Roll No: 10M81D5803

Week1: E-R model

Analyze the problem and come with the entities in it. Identify what Data has
to be persisted in the databases.
The Following are the entities and its attributes
Bus:
Bus_No
Source
Destination
J_day
Type

: varchar(10) (primary key)

: varchar(20)
: varchar(20)
: varchar(3)
: varchar(3)

Passenger:
PNR_No
Ticket_No
Name
Age
Sex
PPNO

:
:
:
:
:
:

Reservation:
PNR_No
j_date
No_of_seats
Address
Contact_No
Status
Class

: number(9) (foreign key)

: date
: integer(8)
: varchar(50)
: number(9)
: char(2)
: varchar(2)

Cancel:
PNR_No
j_date
No_of_seats
Address
Contact_No
Status

: number(9)(foreign key)
: date
: integer(8)
: varchar(50)
: number(9)
: char(2)

Ticket:
Ticket_No
j_date
Age
Sex
Source
Destination
xDep_time

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

number(9) (primary key)

number(9)
varchar(15)
integer(4)
char(2) ; Male/Female
varchar(15)

number(9)(primary key)
date
int(4)
char(10)
varchar(20)
varchar(20)
varchar(4)

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week2: Concept design with E-R model.

Relate the entities appropriately. Apply cardinalities for each relation.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week3: Relational Model

Represent all entities in a tabular fashion. Represent all relationships in a
tabular fashion.
The tabular representation of the above entities and relationships:
BUS:
Bus_no

Source

Destination

J_day

type

Passenger:
Pnr_No

Ticket_no

Name

Age

Sex

PPNO

Reservation:
Pnr_No

Journey_date

No_of_seat
s

Address

Contact_No

Status

Class

Cancel:
Pnr_No

Journey_date

No_of_seats

Address

Contact_N
o

Status

Ticket:
Ticket_N
o

J_date

Age

sex

source

Destinatio
n

Dep_tim
e

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week5: Installation of MySQL and practicing DDL commands.

1. Steps for installing MySQL
Step 1: Make sure you already downloaded the MySQL essential 5.0.45
win32.msi file. Double click on the .msi file.
Step 2: This is MySQL Server 5.5 setup wizard. The setup wizard will install
MySQL Server 5.5 on your computer. To continue, click next.

Step 3: Accept the License Agreement and Choose the setup type that
best suits your needs. For common program features select Typical and its
recommended for general use. To continue, click next.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Step 4: This wizard is ready to begin installation. To continue, click next.

Step 5: The program features you selected are being installed. Please wait
while the setup wizard installs MySQL 5.5. This may take several minutes.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Step 6: To continue, click next.

Step 7: To continue, click next.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Step 8: Wizard Completed. Setup has finished installing MySQL 5.5. Check
the configure the MySQL server now to continue. Click Finish to exit the
wizard

Step 9: The configuration wizard will allow you to configure the MySQL
Server 5.5 server instance. To continue, click next.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Step 10: Select a standard configuration and this will use a general
purpose configuration for the server that can be tuned manually. To
continue, click next.

Step 11: Check on the install as windows service and include bin
directory in windows path. To continue, click next.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Step 12: Please set the security options by entering the root password and
confirm retype the password. To continue, click next.

Step 13: Ready to execute? Clicks execute to continue.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Step 14: Processing configuration in progress.

Step 15: Configuration file created. Windows service MySQL5.5 installed.

Press finish to close the wizard.

