1

CHAPTER 1
1.1 You are given the following differential equation with the initial condition, v(t = 0) = 0,

c dv = g d v2 dt m
Multiply both sides by m/cd

m dv m = g v2 c d dt c d
Define a = mg / c d

m dv = a2 v2 c d dt
Integrate by separation of variables,

a 2 v 2 = m dt
A table of integrals can be consulted to find that

dv

cd

1 dx x = tanh 1 2 a a x

Therefore, the integration yields

1 v c tanh 1 = d t + C a a m
If v = 0 at t = 0, then because tanh1(0) = 0, the constant of integration C = 0 and the solution is

1 v c tanh 1 = d t a a m
This result can then be rearranged to yield

v=

gc d gm t tanh m cd

1.2 This is a transient computation. For the period from ending June 1:

Balance = Previous Balance + Deposits Withdrawals

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Balance = 1512.33 + 220.13 327.26 = 1405.20 The balances for the remainder of the periods can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below:
Date 1-May $ 220.13 1-Jun $ 216.80 1-Jul $ 450.25 1-Aug $ 127.31 1-Sep $ 350.61 $ 1363.54 $ 106.80 $ 1586.84 $ 378.61 $ 1243.39 $ 327.26 $ 1405.20 Deposit Withdrawal Balance $ 1512.33

1.3 At t = 12 s, the analytical solution is 50.6175 (Example 1.1). The numerical results are:
step 1 0.5 v(12) 51.2008 50.9259 absolute relative error 1.15% 0.61%

where the relative error is calculated with

absolute relative error =

analytical numerical 100% analytical

The error versus step size can be plotted as

2.0%

1.0% relative error 0.0% 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Thus, halving the step size approximately halves the error.

1.4 (a) The force balance is
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dv c' =g v dt m
Applying Laplace transforms,

sV v(0) =
Solve for

g c' V s m

V=

g v(0) + s ( s + c ' / m) s + c ' / m

(1)

The first term to the right of the equal sign can be evaluated by a partial fraction expansion,

g A B = + s ( s + c ' / m) s s + c ' / m g A( s + c' / m) + Bs = s ( s + c ' / m) s ( s + c ' / m)

Equating like terms in the numerators yields

(2)

A+ B=0 g= c' A m

Therefore,

A=

mg c'

B=

mg c'

These results can be substituted into Eq. (2), and the result can be substituted back into Eq. (1) to give

V=

mg / c' mg / c' v(0) + s s + c' / m s + c' / m

Applying inverse Laplace transforms yields

v=
or

mg mg ( c '/ m )t e + v(0)e ( c '/ m )t c' c'

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v = v(0)e ( c '/ m )t +

mg 1 e ( c '/ m )t c'

where the first term to the right of the equal sign is the general solution and the second is the particular solution. For our case, v(0) = 0, so the final solution is

v=

mg 1 e ( c '/ m )t c'

(b) The numerical solution can be implemented as

12.5 v(2) = 0 + 9.81 (0) 2 = 19.62 68.1 12.5 v(4) = 19.62 + 9.81 (19.62) 2 = 32.0374 68.1
The computation can be continued and the results summarized and plotted as:
t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 v 0 19.6200 32.0374 39.8962 44.8700 48.0179 50.0102 dv/dt 9.81 6.2087 3.9294 2.4869 1.5739 0.9961 0.6304

60

40

20

0 0 4 8 12

Note that the analytical solution is included on the plot for comparison.

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1.5 v(t ) =

gm (1 e ( c / m ) t ) c 9.8(70) (1 e (12 / 70) 10 ) = 46.8714 12 9.8(75) (1 e (15 / 75) t ) 15

jumper #1: v(t ) =

jumper #2: 46.8714 =

46.8714 = 49 49e 0.2 t 0.04344 = e 0.2 t

ln 0.04344 = 0.2t

t=

ln 0.04344 = 15.6818 s 0.2

1.6 Before the chute opens (t < 10), Eulers method can be implemented as

10 v(t + t ) = v(t ) + 9.8 v(t ) t 80

After the chute opens (t 10), the drag coefficient is changed and the implementation becomes

50 v(t + t ) = v(t ) + 9.8 v(t ) t 80

Here is a summary of the results along with a plot:
Chute closed dv/dt v -20.0000 12.3000 -7.7000 10.7625 3.0625 9.4172 12.4797 8.2400 20.7197 7.2100 27.9298 6.3088 34.2385 5.5202 39.7587 4.8302 44.5889 4.2264 48.8153 3.6981 Chute opened dv/dt v 52.5134 -23.0209 29.4925 -8.6328 20.8597 -3.2373 17.6224 -1.2140 16.4084 -0.4552 15.9531 -0.1707 15.7824 -0.0640 15.7184 -0.0240 15.6944 -0.0090 15.6854 -0.0034 15.6820 -0.0013

