.3.9.5.
45.3.9.6.
45.3.9.7.
45.3.9.8.
45.3.9.9.
45.3.9.10.

+
+

_
,
+

1
]
1
1

'

dx
x a bx
a bx
n ax
n b
n a
dx
x a bx
n
n
a bx
b
r r
x r
b
a
dx
x a bx
n
n n
r
n
r
n
( )
( )
( )
( )!
[( )!]
!( )!
( )!
1
2 3
2 2
2 2
1
4 1
2 4
1 1
2
1
1
or

+
+
t
t
t
( )
( )
( )
a bx dx
a bx
b n
n
n
2
2
2
2
2

+
+
t

+
t

1
]
1
1
t
t t
x a bx dx
b
a bx
n
a a bx
n
n
n n
( )
( ) ( )
2
4
2
2
2
2
4 2
2

+

dx
x a bx
a
dx
x a bx
b
a
dx
a bx
m m m
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
1

+
+ +
+

( )
( )
( ) a bx dx
x
b a bx dx a
a bx
x
dx
n
n
n
2
2
2
2
2

+

_
,

+ f x a bx dx
b
f
z a
b
z z dz z a bx ( ( ) , ) ,
2
2
2
x a
2 2
t

t t t + t x a dx x x a a x x a
2 2
1
2
2 2 2 2 2
[ log( )]

t
+ t
dx
x a
x x a
2 2
2 2
log( )

dx
x x a
a
x
a
2 2
1
1
sec

+

+ +

_
,

dx
x x a
a
a x a
x
2 2
2 2
1
log

+
+
+ +

_
,

x a
x
dx x a a
a x a
x
2 2
2 2
2 2
log

x a
x
dx x a a
x
a
2 2
2 2 1
sec

t
t
x dx
x a
x a
2 2
2 2

t t x x a dx x a
2 2
1
3
2 2 3
( )

t t t t + + t

1
]
1
( ) ( ) log( ) x a dx x x a
a x
x a
a
x x a
2 2 3 2 2 3
2
2 2
4
2 2
1
4
3
2
3
2

t

t
t
dx
x a
x
a x a ( )
2 2 3 2 2 2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.9.11.
45.3.9.12.
45.3.9.13.
45.3.9.14.
45.3.9.15.
45.3.9.16.
45.3.9.17.
45.3.9.18.
45.3.9.19.
45.3.9.20.
45.3.9.21.
45.3.9.22.
45.3.9.23.
45.3.9.24.
45.3.9.25.
45.3.9.26.
45.3.9.27.
45.3.9.28.

t


t
x dx
x a x a ( )
2 2 3 2 2
1

t t x x a dx x a ( ) ( )
2 2 3
1
5
2 2 5

t t t + t x x a dx
x
x a
a
x x a
a
x x a
2 2 2 2 2 3
2
2 2
4
2 2
4 8 8
( ) log( ) m

+ + x x a dx x a a x
3 2 2
1
5
2
2
15
2 2 2 3
( ) ( )

+ x x a dx x a
a
x a
3 2 2 2 2 5
2
2 2 3
1
5 3
( ) ( )

t
t + t
x dx
x a
x
x a
a
x x a
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
m log( )

t
t t
x dx
x a
x a a x a
3
2 2
2 2 3 2 2 2
1
3
( ) m

t

t dx
x x a
x a
a x
2 2 2
2 2
2
m

+

+
+
+ + dx
x x a
x a
a x a
a x a
x
3 2 2
2 2
2 2 3
2 2
2
1
2
log

+

dx
x x a
x a
a x a
x
a
3 2 2
2 2
2 2 3
1
2
1
2
sec

t x x a dx
2 2 2 3
( )

x
x a
a x
x a
a x
x a
a
x x a
6 24 16 16
2 2 5
2
2 2 3
4
2 2
6
2 2
( ) ( ) log( ) t t t + t m m

t t t x x a dx x a
a
x a
3 2 2 3 2 2 7
2
2 2 5
1
7 5
( ) ( ) ( ) m

t

t
+ + t
x a dx
x
x a
x
x x a
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
log( )

+

+

+ + x a
x
dx
x a
x a
a x a
x
2 2
3
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
2
log

+

x a
x
dx
x a
x a
x
a
2 2
3
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
sec

t


t
+ + t
x dx
x a
x
x a
x x a
2
2 2 3 2 2
2 2
( )
log( )

t
t t
t
x dx
x a
x a
a
x a
3
2 2 3
2 2
2
2 2
( )

t

+

+ + dx
x x a a x a
a
a x a
x
( )
log
2 2 3 2 2 2
3
2 2
1 1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.9.29.
45.3.9.30.
45.3.9.31.
45.3.9.32.
45.3.9.33.
45.3.9.34.

45.3.10 Forms Containing

45.3.10.1.
45.3.10.2.
45.3.10.3.
45.3.10.4.
45.3.10.5.
45.3.10.6.
45.3.10.7.
45.3.10.8.
45.3.10.9.
45.3.10.10.

dx
x x a a x a
a
x
a
( )
sec
2 2 3 2 2 2
3
1
1 1

t

t
+
t

1
]
1
1
dx
x x a
a
x a
x
x
x a
2 2 2 3
4
2 2
2 2
1
( )

t

+

+
+
+ + dx
x x a a x x a a x a
a
a x a
x
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
5
2 2
1
2
3
2
3
2
( )
log

dx
x x a a x x a a x a
a
x
a
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
5
1
1
2
3
2
3
2
( )
sec

+ f x x a dx a f a u a u udu x a u ( ) ( tan sec ) sec , ( tan ) , ,
2 2 2

f x x a dx a f a u a u u udu x a u ( ) ( sec tan ) sec tan , ( sec ) , ,
2 2
a x
2 2

1
]
1

a x dx x a x a
x
a
2 2 2 2 2 1
1
2
sin

'

dx
a x
x
a
x
a
2 2
1
1
sin
cos
or

_
,

dx
x a x
a
a a x
x
2 2
2 2
1
log

_
,

a x
x
dx a x a
a a x
x
2 2
2 2
2 2
log

x dx
a x
a x
2 2
2 2

x a x dx a x
2 2
1
3
2 2 3
( )

+ +

1
]
1

( ) ( ) sin a x dx x a x
a x
a x
a x
a
2 2 3 2 2 3
2
2 2
4
1
1
4
3
2
3
2

dx
a x
x
a a x ( )
2 2 3 2 2 2

x dx
a x a x ( )
2 2 3 2 2
1

x a x dx a x ( ) ( )
2 2 3
1
5
2 2 5

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.10.11.
45.3.10.12.
45.3.10.13.
45.3.10.14.
45.3.10.15.
45.3.10.16.
45.3.10.17.
45.3.10.18.
45.3.10.19.
45.3.10.20.
45.3.10.21.
45.3.10.22.
45.3.10.23.
45.3.10.24.
45.3.10.25.
45.3.10.26.
45.3.10.27.

