FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to : Describe

Describe the Organization of the nervous system. Tell the Functions of the nervous system. Know about the Cells of the nervous system. Define the Basic unit of nervous system. Describe Neuroglia or glial cells. Explain Blood supply. Describe the five major divisions of the brain. Explain Meninges Describe the peripheral nervous system. Depict the Somatic nervous system. Tell us the autonomic nervous system. Describe the components of Brain Stem. Know what is mid brain (mesencephlon). Describe the hindbrain. Know what is spinal cord?

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: It is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. Enables the body to react to continuous changes in its internal & external environment. Control & integrate the various activities of the body such as circulation & respiration. It is responsible for all behavior. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM : NERVOUS SYSTEM SYSTEM along with the Endocrine system responsible for regulating and maintaining body homeostasis. Cells of the nervous system communicate by means of electrical signals.

 It must detect changes in and around the body. It must process the incoming sensory information and generate an appropriate motor response to adjust activity of muscles and glands.

Structurally, the Nervous System is divided into two parts: The central nervous system Brain and spinal cord Integrative and control centers The peripheral nervous Spinal and cranial nerves Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

system

Functionally the nervous system is divided into: Somatic nervous system (SNS) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

NERVOUS SYSTEM: The nervous system is a complex network that includes: Sensory component. Integrative component. Motor component. Sensory input Integration It receive, store, processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done at each moment Motor output Causes a response by activating effector organs (muscles and glands). CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM: Nervous tissue consist of two main cell types: Neuron (nerve cell) Neuroglia (glial cell), which support the neurons. Which detect changes in environmental stimuli.

BASIC UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM: Neuron is the basic structural & functional unit of the nervous system, specialized for rapid communication. Neurons are highly specialized cells that conduct messages in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

NEUROGLIA OR GLIAL CELLS: Neuroglia (glial cells or glia), approximately 5 times as abundant as neuron, are non- neuronal, non- excitable cells that form a major component of nervous tissue, supporting, insulating and nourishing the neurons. In the CNS, neuroglia include : Oligodendroglia Astrocytes Ependymal cell Microglia (small glial cells). In the PNS neuroglia include:

Satellite cells around the neurons in the spinal (posterior root) and autonomic ganglia. Neurolemma (schwann) cells.

Blood supply Neurons have a high demand for energy. They do not have energy reserves from lipids or CHOs or oxygen reserves. Therefore neurons depend on blood to transport oxygen to them. Blood which irrigates the brain does so by means of carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The blood then leaves the brain through the internal jugular veins.

The central nervous system

 The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, processes and coordinates all incoming sensory information and motor commands. It is also the seat of complex outgoing brain functions such as memory, intelligence, learning, and emotion.

Central Nervous System Consists of: Brain: The human brain is the site of the major coordination in the nervous system Located in cranial vault of skull Spinal cord Located in vertebral canal Brain and spinal cord Continuous with each other at foramen magnum

Human Brain The brain of all vertebrates develops om three swellings at the anterior end of e neural canal of the embryo. From front :back these develop into Forebrain (also known as the (rosencephalon Midbrain ((mesencephalon Hindbrain ((rhombencephalon

The fr th to p

Central Nervous System A collection of .nerve cell bodies in the CNS is called a nucleus A collection of .nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called a ganglion

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS is a .tract Within the PNS, a bundle of nerve fibers, the connective tissue holding it together & .the blood vessels serving it constitute a nerve Cranial meninges .Membranes surrounding the brain This includes The tough ,outer dura mater The middle web-like arachnoid layer The thinner .pia mater Provide the necessary physical stability and shock absorption. Blood vessels branching within .these layers also deliver oxygen and nutrients

Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system includes all neural tissue outside of the central nervous .system PNS consist of .nerve fibers and ganglia The PNS is organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral .structures The PNS is structurally and operationally .continuous with CNS It is responsible for providing sensory, or afferent, information to the central nervous system and carrying .motor, or efferent, commands out to the bodys tissues Peripheral nervous system

Nerve: .cordlike structure that carries impulses from one part of the body to another pair of 12 cranial nerves pair of 31 spinal nerves Ganglion : .group of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system Cranial .nerves : nerves exiting the cranium are called cranial nerves Spinal .nerves: nerves exiting vertebral column are called spinal nerves The peripheral nervous system It is subdivided into the 1 - sensory-somatic nervous system 2 - autonomic nervous system The sensory-somatic system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Voluntary motor commands, such as moving muscles to walk or talk, are controlled by the somatic nervous system, while involuntary motor commands, such as digestion and heart beat, are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Somatic nervous system SNS composed of somatic parts of CNS & PNS, provides sensory and motor innervations to all parts of the body, except the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle and glands. The somatic sensory system transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature and position from sensory receptors. The somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle, stimulating voluntary and reflexive movement by causing the muscle to contract. The autonomic nervous system

 The autonomic nervous system is further divided into two systems: The sympathetic nervous system, sometimes called the fight or flight system, increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations. In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system, sometimes called the rest and repose system, conserves energy and controls sedentary activities, such as digestion. Brainstem The midbrain along with the medulla and pons are often referred to as the "brainstem".

The Hindbrain The main structures of the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) are the Medulla oblongata Pons Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata Most inferior region of the brain stem. Becomes the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum. Ventrally, 2 ridges (the medullary pyramids) are visible. These are formed by the large motor corticospinal tracts.

 Right above the medulla-SC junction, most of these fibers cross-over (decussate). Destruction of the medulla causes instant death. Hind brain THE PONS: The pons seems to serve as a relay station carrying signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. Nerve impulses coming from the EYES, EARS, and TOUCH RECEPTORS are sent on the cerebellum. The pons also participates in the reflexes that regulate breathing. Cerebellum The cerebellum consists of two deeply-convoluted hemispheres. Although it represents only 10% of the weight of the brain, it contains as many neurons as all the rest of the brain combined. Its most important function is to coordinate body movements. So the cerebellum appears to be a center for learning motor skills (IMPPLICIT MEMORY) . The spinal cord The spinal cord sensory information from the peripheral nervous system ( both somatic and autonomic) to the brain . conducts motor information from the brain to our various effectors Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle minor reflex center

conducts

glands serves as a

References medical physiology by Ganong physiology by Guyton& Hall

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