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

t 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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60 30 0 0 -30 5 10 15 20

1.7 (a) The first two steps are

c(0.1) = 10 0.2(10)0.1 = 9.8 Bq/L c(0.2) = 9.8 0.2(9.8)0.1 = 9.604 Bq/L The process can be continued to yield
t 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 c 10.0000 9.8000 9.6040 9.4119 9.2237 9.0392 8.8584 8.6813 8.5076 8.3375 8.1707 dc/dt -2.0000 -1.9600 -1.9208 -1.8824 -1.8447 -1.8078 -1.7717 -1.7363 -1.7015 -1.6675 -1.6341

(b) The results when plotted on a semi-log plot yields a straight line
2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

The slope of this line can be estimated as

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ln(8.1707) ln(10) = 0.20203 1

Thus, the slope is approximately equal to the negative of the decay rate.
1.8 The first two steps yield

500 500 sin 2 (0) y (0.5) = 0 + 3 0.5 = 0 + [0 0.41667] 0.5 = 0.20833 1200 1200
y (1) = 0.20833 + sin 2 (0.5) 0.41667 0.5 = 0.27301 The process can be continued to give
t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 y 0.00000 -0.20833 -0.27301 -0.03880 0.37474 0.68317 0.69869 0.50281 0.37138 0.52101 0.90991 dy/dt -0.41667 -0.12936 0.46843 0.82708 0.61686 0.03104 -0.39177 -0.26286 0.29927 0.77779 0.73275 t 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 y 1.27629 1.37907 1.21953 1.04012 1.10156 1.44313 1.84656 2.03672 1.93453 1.72973 dy/dt 0.20557 -0.31908 -0.35882 0.12287 0.68314 0.80687 0.38031 -0.20436 -0.40961 -0.04672

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10

1.9 The first two steps yield 500 300(1 + 0)1.5 sin 2 (0) y (0.5) = 0 + 3 0.5 = 0 + [0 0.25]0.5 = 0.125 1200 1200 500 300(1 0.125)1.5 sin 2 (0.5) y (1) = 0.125 + 3 0.5 = 0.08366 1200 1200

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8 The process can be continued to give

t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 y 0.00000 -0.12500 -0.08366 0.24924 0.69658 0.93711 0.82396 0.52849 0.36918 0.52689 0.88827 dy/dt -0.25000 0.08269 0.66580 0.89468 0.48107 -0.22631 -0.59094 -0.31862 0.31541 0.72277 0.50073 t 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 y 1.13864 1.05881 0.73834 0.48077 0.52530 0.83973 1.13958 1.14687 0.85981 0.54630 dy/dt -0.15966 -0.64093 -0.51514 0.08906 0.62885 0.59970 0.01457 -0.57411 -0.62702 -0.11076

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 -0.5 2 4 6 8 10

1.10 Q1,in = Q2,out + v3,out A3

A3 =
1.11

Q1,in Q2,out v3,out

40 m 3 /s 20 m 3 /s = 3.333 m 2 6 m/s

Qstudents = 30 ind 80

J s kJ 15 min 60 = 2160 kJ ind s min 1000 J

m=

PVMwt (101.325 kPa )(10m 8m 3m 30 0.075 m 3 )(28.97 kg/kmol) = 286.3424 kg = RT (8.314 kPa m 3 /( kmol K)((20 + 273.15) K ) Q 2160 kJ T = students = = 10.50615K mC v (286.3424 kg)(0.718 kJ/(kg K))

Therefore, the final temperature is 20 + 10.50615 = 30.50615oC.

1.12

M - M
in

out

=0

Food + Drink + Air In + Metabolism = Urine + Skin + Feces + Air Out + Sweat

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9
Drink = Urine + Skin + Feces + Air Out + Sweat Food Air In Metabolism Drink = 1.4 + 0.35 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.2 1 0.05 0.3 = 1.2 L

1.13 (a) The force balance can be written as:

m dv R2 = mg (0) + c' v dt ( R + x) 2

Dividing by mass gives

dv R2 c' = g ( 0) + v 2 dt m ( R + x)

(b) Recognizing that dx/dt = v, the chain rule is

dv dv =v dt dx
Setting drag to zero and substituting this relationship into the force balance gives
g ( 0) R 2 dv = dx v ( R + x) 2