+ +

_
,

x a x dx
x
a x
a
x a x a
x
a
2 2 2 2 2 3
2
2 2 2 1
4 8
( ) sin

x a x dx x a a x
3 2 2
1
5
2
2
15
2 2 2 3
( ) ( )

+ + +

x a x dx x a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a
2 2 2 3 2 2 5
2
2 2 3
4
2 2
6
1
1
6 24 16 16
( ) ( ) ( ) sin

x a x dx a x
a
a x
3 2 2 3 2 2 7
2
2 2 5
1
7 5
( ) ( ) ( )

+

x dx
a x
x
a x
a x
a
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
2 2
sin

dx
x a x
a x
a x
2 2 2
2 2
2

a x
x
dx
a x
x
x
a
2 2
2
2 2
1
sin

+
+ a x
x
dx
a x
x a
a a x
x
2 2
3
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
2
log

x dx
a x
x
a x
x
a
2
2 2 3 2 2
1
( )
sin

+
x dx
a x
a x x a x a x x a
3
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3
1
3
1
3
2
3
2
1
2
( ) ( ) ( )

+
x dx
a x
a x
x
a x
a
a x
a x
3
2 2 3
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
( )
( )
( )

+ dx
x a x
a x
a x a
a a x
x
3 2 2
2 2
2 2 3
2 2
2
1
2
log

+ dx
x a x a a x
a
a a x
x
( )
log
2 2 3 2 2 2
3
2 2
1 1

1
]
1
1
dx
x a x
a
a x
x
x
a x
2 2 2 3
4
2 2
2 2
1
( )

+ dx
x a x a x a x a a x
a
a a x
x
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
5
2 2
1
2
3
2
3
2
( )
log

+

+ +
+


a x
b x
dx
a b
b
x
a
a b
x b
x
a
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
1
sin sin

f x a x dx a f a u a u udu x a u ( ) ( sin cos ) cos , ( sin ) , ,
2 2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.11 Forms Containing

When and other formulas should be used.
45.3.11.1.
45.3.11.2.
45.3.11.3.
45.3.11.4.
45.3.11.5.
45.3.11.6.
45.3.11.7.
45.3.11.8.
45.3.11.9.
45.3.11.10.
45.3.11.11.
45.3.11.12.
45.3.11.13.
a bx cx + +
2
X a bx cx q ac b k
c
q
+ +
2 2
4
4
, , and
q X c x
b
c
+

_
,
0
2
2
, then

+ +

_
,

>
dx
X c
X x c
b
c
c
1
2
0 log if

_
,

>

dx
X c
cx b
ac b
c
1 2
4
0
1
2
sinh if

_
,

<

dx
X c
cx b
b ac
c
1 2
4
0
1
2
sin if

+ dx
X X
cx b
q X
2 2 ( )

+
+

_
,
dx
X X
cx b
q X X
k
2
2 2
3
1
2
( )

'

dx
X X
cx b X
n qX
k n
n
dx
X X
cx b n n k
q n X
r
kX r
n
n n
n n
r
r
n
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 4
2
2
4
1
1
2
0
1
( )
( )
( )
( )( !)( )!
[( )!]
( )!
( ) ( !)
or

+
+ X dx
cx b X
c k
dx
X
( ) 2
4
1
2

+
+

_
,
+ X X dx
cx b X
c
X
k k
dx
X
( ) 2
8
3
2
3
8
2

+
+ +

_
,
+ X X dx
cx b X
c
X
X
k k k
dx
X
2 2
2 3
2
12
5
4
15
8
5
16
( )

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+

1
]
1
1

'

X X dx
cx b X X
n c
n
n k
X dx
X
n
n k
k cx b X
c
r r kX
r
dx
X
n
n n
n
r
r
n
( )
( ) ( )
( )!
[( )!] ( )
( ) !( )!( )
( )!
2
4 1
2 1
2 1
2 2
1 4
2 1 4
2 2
2 1
0
1
or


x dx
X
X
c
b
c
dx
X 2

+ x dx
X X
bx a
q X
2 2 ( )

x dx
X X
X
n cX
b
c
dx
X X
n n n
( ) 2 1 2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.11.14.
45.3.11.15.
45.3.11.16.
45.3.11.17.
45.3.11.18.
45.3.11.19.
45.3.11.20.
45.3.11.21.
45.3.11.22.
45.3.11.23.
45.3.11.24.
45.3.11.25.
45.3.11.26.
45.3.11.27.

45.3.12 Forms Containing

45.3.12.1.
45.3.12.2.
45.3.12.3.

_
,
+
x dx
X
x
c
b
c
X
b ac
c
dx
X
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
3 4
8

+
+
x dx
X X
b ac x ab
cq X c
dx
X
2 2
2 4 2 1 ( )

+
+

x dx
X X
b ac x ab
n cqX X
ac n b
n cq
dx
X X
n n n
2 2
1
2
1
2 4 2
2 1
4 2 3
2 1
( )
( )
( )
( )

+

_
,

_
,

x dx
X
x
c
bx
c
b
c
a
c
X
ab
c
b
c
dx
X
3 2
2
2
3 2 2
3
3
3
5
12
5
8
2
3
3
4
5
16

x X dx
X X
c
b
c
X dx
3 2

xX X dx
X X
c
b
c
X X dx
2
5 2

+

xX dx
X
X X
n c
b
c
X dx
X
n n n
( ) 2 1 2

_
,
+

x X dx x
b
c
X X
c
b ac
c
X dx
2
2
2
5
6 4
5 4
16

+
+

_
,

>
dx
x X a
X a
x
b
a
a
1
2
0 log , ( )

_
,

<

dx
x X a
bx a
x q
a
1 2
0
1
sin , ( )

dx
x X
X
bx
a
2
0 , ( )


dx
x X
X
ax
b
a
dx
x X
2
2

+ +
X dx
x
X
b dx
X
a
dx
x X 2

+ +
X dx
x
X
x
b
a
dx
x X
c
dx
X
2
2
2
2
ax x

1
]
1

2
1
2
2
2 2 2 1
ax x dx x a ax x a
x a
a
( ) sin

>

'

dx
ax x
a x
a
x a
a
x
a
x
a
a
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
1 1
1 1
cos sin
sin cos , ( )
or
or
or



+
+
+
+

x ax x dx
x ax x
n
n a
n
x ax x dx n
n
n
n
2
2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 2
1 2
3
2
( ) ( )
, ( )

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.12.4.
45.3.12.5.
45.3.12.6.
45.3.12.7.
45.3.12.8.
45.3.12.9.

45.3.13 Miscellaneous Algebraic Forms

45.3.13.1.
45.3.13.2. (see integral 45.3.5.3)
45.3.13.3.
45.3.13.4.
45.3.13.5.
45.3.13.6.

_
,

2 2
3 2
3
2 3
2 3
2
2 2 2
1
3
2
ax x
x
dx
ax x
n ax
n
n a
ax x
x
dx n
n n n
( )
( ) ( )
,

x dx
ax x
x ax x
n
a n
n
x
ax x
dx n
n n n
2
2 2 1
2
0
2
1 2 1
2
( )
, ( )

_
,
dx
x ax x
ax x
a n x
n
n a
dx
x ax x
n
n
n
n
2
2
1 2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
2
1 2
( ) ( )
,

dx
ax x
x a
a ax x ( ) 2 2
2 2 2
3
2

x dx
ax x
x
a ax x ( ) 2 2
2 2
3
2

+
+ + +
dx
ax x
x a ax x
2
2
2
2
log( )

+
+ + + + >
+ +

_
,

<

'

ax c dx
x
ax c
c
a
x a ax c a
x
ax c
c
a
x
a
c
a
2
2 2
2 1
2 2
0
2 2
0
log( ), ( )
sin , ( )
or

+ +

>

+

>

+ >


<

'

dx
a bx a b x
bb
bb uv
bv
bb
bb
bv bb uv
bv bb uv
bb
bb
bv bb uv bb
bb
bb uv
bv
bb
2
or
or
or
2
tanh , ( )
log , ( )
log( ) , ( )
tan , ( )
1
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0

1
1
1
1 2
x
x
dx x x sin

t +
t + + t +
dx
a bx cx
c
b cx c a bx cx b ac
2
1
2 0
2
2 2
log( , ( )

t

+

dx
a bx cx
c
cx b
b ac 2
1
2
1
2
sin
m

t +

xdx
a bx cx 2
2

1
2 2 0
2
3
2 2
c
a bx cx
b
c
b cx c a bx cx b ac t + t + + t + m log( ), ( )

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.13.7.