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

CREATE Database:
mysql> create database roadways;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>
CREATE Tables
Step 1:

connect to a database which we created in the above step.

mysql> \r roadways
(or) \u roadways
Connection id: 3
Current database: roadways
Step 2: to create tables:
mysql> create table passenger (pnr_no integer(9) PRIMARY KEY,ticket_no
integer(9), name varchar(20), age int(4), sex char(10), ppno varchar(15));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
mysql> desc passenger;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field
| Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| pnr_no
| int(9)
| NO
| PRI |
|
|
| ticket_no | int(9)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| name
| varchar(20) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| age
| int(4)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| sex
| char(10)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| ppno
| varchar(15) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table reservation(pnr_no int(9),jdate date,no_of_seats int(8),

address varchar(50),contact_no int(12),status char(3));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> desc reservation;
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field
| Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| pnr_no
| int(9)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| jdate
| date
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| no_of_seats | int(8)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| address
| varchar(50) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| contact_no | int(12)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| status
| char(3)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.02 sec)

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

mysql> create table bus(bus_no varchar(5) PRIMARY KEY, source

varchar(20), destination varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> desc bus;
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field
| Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| bus_no
| varchar(5) | NO
| PRI |
|
|
| source
| varchar(20) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| destination | varchar(20) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| j_day
| varchar(3) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| type
| varchar(3) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table cancel(pnr_no int(9),jdate date,no_of_seats int(8),

address varchar(50), contact_no int(12),status char(2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> desc cancel;
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field
| Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| pnr_no
| int(9)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| jdate
| date
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| no_of_seats | int(8)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| address
| varchar(50) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| contact_no | int(12)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| status
| char(2)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table ticket(ticket_no int(9) primary key, age int(3), sex
varchar (2)not null, source varchar(20), destination varchar(20), dep_time
varchar(4));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> desc ticket;
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field
| Type
| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ticket_no
| int(9)
| NO
| PRI |
|
|
| age
| int(3)
| YES |
| NULL
|
|
| sex
| varchar(2) | NO
|
|
|
|
| source
| varchar(20) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| destination | varchar(20) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
| dep_time
| varchar(4) | YES |
| NULL
|
|
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week 6: Practicing DML commands

1.1

ALTER Table

mysql> alter table reservation add foreign key (pnr_no) references

passenger(pnr_no);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table cancel add foreign key (pnr_no) references
passenger(pnr_no);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table ticket add constraint check_age check(age>18);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
1.2

INSERT

mysql> insert into passenger(pnr_no,ticket_no,name,age,sex)

values(101,1,"Ramakrishna",28,"M");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into passenger(pnr_no,ticket_no,name,age,sex)
values(102,2,"Ashok",28,"M");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into passenger(pnr_no,ticket_no,name,age,sex)
values(103,3,"Bhavani",27,"F");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into passenger(pnr_no,ticket_no,name,age,sex)
values(104,4,"Jyothi",22,"F");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into passenger(pnr_no,ticket_no,name,age,sex)
values(105,5,"Saritha",18,"F");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into passenger(pnr_no,ticket_no,name,age,sex)
values(106,6,"Raghu",28,"M");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from passenger;
+--------+-----------+-------------+------+------+------+
| pnr_no | ticket_no | name
| age | sex | ppno |
+--------+-----------+-------------+------+------+------+
|
101 |
1 | Ramakrsihna |
28 | M
| NULL |
|
102 |
2 | Ashok
|
28 | M
| NULL |
|
103 |
3 | Bhavani
|
27 | F
| NULL |
|
104 |
4 | Jyothi
|
22 | F
| NULL |
|
105 |
5 | Saritha
|
18 | F
| NULL |
|
106 |
6 | Raghu
|
28 | M
| NULL |
+--------+-----------+-------------+------+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into bus(bus_no,source,destination)

values(2233,"GNT","HYD");
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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into bus(bus_no,source,destination)
values(2244,"GNT","TPTY");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into bus(bus_no,source,destination)
values(2255,"GNT","BZA");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into bus(bus_no,source,destination) values(2266,"GNT","VSP");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into bus(bus_no,source,destination)
values(2277,"GNT","KKD");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> select * from bus;
+--------+--------+-------------+
| bus_no | source | destination |
+--------+--------+-------------+
| 2233
| GNT
| HYD
|
| 2244
| GNT
| TPTY
|
| 2255
| GNT
| BZA
|
| 2266
| GNT
| VSP
|
| 2277
| GNT
| KKD
|
+--------+--------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into reservation(pnr_no, jdate,no_of_seats, address,