(c) Using separation of variables

v dv = g (0) R2 dx ( R + x) 2

Integrating gives
v2 R2 = g ( 0) +C 2 R+x

Applying the initial condition yields

2 v0 R2 = g ( 0) +C 2 R+0

which can be solved for C = v02/2 g(0)R, which can be substituted back into the solution to give
v2 v2 R2 = g ( 0) + 0 g ( 0) R 2 R+x 2

or
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10

2 v = v 0 + 2 g ( 0)

R2 2 g ( 0) R R+x

Note that the plus sign holds when the object is moving upwards and the minus sign holds when it is falling.
(d) Eulers method can be developed as
g ( 0) R2 v( x i +1 ) = v( x i ) + ( x xi ) 2 i +1 v( xi ) ( R + xi )

The first step can be computed as

9.8 (6.37 10 6 ) 2 v(10,000) = 1,400 + (10,000 0) = 1,400 + (0.007)10,000 = 1,330 6 2 1,400 (6.37 10 + 0)

The remainder of the calculations can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the following table
x 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 v 1400.000 1330.000 1256.547 1179.042 1096.701 1008.454 912.783 807.413 688.661 549.864 376.568 dv/dx -0.00700 -0.00735 -0.00775 -0.00823 -0.00882 -0.00957 -0.01054 -0.01188 -0.01388 -0.01733 -0.02523 v-analytical 1400.000 1328.272 1252.688 1172.500 1086.688 993.796 891.612 776.473 641.439 469.650 174.033

For the analytical solution, the value at 10,000 m can be computed as

v = 1,400 2 + 2(9.8) (6.37 10 6 ) 2 2(9.8)(6.37 10 6 ) = 1,328.272 6 (6.37 10 + 10,000)

The remainder of the analytical values can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the last column of the above table. The numerical and analytical solutions can be displayed graphically.

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11

1600 v-analytical v-numerical

1200

800

400

0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

1.14 Errata: In the first printing, the rate of evaporation should be changed to 0.1 mm/min. Subsequent printings should show the correct value.

The volume of the droplet is related to the radius as

V=
4r 3 3

(1)

This equation can be solved for radius as

r =3

3V 4

(2)

The surface area is

A = 4r 2

(3)

Equation (2) can be substituted into Eq. (3) to express area as a function of volume
3V A = 4 4
2/3

This result can then be substituted into the original differential equation,
dV 3V = k 4 dt 4
2/3

(4)

The initial volume can be computed with Eq. (1),

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12
4r 3 4 (3) 3 = = 113.0973 mm 3 3 3

V=

Eulers method can be used to integrate Eq. (4). Here are the beginning and last steps
t 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 V 113.0973 110.2699 107.4898 104.7566 102.07 dV/dt -11.3097 -11.1204 -10.9327 -10.7466 -10.5621

9 9.25 9.5 9.75 10 38.29357 36.92003 35.57954 34.27169 32.99609 -5.49416 -5.36198 -5.2314 -5.1024 -4.97499

A plot of the results is shown below:

100 75 50 25 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

Eq. (2) can be used to compute the final radius as

r =3

3(32.99609) = 1.9897 4

Therefore, the average evaporation rate can be computed as

k=

(3 1.9897) mm mm = 0.10103 10 min min

which is approximately equal to the given evaporation rate of 0.1 mm/min.

1.15 The first two steps can be computed as
T (1) = 68 + [ 0.017 (68 21)]1 = 68 + ( 0.799)1 = 67.201
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13

T ( 2) = 67.201 + [ 0.017 (67.201 21)]1 = 68 + ( 0.78542 )1 = 66.41558

The remaining results are displayed below along with a plot

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 T 68.00000 67.20100 66.41558 65.64352 64.88458 64.13854 dT/dt -0.79900 -0.78542 -0.77206 -0.75894 -0.74604 -0.73336 t 6 7 8 9 10 T 63.40519 62.68430 61.97566 61.27908 60.59433 dT/dt -0.72089 -0.70863 -0.69659 -0.68474 -0.67310

80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

1.16 Continuity at the nodes can be used to determine the flows as follows:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 0.6 + 0.4 = 1
m3 s

m3 s

Q10 = Q1 = 1

Q9 = Q10 Q2 = 1 0.6 = 0.4

m3 s m3 s
m3 s

Q4 = Q9 Q8 = 0.4 0.3 = 0.1

Q5 = Q3 Q4 = 0.4 0.1 = 0.3

Q6 = Q5 Q7 = 0.3 0.2 = 0.1

m3 s

Therefore, the final results are

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14

0.4

0.3

0.6 1

0.1 0.4

0.1 0.3

0.2

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