45.3.14 Forms Involving Trigonometric Functions

45.3.14.1.
45.3.14.2.
45.3.14.3.
45.3.14.4.
45.3.14.5.
45.3.14.6.
45.3.14.7.
45.3.14.8.
45.3.14.9.
45.3.14.10.
45.3.14.11.
45.3.14.12.
45.3.14.13.
45.3.14.14.
45.3.14.15.
45.3.14.16.
45.3.14.17.

t
t t
+

x dx
a bx cx
c
a bx cx
b
c
cx b
b ac 2
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
sin
m

sin cos x dx x

cos sin x dx x

tan logcos logsec x dx x x

cot logsin logcsc x dx x x

+ +

_
,
sec log(sec tan ) logtan x dx x x
x
4 2

csc log(csc cot ) logtan x dx x x

x
2

+ sin cos sin sin

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
2 x dx x x x x x

+ sin cos (sin )

3
1
3
2
2 x dx x x

+

sin
sin cos
sin
n
n
n
x dx
x x
n
n
n
x dx
1
2
1

+ + cos sin cos sin

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
2 x dx x x x x x

+ cos sin (cos )

3
1
3
2
2 x dx x x

+


cos cos sin cos
n n n
x dx
n
x x
n
n
x dx
1 1
1 2

sin cos
x
a
dx a
x
a

cos sin
x
a
dx a
x
a

+ + sin( ) cos( ) a bx dx
b
a bx
1

+ + cos( ) sin( ) a bx dx
b
a bx
1

'

dx
x
x dx x x
x
x
x
sin
csc log(csc cot )
log
cos
cos
logtan
or
1
2
1
1 2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.14.18.
45.3.14.19.
45.3.14.20.
45.3.14.21.
45.3.14.22.
45.3.14.23.
45.3.14.24.
45.3.14.25.
45.3.14.26.

+
+

_
,

'

dx
x
x dx x x
x
x
x
cos
sec log(sec tan )
log
sin
sin
logtan
or
1
2
1
1 4 2

dx
x
x dx x
cos
sec tan
2
2

+

dx
x n
x
x
n
n
dx
x
n n n
cos
sin
cos cos
1
1
2
1
1 2

_
,
dx
x
x
1 4 2 sin
tan m m

+

dx
x
x
1 2 cos
tan

dx
x
x
1 2 cos
cot

+
+ +

'

dx
a b x
a b
a
x
b
a b
b a
a
x
b b a
a
x
b b a
sin
tan
tan
log
tan
tan
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
or

+ +

_
,

'

dx
a b x
a b
a b
x
a b
b a
b a
x
a b
b a
x
a b
cos
tan
tan
log
tan
tan
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
or

+ +

dx
a b x c x sin cos
1
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
b c a
b b c a a c
x
b b c a a c
x
a b c a c
a b c
b a c
x
a b c
a b c
a
a b c x
+
+ +
+ + +
< +

+

> +
+

log
( )tan
( )tan
, , .
tan
( )tan
,
( )cos
if
or
if
or

+ +

1
]
1
+

'

( )sin
( )cos ( )sin
, , .
b c x
a b c x b c x
a b c a c if
2 2 2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.14.27.
45.3.14.28.
45.3.14.29.
45.3.14.30.
45.3.14.31.
45.3.14.32.
45.3.14.33.
45.3.14.34.
45.3.14.35.
45.3.14.36.
45.3.14.37.
45.3.14.38.
45.3.14.39.
45.3.14.40.

+

+
+

_
,

> >

sin
cos
tan tan , [ , ]
2
2
1
1
0
x dx
a b x b
a b
a
a
a b
x
x
b
ab a b or

_
,

dx
a x b x ab
b x
a
2 2 2 2
1
1
cos sin
tan
tan

t 1 2 2
2
cos cos , x dx
x
[ ( ) , ] use when otherwise ; an integer + < 4 2 4 k x k k

+ t 1 2 2
2
cos sin , x dx
x
[ ( ) ( ) , ] use when otherwise ; an integer + < + 4 1 4 1 k x k k

+ t

_
,
1 2
2 2
sin sin cos , x dx
x x
[ ( ) ( ) , ] use if otherwise ; an integer + < + 8 1
2
8 3
2
k x k k

t +

_
,
1 2
2 2
sin sin cos , x dx
x x
[ ( ) ( ) , ] use if otherwise ; an integer + < + 8 3
2
8 1
2
k x k k

t
dx
x
x
1
2
4 cos
logtan ,
[ ( ) , ] use if otherwise ; an integer + < < + 4 4 2 k x k k

+
t
+

_
,
dx
x
x
1
2
4 cos
logtan ,

[ ( ) ( ) , ] use if otherwise ; an integer + < < + 4 1 4 1 k x k k

_
,
dx
x
x
1
2
4 8 sin
logtan ,

[ ( ) ( ) , ] use if otherwise ; an integer + + < < + 8 1

2
8 5
2
k x k k

+
t +

_
,
dx
x
x
1
2
4 8 sin
logtan ,

[ ( ) ( ) , ] use if otherwise ; an integer + < < + 8 1

2
8 3
2
k x k k

+
+
sin sin
sin( )
( )
sin( )
( )
, ( ) mx nx dx
m n x
m n
m n x
m n
m n
2 2
2 2

x x dx
x x x x
sin
sin cos
2
2
4
2
4
2
8

_
,

x x dx
x x
x
x x
2 2
3 2
6 4
1
8
2
2
4
sin sin
cos

+ x x dx
x x x
x x x sin
cos sin
cos sin
3
3
12
3
36
3
4
3
4

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.14.41.
45.3.14.42.
45.3.14.43.
45.3.14.44.
45.3.14.45.
45.3.14.46.
45.3.14.47.
45.3.14.48.
45.3.14.49.
45.3.14.50.
45.3.14.51.
45.3.14.52.
45.3.14.53.
45.3.14.54.
45.3.14.55.
45.3.14.56.
45.3.14.57.
45.3.14.58.
45.3.14.59.
45.3.14.60.
45.3.14.61.

+ sin
sin sin
4
3
8
2
4
4
32
x dx
x x x

+
+
+
cos cos
sin( )
( )
sin( )
( )
, ( ) mx nx dx
m n x
m n
m n x
m n
m n
2 2
2 2

+ + x x dx
x x x x
cos
sin cos
2
2
4
2
4
2
8

_
,

+ x x dx
x x
x
x x
2 2
3 2
6 4
1
8
2
2
4
cos sin
cos

+ + + x x dx
x x x
x x x cos
sin cos
sin cos
3
3
12
3
36
3
4
3
4

+ + cos
sin sin
4
3
8
2
4
4
32
x dx
x x x

sin sin
( )
cos x dx
x
x
m x m
x dx
x
m m m
1
1
1
1 1

cos cos
( )
sin x dx
x
x
m x m
x dx
x
m m m
1
1
1
1 1

+ tan tan logcos

3
1
2
2
x dx x x

tan
tan
tan
n
n
n
x dx
x
n
x dx
1
2
1

cot cot logsin

3
1
2
2
x dx x x

+ + cot cot cot

4
1
3
3
x dx x x x

cot
cot
cot , [ ]
n
n
n
x dx
x
n
x dx n
1
2
1
1

sin cos sin x x dx x

1
2
2

+
+
sin cos
cos( )
( )
cos( )
( )
, ( ) mx nx dx
m n x
m n
m n x
m n
m n
2 2
2 2

sin cos ( sin )

2 2
1
8
1
4
4 x x dx x x

+
+
sin cos
cos
x x dx
x
m
m
m 1
1

+
+
sin cos
sin
m
m
x x dx
x
m
1
1
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin , ( )
m n
m n
m n
x x dx
x x
m n
m
m n
x x dx m n

+
+

+

+

1 1
2
1
cos sin
sin cos
cos sin , ( )
m n
n m
m n
x x dx
x x
m n
n
m n
x x dx m n