contact_no, status) values(101,'2011-08-17',5,"KODAD",
2266114,"CNF");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into reservation(pnr_no, jdate,no_of_seats, address,
contact_no, status) values(102,'2011-08-17',4,"NEHRU NAGAR,
NALGOND", 2266414,"CNF");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into reservation(pnr_no, jdate,no_of_seats, address,
contact_no, status) values(103,'2011-08-17',6,"ARUNDELPET,
HYDBAD", 263415,"CNF");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into reservation(pnr_no, jdate,no_of_seats, address,
contact_no, status) values(104,'2011-08-17',2,"BRODIPET,
SECBAD",261545,"CNF");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into reservation(pnr_no, jdate,no_of_seats, address,
contact_no, status) values(105,'2011-08-17',2,"KHAMMAM",
261534,"CNF");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM RESERVATION;
+--------+------------+-------------+-----------------+------------+--------+
| pnr_no | jdate
| no_of_seats | address
| contact_no | status |
+--------+------------+-------------+-----------------+------------+--------+
|
101 | 2011-08-17 |
5 | KODAD
|
2266114 | CNF
|
|
102 | 2011-08-17 |
4 | NEHRU NAGAR,NLD |
2266414 | CNF
|
|
103 | 2011-08-17 |
6 | ARUNDELPET, HYD |
263415 | CNF
|
|
104 | 2011-08-17 |
2 | BRODIPET, SECBAD|
261545 | CNF
|

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

|
105 | 2011-08-17 |
2 | KHAMMAM
|
261534 | CNF
|
+--------+------------+-------------+-----------------+------------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.3

UPDATE Table:

mysql> update passenger set age=22 where ticket_no=5;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> update passenger set name="M.Ramakrishna" where pnr_no=101;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from passenger;
+--------+-----------+---------------+------+------+------+
| pnr_no | ticket_no | name
| age | sex | ppno |
+--------+-----------+---------------+------+------+------+
|
101 |
1 | Ramakrishna
|
28 | M
| NULL |
|
102 |
2 | Ashok
|
28 | M
| NULL |
|
103 |
3 | Bhavani
|
27 | F
| NULL |
|
104 |
4 | Jyothi
|
22 | F
| NULL |
|
105 |
5 | Saritha
|
22 | F
| NULL |
|
106 |
6 | Raghu
|
28 | M
| NULL |
+--------+-----------+---------------+------+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.4 Delete from table:

mysql> CREATE TABLE d_bus LIKE roadways.bus;
mysql> INSERT d_bus SELECT * FROM bus;
mysql> select * from d_bus;
+--------+--------+-------------+
| bus_no | source | destination |
+--------+--------+-------------+
| 2233
| GNT
| HYD
|
| 2244
| GNT
| TPTY
|
| 2255
| GNT
| BZA
|
| 2266
| GNT
| VSP
|
| 2277
| GNT
| KKD
|
+--------+--------+-------------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from d_bus where destination="KKD";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from d_bus;
+--------+--------+-------------+
| bus_no | source | destination |

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

+--------+--------+-------------+
| 2233
| GNT
| HYD
|
| 2244
| GNT
| TPTY
|
| 2255
| GNT
| BZA
|
| 2266
| GNT
| VSP
|
+--------+--------+-------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.5

Drop table:

mysql> show tables;

+--------------------+
| Tables_in_roadways |
+--------------------+
| bus
|
| cancel
|
| d_bus
|
| passenger
|
| reservation
|
| ticket
|
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop table d_bus;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_roadways |
+--------------------+
| bus
|
| cancel
|
| passenger
|
| reservation
|
| ticket
|
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week7: Practice the following Queries

