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Masil-e-Ijtehd (Urdu)
Goodword Books 2003
First published 2003
Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd.
1, Nizamuddin West Market
Tel. 2435 5454, 2435 1128, 2435 6666
Fax 2435 7333, 2435 7980
e-mail: info@goodwordbooks.com
website: www.alrisala.org

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1. Looking Back, by Mehrchand Mahajan.


2. Witness to an Era, by Frank Morris.
3. Emergence of Pakistan, by Chaudhary Mohd. Ali.
4. The Nation that Lost Its Soul, by Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan

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By 1956, Nehru had publicly offered a settlement of Kashmir


with Pakistan over the ceasefire line (now converted into the
LoC). On May 23, 1964, Nehru asked Sheikh Abdullah to meet
Ayub Khan in Rawalpindi in an effort to resolve the Kashmir
imbroglio'the Pakistani leader agreed to a summit with Nehru,
to be held in June 1964. This message was urgently telegraphed
to Nehru on May 26. But just as Nehrus consent reached
Karachi, the world also learnt that Nehru had died in his sleep.
And with that a major opportunity for a peaceful solution over
Kashmir was also lost. (The Hindustan Times, June 18, 2001)

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