+
+

+

+

1 1
2
1

+

cos
sin
cos
( )sin
cos
sin
m
n
m
n
m
n
x dx
x
x
n x
m n
n
x dx
x
1
1 2
1
2
1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.14.62.
45.3.14.63.
45.3.14.64.
45.3.14.65.
45.3.14.66.
45.3.14.67.
45.3.14.68.
45.3.14.69.
45.3.14.70.
45.3.14.71.
45.3.14.72.
45.3.14.73.
45.3.14.74.
45.3.14.75.
45.3.14.76.
45.3.14.77.
45.3.14.78.
45.3.14.79.
45.3.14.80.
45.3.14.81.

cos
sin
cos
( )sin
cos
sin
, ( )
m
n
m
n
m
n
x dx
x
x
m n x
m
m n
x dx
x
m n
1
1
2
1

_
,

_
,

_
,
sin
cos
cos
sin
m
n
m
n
x dx
x
x d x
x

2 2
2

sin
cos cos
sec
x dx
x x
x
2
1

+ +

_
,
sin
cos
sin logtan
2
4 2
x dx
x
x
x

cos
sin sin
x dx
x x
x
2
1
cosec

dx
x x
x
sin cos
logtan

+
dx
x x x
x
sin cos cos
logtan
2
1
2

+

dx
x x n x
dx
x x
n
n n n
sin cos ( )cos sin cos
, ( )
1
1
1
1 2

+ +

_
,
dx
x x x
x
sin cos sin
logtan
2
1
4 2

dx
x x
x
sin cos
cot
2 2
2 2

dx
x x m x x
m n
m
dx
x x
m n m n m n
sin cos sin cos sin cos
1
1
1 2
1
1 1 2

+

dx
x m
x
x
m
m
dx
x
m m m
sin
cos
sin sin
1
1
2
1
1 2

dx
x
x
sin
cot
2

tan tan
2
x dx x x

tan
tan
tan , ( )
n
n
n
x dx
x
n
x dx n
1
2
1
1

cot cot
2
x dx x x

cot
cot
cot
n
n
n
x dx
x
n
x dx
1
2
1

sec tan
2
x dx x

+ sec
cos
sin
cos cos
n
n n n
x dx
dx
x n
x
x
n
n
dx
x
1
1
2
1
1 2

csc cot
2
x dx x

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.14.82.
45.3.14.83.
45.3.14.84.
45.3.14.85.
45.3.14.86.
45.3.14.87.
45.3.14.88.
45.3.14.89.
45.3.14.90.
45.3.14.91.
45.3.14.92.
45.3.14.93.
45.3.14.94.
45.3.14.95.
45.3.14.96.
45.3.14.97.
45.3.14.98.
45.3.14.99.
45.3.14.100.
45.3.14.101.
45.3.14.102.

+ csc
sin
cos
sin sin
n
n n n
x dx
dx
x n
x
x
n
n
dx
x
1
1
2
1
1 2

x x dx x x x sin sin cos

x ax dx
a
ax
x
a
ax sin( ) sin( ) cos( )
1
2

x x dx x x x x
2 2
2 2 sin sin ( )cos

x ax dx
x
a
ax
a x
a
ax
2
2
2 2
3
2 2
sin( ) sin( ) cos( )

x x dx x x x x x
3 2 3
3 6 6 sin ( )sin ( )cos

x ax dx
a x
a
ax
a x x
a
ax
3
2 2
4
2 3
3
3 6 6
sin( ) sin( ) cos( )

+

x x dx x x m x x dx
m m m
sin cos cos
1

+

x ax dx
a
x ax
m
a
x ax dx
m m m
sin( ) cos( ) cos( )
1
1

+ x x dx x x x cos cos sin

+ x ax dx
a
ax
x
a
ax cos( ) cos( ) sin( )
1
2

+ x x dx x x x x
2 2
2 2 cos cos ( )sin

+

x ax dx
x ax
a
a x
a
ax
2
2
2 2
3
2 2
cos( )
cos( )
sin( )

+ x x dx x x x x x
3 2 3
3 6 6 cos ( )cos ( )sin

+

x ax dx
a x
a
ax
a x x
a
ax
3
2 2
4
2 3
3
3 6 6
cos( )
( )
cos( ) sin( )



x x dx x x m x x dx
m m m
cos sin sin
1



x ax dx
a
x ax
m
a
x ax dx
m m m
cos( ) sin( ) sin( )
1
1

+ +

sin
! ! ! !
x
x
dx x
x x x x
3 5 7 9
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9
L

+ + +

sin( )
! ! ! !
ax
x
dx ax
a x a x a x a x
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9
L

+ +

cos
log
! ! ! !
x
x
dx x
x x x x
2 4 6 8
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8
L

+ + +

cos( )
log
! ! ! !
ax
x
dx x
a x a x a x a x
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8
L

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.15 Forms Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

45.3.15.1.
45.3.15.2.
45.3.15.3.
45.3.15.4.
45.3.15.5.
45.3.15.6.
45.3.15.7.
45.3.15.8.
45.3.15.9.
45.3.15.10.
45.3.15.11.
45.3.15.12.
45.3.15.13.
45.3.15.14.
45.3.15.15.
45.3.15.16.
45.3.15.17.
45.3.15.18.
45.3.15.19.
45.3.15.20.

+ sin sin
1 1 2
1 x dx x x x

cos cos
1 1 2
1 x dx x x x

+ tan tan log( )
1 1
1
2
2
1 x dx x x x

+ + cot cot log( )
1 1
1
2
2
1 x dx x x x

+ sec sec log( )
1 1 2
1 x dx x x x x

+ + csc csc log( )
1 1 2
1 x dx x x x x

+ vers vers
1 1 2
1 2 x dx x x x x ( )

+ > sin sin , ( )
1 1 2 2
0
x
a
dx x
x
a
a x a

> cos cos , ( )
1 1 2 2
0
x
a
dx x
x
a
a x a

+ tan tan log( )
1 1 2 2
2
x
a
dx x
x
a
a
a x

+ + cot cot log( )
1 1 2 2
2
x
a
dx x
x
a
a
a x

+ (sin ) (sin ) (sin )
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 1 x dx x x x x x

(cos ) (cos ) (cos )
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 1 x dx x x x x x

+ x x dx x x x x sin [( )sin ]
1
1
4
2 1 2
2 1 1

+ x ax dx
a
a x ax ax a x sin ( ) [( )sin ( ) ]
1
2
2 2 1 2 2
1
4
2 1 1

x x dx x x x x cos [( )cos ]
1
1
4
2 1 2
2 1 1

x ax dx
a
a x ax ax a x cos ( ) [( )cos ( ) ]
1
2
2 2 1 2 2
1
4
2 1 1

+ +

+

+

x x dx
x x
n n
x dx
x
n
n n
sin
sin
1
1 1 1
2
1
1
1
1

+

+

x ax dx
x
n
ax
a
n
x dx
a x
n
n
n n
sin ( ) sin ( ) , ( )
1
1
1
1
2 2
1 1
1
1

+ +

+
+
+

x x dx
x x
n n
x dx
x
n
n n
cos
cos
1
1 1 1
2
1
1
1
1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.15.21.
45.3.15.22.
45.3.15.23.
45.3.15.24.
45.3.15.25.
45.3.15.26.
45.3.15.27.
45.3.15.28.
45.3.15.29.
45.3.15.30.
45.3.15.31.

45.3.16 Forms Involving Trigonometric Substitutions

45.3.16.1.
45.3.16.2.
45.3.16.3.*
45.3.16.4.*
45.3.16.5.*
45.3.16.6.

*

The square roots appearing in these formulas may be plus or minus, depending on the quadrant of

x

. Care must
be used to give them the proper sign.

+
+
+

x ax dx
x
n
ax
a
n
x dx
a x
n
n
n n
cos ( ) cos ( ) , ( )
1
1
1
1
2 2
1 1
1
1

+ x x dx x x
x
tan ( )tan
1 2 1
1
2
1
2

+

+ +
x ax dx
x
n
ax
a
n
x dx
a x
n
n
n n
tan ( ) tan ( ) , ( )
1
1
1
1
2 2
1 1 1
1

+ + x x dx x x
x
cot ( )cot
1 2 1
1
2
1
2

+
+
+ +
x x dx
x
n
x
n
x dx
x
dx
n
n n
cot cot
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1 1

_
,

sin
log
sin
1
2
2 1
1 1 x dx
x
x
x
x
x

_
,

sin ( )
log
sin ( )
1
2
2 2 1
1 1 ax
x
dx a
a x
x
ax
x

cos ( )
log ( ) ( ) ( )
1
3 5 7
2
1
2 3 3
1 3
2
1 3
2 4 5 5
5
4 6 7 7
ax
x
dx x ax ax ax ax

+
+ cos ( )
cos ( ) log
1
2
1
2 2
1 1 1 ax dx
x x
ax a
a x
x

+
tan
log log( )
tan
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
x dx
x
x x
x
x

+ tan ( )
tan ( ) log
1
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
1 ax dx
x x
ax
a a x
x

_
,
+

_
,
f x dx f
z
z
dz
z
z
x
(sin ) , tan 2
2
1 1 2
2 2

_
,

_
,
f x dx f
z
z
dz
z
z
x
(cos ) , tan 2
1
1 1 2
2
2 2

f x dx f u
du
u
u x (sin ) ( ) , ( sin )
1
2

f x dx f u
du
u
u x (cos ) ( ) , ( cos )
1
2

f x x dx f u u
du
u
u x (sin cos ) ( ) , ( sin ) , , 1
1
2
2

_
,

_
,
f x x dx f
z
z
z
z
dz
z
z
x
(sin cos ) , tan , , 2
2
1
1
1 1 2
2
2
2 2

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.16.7.
45.3.16.8.

45.3.17 Logarithmic Forms

45.3.17.1.
45.3.17.2.
45.3.17.3.
45.3.17.4.
45.3.17.5.
45.3.17.6.
45.3.17.7.
45.3.17.8.
45.3.17.9.
45.3.17.10.
45.3.17.11.
45.3.17.12.
45.3.17.13.
45.3.17.14.
45.3.17.15.

+

+
+ +
dx
a b x a b
ax b a x b x
tan
[ log( cos sin )]
1
2 2

+

+
+
dx
a b x a b
ax b a x b x
cot
[ log( sin cos )]
1
2 2

log log x dx x x x

x x dx
x
x
x
log log
2 2
2 4

x x dx
x
x
x
2
3 3
3 9
log log

_
,
+
+

<

_
,
+
+

>
+ +

'

(log )
log tan , ( )
log tanh , ( )
X dx
x
b
c
X x
ac b
c
cx b
ac b
b ac
x
b
c
X x
b ac
c
cx b
b ac
b ac
X a bx cx
+
or
+
where
2
2
4 2
4
4 0
2
2
4 2
4
4 0
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2

+

+

+ +
x ax dx
x
p
ax
x
p
p
p
p p
log( ) log( )
( )
, ( )
1 1
2
1 1
1

+

+

+
+ +
+ + +
x Xdx
x
n
X
c
n
x
X
dx
b
n
x
X
dx X a bx cx
n
n n n
log log
1 2 1
2
1
2
1 1
where

+ (log ) (log ) log x dx x x x x x

2 2
2 2

(log ) (log ) (log ) , ( ) x dx x x n x dx n

n n n 1
1

+
+
(log )
(log )
x
x
dx
n
x
n
n
1
1
1

+ + + +

dx
x
x x
x x
log
log(log ) log
(log )
!
(log )
!
2 3
2 2 3 3
L

dx
x x
x
log
log(log )

dx
x x n x
n n
(log ) ( )(log )
1
1
1

+
+

+

x dx
x
x
n x
m
n
x dx
x
m
n
m
n
m
n
(log ) ( )(log ) (log )
1
1 1
1
1
1

+

+

1
]
1
+
x x dx x
x
m m
m m
log
log
( )
1
2
1
1
1

+

+

+

x x dx
x x
m
n
m
x x dx m
m n
m n
m n
(log )
(log )
(log ) , [ ]
1
1
1 1
1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.17.16.
45.3.17.17.

45.3.18 Exponential Forms

45.3.18.1.
45.3.18.2.
45.3.18.3.
45.3.18.4.
45.3.18.5.
45.3.18.6.
45.3.18.7.
45.3.18.8.
45.3.18.9.
45.3.18.10.
45.3.18.11.
45.3.18.12.
45.3.18.13.

sinlog sinlog coslog x dx x x x x

1
2
1
2

+ coslog sinlog coslog x dx x x x x

1
2
1
2

e dx e
x x

e dx e
x x

e dx
e
a
ax
ax

xe dx
e
a
ax
ax
ax
2
1 ( )

'

x e dx
x e
a
m
a
x e dx
e
m x
m r a
m ax
m ax
m ax
ax r
m r
r
r
m
1
1
0
1
or
( )
!
( )!

+ + + +

e dx
x
x
ax a x a x
ax
log
! ! ! 1 2
2 2 3 3
2 3 3
L

e
x
dx
m
e
x
a
m
e
x
dx
ax
m
ax
m
ax
m
1
1 1
1 1

e x dx
e x
a a
e
x
dx
ax
ax ax
log
log 1

+
+
+
dx
e
x e
e
e
x
x
x
x
1
1
1
log( ) log

+
+
dx
a be
x
a ap
a be
px
px
1
log( )

_
,

> >

dx
ae be m ab
e
a
b
a b
mx mx
mx
1
0 0
1
tan , ( ) ,

_
,

_
,

> >

'

dx
ae be
m ab
a e b
a e b
m ab
a
b
e
m ab
a
b
e a b
mx mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
1
2
1
1
0 0
1
1
log
tanh
coth , ( )
or
or
,

+

( )(log ) a a a dx a a
x x x x

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.18.14.
45.3.18.15.
45.3.18.16.
45.3.18.17.
45.3.18.18.
45.3.18.19.
45.3.18.20.
45.3.18.21.
45.3.18.22.
45.3.18.23.
45.3.18.24.
45.3.18.25.
45.3.18.26.
45.3.18.27.

+
e bx dx
e a bx b bx
a b
ax
ax
sin( )
[ sin( ) cos( )]
2 2

+
+
e bx cx dx
e b c b c x a b c x
a b c
ax
ax
sin( )sin( )
[( )sin( ) cos( ) ]
[ ( ) ] 2
2 2

+ + + +
+
e b c b c x a b c x
a b c
ax
[( )sin( ) cos( ) ]
[ ( ) ] 2
2 2

+
e bx cx dx
e a b c x b c b c x
a b c
ax
ax
sin( )cos( )
[ sin( ) ( )cos( ) ]
[ ( ) ] 2
2 2
+
+ + +
+ +
e a b c x b c b c x
a b c
ax
[ sin( ) ( )cos( ) ]
[ ( ) ] 2
2 2

+
+ + +
+
e bx bx c dx
e c
a
e a bx c b bx c
a b
ax
ax ax
sin( )sin( )
cos [ cos( ) sin( )]
( ) 2
2 2 2
2 4
2 2

+

+
+ +
+
e bx bx c dx
e c
a
e a bx c b bx c
a b
ax
ax ax
sin( )cos( )
sin [ sin( ) cos( )]
( ) 2
2 2 2
2 4
2 2

+
+ e bx dx
e
a b
a bx b bx
ax
ax
cos( ) [ cos( ) sin( )]
2 2

+
+
e bx cx dx
e b c b c x a b c x
a b c
ax
ax
cos( )cos( )
[( )sin( ) cos( ) ]
[ ( ) ] 2
2 2
+
+ + + +
+ +
e b c b c x a b c x
a b c
ax
[( )sin( ) cos( ) ]
[ ( ) ] 2
2 2

+ +
+ + +
+
e bx bx c dx
e c
a
e a bx c b bx c
a b
ax
ax ax
cos( )cos( )
cos [ cos( ) sin( )]
( ) 2
2 2 2
2 4
2 2

+ +
+ +
+
e bx bx c dx
e c
a
e a bx c b bx c
a b
ax
ax ax
cos( )sin( )
sin [ sin( ) cos( )]
( ) 2
2 2 2
2 4
2 2

+
+

1
]
1

e bx dx
a n b
a bx nb bx e bx n n b e bx dx
ax n ax n ax n
sin ( sin cos ) sin ( ) sin
1
1
2 2 2
1 2 2

+
+ +

1
]
1

e bx dx
a n b
a bx nb bx e bx n n b e bx dx
ax n ax n ax n
cos ( cos sin ) cos ( ) cos
1
1
2 2 2
1 2 2

+

x e x dx x e x x
m
x e x dx
m
x e x dx
m x m x m x m x
sin (sin cos ) sin cos
1
2 2 2
1 1

+

+

t

+
1
]
1
+

x e bx dx
x e
a bx b bx
a b
m
a b
x e a bx b bx dx
e x bx
m
x bx
m m
bx m
a b
m ax
m ax m ax
ax m m
m
sin
sin cos
( sin cos )
sin( ) sin( )
( )
sin{ ( ) }
(cos
2 2 2 2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
or
where

L
++

'

1sin )

+

x e x dx x e x x
m
x e x dx
m
x e x dx
m x m x m x m x
cos (sin cos ) sin cos
1
2 2 2
1 1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.18.28.
45.3.18.29.
45.3.18.30.
45.3.18.31.
45.3.18.32.
45.3.18.33.

+
+

+
+
+

t

+
1
]
1
+

+
x e bx dx
x e
a bx b bx
a b
m
a b
x e a bx b bx dx
e x bx
m
x bx
m m
bx m
a b
m ax
m ax m ax
ax m m
m
cos
cos sin
( cos sin )
cos( ) cos( )
( )
cos( ( ) )
(cos
2 2 2 2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
or
where

L
L
+

'

1sin )

+ +
+

e bx cx dx
e
a bx b bx cx x c bx cx
b c a c
a b c
ac
ax
ax
sin( )cos( ) [( sin( ) cos( ))cos( ) sin( )sin( )]
)
cos
sin

where = (a
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4
2

+ +
+ +

e x x dx
e x x a x m n x
m n a
ax m n
ax m n
cos sin
cos sin { cos ( )sin }
( )
1
2 2

+ +
+
+
+ +


na
m n a
e x x dx
m m n
m n a
e x x dx
ax m n ax m n
( )
cos sin
( )( )
( )
cos sin
2 2
1 1
2 2
2
1
or
or

+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

e x x a x m n x
m n a
ma
m n a
e x x dx
n m n
m n a
e x x dx
e x x a x x m x
ax m n
ax m n ax m n
ax m n
cos sin { sin ( )cos }
( ) ( )
cos sin
( )( )
( )
cos sin
cos sin ( sin cos sin
1
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
2
1 1 2
1

+ +
+

+ +
+

+ +

+
+ +
+



n x
m n a
m m
m n a
e x x dx
n n
m n a
e x x dx
e x x a x x m x n x
m n a
m m
ax m n ax m n
ax m n
cos )
( )
( )
( )
cos sin
( )
( )
cos sin
cos sin ( cos sin sin cos )
( )
(
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
1 1 2 2
2 2
1
1
or

+ +
+
+
+ +


1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
)
( )
cos sin
( )( )
( )
cos sin
m n a
e x x dx
n m n m
m n a
e x x dx
ax m n ax m n


+

+
+


e
x
dx
e a x n x
n n x
a n
n n
e
x
dx
ax
n
ax
n
ax
n
sin
{ sin ( )cos }
( )( )sin
( )
( )( ) sin
2
1 2
2
1 2
1
2 2
2




+
+


e
x
dx
e a x n x
n n x
a n
n n
e
x
dx
ax
n
ax
n
ax
n
cos
{ cos ( )sin }
( )( )cos
( ) }
( )( ) cos
2
1 2
2
1 2
1
2 2
2

e x dx e
x
n
a
n
e x dx e x dx
ax n ax
n
ax n ax n
tan
tan
tan tan
1
1 2
1 1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.19 Hyperbolic Forms

45.3.19.1.
45.3.19.2.
45.3.19.3.
45.3.19.4.
45.3.19.5.
45.3.19.6.
45.3.19.7.
45.3.19.8.
45.3.19.9.
45.3.19.10.
45.3.19.11.
45.3.19.12.
45.3.19.13.
45.3.19.14.
45.3.19.15.
45.3.19.16.
45.3.19.17.

sinh cosh x dx x

cosh sinh x dx x

tanh logcosh x dx x

coth logsinh x dx x

sech x dx x tan (sinh )
1

_
,
csch x dx
x
logtanh
2

x x dx x x x sinh cosh sinh

x x dx x x n x x dx
n n n
sinh cosh cosh
1

x x dx x x x cosh sinh cosh

x x dx x x n x x dx
n n n
cosh sinh sinh
1

sech sech x x dx x tanh

csch csch x x dx x coth

sinh
sinh
2
2
4 2
x dx
x x

+
+

+
+


+
+

'

+
+
sinh cosh
sinh cosh sinh cosh
sinh cosh sinh cosh ,
( )
m n
m n m n
m n m n
x x dx
m n
x x
n
m n
x x dx
m n
x x
m
m n
x x dx
m n
1 1
1 1
0
1 1 2
1 1 2
or

+
+

'

dx
x x
m x x
m n
m
dx
x x
m
n x x
m n
n
dx
x x
n
m n
m n m n
m n m n
sinh cosh
( )sinh cosh sinh cosh
,
( )
( )sinh cosh sinh cosh
,
( )
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1 1 2
1 1 2
or

tanh tanh
2
x dx x x

tanh
tanh
tanh , ( )
n
n
n
x dx
x
n
x dx n
1
2
1
1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.19.18.
45.3.19.19.
45.3.19.20.
45.3.19.21.
45.3.19.22.
45.3.19.23.
45.3.19.24.
45.3.19.25.
45.3.19.26.
45.3.19.27.
45.3.19.28.
45.3.19.29.
45.3.19.30.
45.3.19.31.
45.3.19.32.
45.3.19.33.
45.3.19.34.
45.3.19.35.
45.3.19.36.

sech
2
x dx x tanh

+ cosh
2
x dx
x x sinh2
4 2

coth coth
2
x dx x x

coth
coth
coth
n
n
n
x dx
x
n
x dx n
1
2
1
1 , ( )

csch ctnh
2
x dx x

+
+

sinh sinh
sinh( )
( )
sinh( )
( )
, ( ) mx nx dx
m n x
m n
m n x
m n
m n
2 2
2 2

+
+
+

cosh cosh
sinh( )
( )
sinh( )
( )
, ( ) mx nx dx
m n x
m n
m n x
m n
m n
2 2
2 2

+
+
+

sinh cosh
cosh( )
( )
cosh( )
( )
, ( ) mx nx dx
m n x
m n
m n x
m n
m n
2 2
2 2

+ > sinh sinh , ( )
1 1 2 2
0
x
a
dx x
x
a
x a a

_
,

+ > x
x
a
dx
x a x
a
x
x a a sinh sinh , ( )
1
2 2
1 2 2
2 4 4
0

+

+
+
x x dx
x
n
x
n
x
x
dx n
n
n n
sinh sinh
( )
, ( )
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

>

_
,
+ <

_
,
>

'

cosh
cosh , cosh
cosh , cosh , ( )
1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
0
0 0
x
a
dx
x
x
a
x a
x
a
x
x
a
x a
x
a
a
or

x
x
a
dx
x a x
a
x
x a cosh cosh ( )
1
2 2
1 2 2
2
4 4
1
2

+

+

x x dx
x
n
x
n
x
x
dx n
n
n n
cosh cosh
( )
, ( )
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

+ <

_
,

tanh tanh log( ),

1 1 2 2
2
1
x
a
dx x
x
a
a
a x
x
a

+ >

_
,

coth coth log( ),

1 1 2 2
2
1
x
a
dx x
x
a
a
x a
x
a

+ <

_
,

x
x
a
dx
x a x
a
ax x
a
tanh tanh ,
1
2 2
1
2 2
1

+

+
x x dx
x
n
x
n
x
x
dx n
n
n n
tanh tanh , ( )
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1 1
1

+ >

_
,

x
x
a
dx
x a x
a
ax x
a
coth coth ,
1
2 2
1
2 2
1

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.19.37.
45.3.19.38.
45.3.19.39.
45.3.19.40.
45.3.19.41.
45.3.19.42.
45.3.19.43.

45.3.20 Denite Integrals

45.3.20.1.
45.3.20.2.
45.3.20.3.
45.3.20.4.
45.3.20.5.
45.3.20.6.
45.3.20.7.
45.3.20.8.
45.3.20.9. where n is an integer and > 0 (see values of (n)
at end of integral table)
45.3.20.10.
45.3.20.11.

+
+
+
x x dx
x
n
x
n
x
x
dx n
n
n n
coth coth , ( )
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1 1
1

sech sech
1
x dx x x x
1
arcsin

x x dx
x
x x sech sech
1
2
1 2
2
1
2
1 ( )

+
+
+

x x dx
x
n
x
n
x
x
dx n
n
n n
sech sech
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
( )
, ( )

+ csch csch
1 1 1
x dx x x
x
x
x sinh

+ + x x dx
x
x
x
x
x csch csch
1
2
1 2
2
1
2
1

+
+
+
+
x x dx
x
n
x
n
x
x
dx n
n
n n
csch csch
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
( )
, ( )
0
1
0
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1

_
,

+

_
,
+
x e dx
x
dx
n
m
n
m
n x
n
n
m
log

( ), , , , , ( n n 0 1 2 3 K Gamma Function)

0
1
0 1 2 3 0

> t p dt
n
p
n p
n t
n
!
(log )
, ( , , , , ) Kand
0
1 1
1
0 1

+
> > t e dt
n
a
n a
n a t
n
( )
( )
( )
, ( , )

0
1
1
1 1
1
1 1

_
,

+
+
> >
+
x
x
dx
n
m
m n
m
n
n
log
( )
( )
, ( , )

( ) , ( ) ( ) n n n n n is finite if > + 0 1
( ) ( )
sin
n n
n
1

( ) ( )! n n n 1 if integer > 0

( ) . ( )!
1
2
0
1
2
2 1 7724538509
2

e dt
t
K

n
n
n
+

_
,

1
2
1 3 5 7 2 1
2
K( )
,

0
1
1 1
1

x x dx m n
m n
( ) ( , ), ( B Beta function)

B B ( , ) ( , )
( ) ( )
( )
, m n n m
m n
m n
m n
+

where and are any positive real numbers

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.20.12.
45.3.20.13.
45.3.20.14.
45.3.20.15.
45.3.20.16.
45.3.20.17.
45.3.20.18.
45.3.20.19.
45.3.20.20.
45.3.20.21.
45.3.20.22.
45.3.20.23.
0
1
1 1
0
1
1
1



+

+

+
x x dx
x dx
x
m n
m n
m n
m
m n
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

a
b
m n m n
x a b x dx b a
m n
m n
m n b a

+ +
+ +
> > >
+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
, ( , , )
1
1 1
2
1 1

1
1
1
1

>
dx
x m
m
m
, [ ]
0 1
1

+
<
dx
x x
p p
p
( )
csc , [ ]
0 1
1

<
dx
x x
p p
p
( )
cot , [ ]
0
1
1

+

x dx
x p
p

sin

< < B( , ) ( ) ( ), [ ] p p p p p 1 1 0 1
0
1
1
0

+
< <
x dx
x
n
m
n
m n
m
n

sin
, [ ]
0
1
1 1
1 0 0
1

+

+

_
,

+

_
,

1
]
1
1
1
1
> > > >
+

_
,
x dx
m x
m
a
b c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a b m c
a
b
a
b c
( ) ( )
, , , ,

0 1

+

dx
x x ( )

0
2 2
2
0 0 0
2
0

+
> <
adx
a x
a a a

, ; , ; , if if if

0
2 2
0
2 2 1
2 2
1
2
1 3 5
2 4 6 1 2
a a
n
a x dx a x dx
n
n
n
n n
a


+



+
( ) ( )
( )
, ( )
K
K

odd
0
2 2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
a
m
m n
m n
x a x dx
a B
m n
a
m n
m n
n

+ +

_
,
+

_
,
+

_
,
+ +

_
,

'

+ +
+ +
( )
,
or

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.20.24.
45.3.20.25.
45.3.20.26.
45.3.20.27.
45.3.20.28.
45.3.20.29.
45.3.20.30.
45.3.20.31.
45.3.20.32.
45.3.20.33.
45.3.20.34.
45.3.20.35.
45.3.20.36.
45.3.20.37.
45.3.20.38.
45.3.20.39.

0
2
0
2
1 3 5 7 1
2 4 6 8 2
0
2 4 6 8 1
1 3 5 7
1
2
1
2
2
1

/
/
(sin )
(cos )
( )
( )
, ( )
( )
( )
, ( )
, (

_
,
+

_
,




n
n
x dx
x dx
n
n
n n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
or
an even integer,
or
an odd integer,
or
K
K
K
K

>>

'

1)
0 2
0 0 0
2
0

> <
sin
; , ; ,
mx dx
x
m m m

if if if
0

cos x dx
x
0 2

tan x dx
x

0 0
0


sin sin cos cos , ( ; , ax bx dx ax bx dx a b a b integers)
0 0
0
/
[sin( )][cos( )] [sin( )][cos( )]
a
ax ax dx ax ax dx


0
2 2
2

[sin( )][cos( )] , ax ax dx
a
a b
a b a b if is odd, or zero if is even
0
2
0 1 1
4
1
2
1

< > t <

sin cos
, , , ,
x mx dx
x
m m m m if or if ; if

0
2
2

sin sin
, ( )
ax bx
x
dx
a
a b

0
2
0
2
2

sin cos mx dx mx dx
0
2
2
2

sin x dx
x

+


cosmx
x
dx e
m
1 2
2

0
2
0
2
1
2 2


cos( ) sin( ) x dx x dx

0 0 2



sin cos x dx
x
x dx
x

0
2 1
2
1
1
1
/
cos
cos
, ( )

<

dx
a x
a
a
a
0
2 2
0

>
dx
a b x
a b
a b
cos
, ( )

1999 by CRC Press LLC

45.3.20.40.
45.3.20.41.
45.3.20.42.
45.3.20.43.
45.3.20.44.
45.3.20.45.
45.3.20.46.
45.3.20.47.
45.3.20.48.
45.3.20.49.
45.3.20.50.
45.3.20.51.
45.3.20.52.
45.3.20.53.
0
2
2
2
1
2
1
1

<
dx
a x
a
a
cos
, ( )
0

cos cos
log
ax bx
x
dx
b
a
0
2
2 2 2 2
2

/
sin cos

+

dx
a x b x ab
0
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
3 3
4
0

/
( sin cos )
( )
, ( , )

+

+
>
dx
a x b x
a b
a b
a b

0
2
1 1
1
2 2 2
/
sin cos , ,

_
,
n m
x x dx
n m
m n B and positive integers

0
2
2 1
2 4 6 2
1 3 5 2 1

/
(sin )
( )
( )
, (

+



n
d
n
n
n
K
K
K 1, 2, 3 )

0
2
2
1 3 5 2 1
2 4 2 2

/
(sin )
( )
( )
, (

_
,

n
d
n
n
n
K
K
K 1, 2, 3 )
0
2
1
4
2
2
3
2

/
cos
( )
[ ( )]

0
2
2
2
0 1

/
(tan )
cos
, ( )

_
,
< <
h
d
h
h
0
1 1
2
0

>
tan ( ) tan ( )
log , ( , )
ax bx
x
dx
a
b
a b

The area enclosed by a curve defined through the equation where , x y a a c
b
c
b
c
b
c
+ > 0
a positive odd integer and a positive even integer is given by b
c
b
c
b
ca
b

_
,

1
]
1

_
,

_
,

2
2
2
2
I x y z dv R
R
h m n

1 1 1
, where denotes the region of space bounded by the co-ordinate
planes and that portion of the surface which lies in the first octant
x
a
y
b
z
c
p q k

_
,
+

_
,
+

_
,
1,
and where , , , , , , , , , denote positive real numbers is given by h m n p q k a b c
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1 1
1
a
h
b
x
a
m
c
x
a
y
b
n
h m n
x dx y dy z dz
a b c
pqk
h
p
m
q
n
k
h
p
m
q
n
k
p
q
p q
k

_
,

1
]
1
1

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

_
,

_
,

_
,
+ + +

_
,

0
1
0

> e dx
a
a
ax
, ( )
0
0

>
e e
x
dx
b
a
a b
ax bx
log , ( ) ,
1999 by CRC Press LLC
45.3.20.54.
45.3.20.55.
45.3.20.56.
45.3.20.57.
45.3.20.58.
45.3.20.59.
45.3.20.60.
45.3.20.61.
45.3.20.62.
45.3.20.63.
45.3.20.64.
45.3.20.65.
45.3.20.66.
45.3.20.67.
45.3.20.68.
45.3.20.69.
45.3.20.70.
45.3.20.71.
45.3.20.72.
0
1
1
1 0

+
> > x e dx
n
a
n a
n ax
n
( )
, ( ) ,
>
+
n
a
n a
n
!
, ( )
1
0 pos. integ.,
0
2 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
0

_
,
> e dx
a a
a
a x
, ( )
0
2 1
2

xe dx
x
0
2
2
4

x e dx
x


0
2
1
2 1 3 5 2 1
2

x e dx
n
a a
n ax
n n
K( )
0
1
1
0
1

1
]
1
1
x e dx
m
a
e
a
r
m ax
m
a
r
r
m
!
!
0
2
2
2
2
2
0

_
,

e dx
e
a
x
a
x
a
, ( )

0
1
2

e x dx
n n
nx

0

e
x
dx
n
nx

0
2 2
0

+
> e mx dx
a
a m
a
ax
cos , ( )
0
2 2
0

+
> e mx dx
m
a m
a
ax
sin , ( )
0
2 2 2
2
0

+
> xe bx dx
ab
a b
a
ax
[sin( )]
( )
, ( )
0
2 2
2 2 2
0

+
> xe bx dx
a b
a b
a
ax
[cos( )]
( )
, ( )
0
1 1
2 2 1
2
2
1 0

+ +
+

+
+
x e bx dx
n a ib a ib
a b
i a
n ax
n n
n
[sin( )]
![( ) ( ) ]
( )
, ( ) ,
0
1 1
2 2 1
2
2
1 0

+ +
+

+ +
+
x e bx dx
n a ib a ib
a b
i a
n ax
n n
n
[cos( )]
![( ) ( ) ]
( )
, ( ) ,
0
1
0

e x
x
dx a a
ax
sin
cot , ( )
0
4
2 2
2
2
2
0

e bx dx
a
e ab
a x
b
a
cos , ( )

0
1
0
2 2

> < <

_
,
e t t dt b b b
t b cos
[sin( sin )] [ ( )]sin( ),

,
0
1
0
2 2

> < <

_
,
e t t dt b b b
t b cos
[cos( sin )] [ ( )]cos( ),

,
1999 by CRC Press LLC
45.3.20.73.
45.3.20.74.
45.3.20.75.
45.3.20.76.
45.3.20.77.
45.3.20.78.
45.3.20.79.
45.3.20.80.
45.3.20.81.
45.3.20.82.
45.3.20.83.
45.3.20.84.
45.3.20.85.
45.3.20.86.
45.3.20.87.
45.3.20.88.
45.3.20.89.
45.3.20.90.
45.3.20.91.
0
1
2
0 1

_
,
< < t t dt b
b
b
b
cos [ ( )]cos , ( )

0
1
2
0 1

_
,
< < t t dt b
b
b
b
(sin ) [ ( )]sin , ( )

0
1
1

(log ) ( ) ! x dx n
n n
0
1
1
2
1
2

_
,
log
x
dx

0
1
1
1
2

_
,

log
x
dx
0
1
1

_
,
log !
x
dx n
n
0
1
1
3
4

x x dx log( )
0
1
1
1
4

+ x x dx log( )
0
1 2
1 12

+

log x
x
dx

0
1 2
1 6

log x
x
dx

0
1
2
2
1 8

log x
x
dx

0
1 2
1
1 4

_
,
log
x
x
dx
x

0
1
2
1
2
2

log
log
x dx
x

0
1
1
1 1
1
1 0 1 0

_
,

1
]
1

+
+
+ > + >
+
x
x
dx
n
m
m n
m
n
n
log
( )
( )
,

if ,
0
1
1
1
1 0 1 0

+
+

_
,

+ > + >
( )
log
log , ( )
x x dx
x
p
q
p q
p q
,
0
1
1

_
,

dx
x
log

0
2
1
1 4

_
,

log
e
e
dx
x
x

0
2
0
2
2
2

/ /
logsin logcos log

x dx x dx
0
2
0
2
2
2

/ /
logsec logcsc log

x dx x dx
1999 by CRC Press LLC
45.3.20.92.
45.3.20.93.
45.3.20.94.
45.3.20.95.
45.3.20.96.
45.3.20.97.
45.3.20.98.
45.3.20.99.
45.3.20.100.
45.3.20.101.
45.3.20.102.
45.3.20.103.
45.3.20.104. [Eulers Constant]
45.3.20.105.
0
2
2
2

x x dx logsin log
0
2
2 1
/
sin logsin log

x x dx
0
2
0
/
logtan

x dx

0
2 2
2

t
+

_
,

log( cos ) log , ( ) a b x dx

a a b
a b
0 2

dx
ax a cosh

0
2
2
4

x dx
ax a sinh

0
2 2
0

< e bx dx
a
a b
b a
ax
cosh , ( )
0
2 2
0

< e bx dx
b
a b
b a
ax
sinh , ( )

+

+ + +

1 2 3 4
2 2 3 3 4 4
e
u
du x x
x x x
xu
log
! ! !
, K

where = lim
z
z
z
x

+ + + +

_
,
< <
1
1
2
1
3
1
0 5772157 0
L
K
log
. , ( )

0
2
2 2
2
2
2
4
2
6 2
1
2
1
1
2
1 3
2 4
1 3 5
2 4 6
1

/
sin
,

_
,
+

_
,
+

_
,
+

1
]
1
<

dx
k x
k k k k L if

0
2
2 2
2
2
2
4
2
6
2
1
2
1
1
2
1 3
2 4 3
1 3 5
2 4 6 5
1

/
sin ,

_
,

_
,

_
,
+

1
]
1
<

k x dx k
k k
k L if

0
0 5772157

e x dx
x
log . K

0
1
1
1
0 5772157

_
,

e x
e dx
x
x
. K

0
1 1
1
0 5772157

_
,

x x
e dx
x
. K