1) Display unique PNR_no of all passengers
mysql> select pnr_no from passenger;
+--------+
| pnr_no |
+--------+
|
101 |
|
102 |
|
103 |
|
104 |
|
105 |
|
106 |
+--------+
6 rows in set (0.03 sec)

2) Display all the names of male passengers.

mysql> select name from passenger where sex="M";
+-------------+
| name
|
+-------------+
| Ramakrishna |
| Ashok
|
| Raghu
|
+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3) Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.

mysql> select ticket_no,name from passenger;
+-----------+-------------+
| ticket_no | name
|
+-----------+-------------+
|
1 | Ramakrishna |
|
2 | Ashok
|
|
3 | Bhavani
|
|
4 | Jyothi
|
|
5 | Saritha
|
|
6 | Raghu
|
+-----------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4) Display the source and destination having journey time more

than 10 hours.
mysql> select source,destination from ticket where dep_time>10;
+--------+-------------+
| source | destination |
+--------+-------------+
| GNT
| VSP
|
| GNT
| HYD
|
+--------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5) Find the ticket numbers of the passengers who name start

with A and ends with K.
mysql> select * from passenger where name REGEXP '^[a].*k$';
+--------+-----------+-------+------+------+------+
| pnr_no | ticket_no | name | age | sex | ppno |
+--------+-----------+-------+------+------+------+
|
102 |
2 | Ashok |
28 | M
| NULL |
|
107 |
7 | alok |
16 | M
| NULL |
+--------+-----------+-------+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

6) Find the names of passengers who age is between 20 and 28.

mysql> select * from passenger where age>20 and age<28;
+--------+-----------+---------+------+------+------+
| pnr_no | ticket_no | name
| age | sex | ppno |
+--------+-----------+---------+------+------+------+
|
103 |
3 | Bhavani |
27 | F
| NULL |
|
104 |
4 | Jyothi |
22 | F
| NULL |
|
105 |
5 | Saritha |
22 | F
| NULL |
+--------+-----------+---------+------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7) Display all the passengers names beginning with A.

mysql> select * from passenger where name like 'a%';
+--------+-----------+-------+------+------+------+
| pnr_no | ticket_no | name | age | sex | ppno |
+--------+-----------+-------+------+------+------+
|
102 |
2 | Ashok |
28 | M
| NULL |
|
107 |
7 | alok |
16 | M
| NULL |
+--------+-----------+-------+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8) Display the sorted list of passengers names

mysql> select * from passenger order by name;
+--------+-----------+-------------+------+------+------+
| pnr_no | ticket_no | name
| age | sex | ppno |
+--------+-----------+-------------+------+------+------+
|
107 |
7 | alok
|
16 | M
| NULL |
|
102 |
2 | Ashok
|
28 | M
| NULL |
|
103 |
3 | Bhavani
|
27 | F
| NULL |
|
104 |
4 | Jyothi
|
22 | F
| NULL |
|
106 |
6 | Raghu
|
28 | M
| NULL |
|
101 |
1 | Ramakrishna |
28 | M
| NULL |
|
108 |
8 | revok
|
16 | M
| NULL |
|
105 |
5 | Saritha
|
22 | F
| NULL |
+--------+-----------+-------------+------+------+------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

9) Display the
Wednesday

Bus

numbers

that

travel

on

Sunday

and

mysql> select * from bus where j_day="SUN" || j_day="WED";

+--------+--------+-------------+-------+------+
| bus_no | source | destination | j_day | type |
+--------+--------+-------------+-------+------+
| 2222
| KDD
| TYTY
| WED
| AC
|
| 2266
| GNT
| VSP
| SUN
| AC
|
| 2299
| KDD
| RYJ
| WED
| NAC |
| 3333
| KDD
| MAS
| SUN
| NAC |
+--------+--------+-------------+-------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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Roll No: 10M81D5812

10) Display the details of passengers who are traveling either in AC

or NON_AC (Using only IN operator)
mysql> select passenger.name, reservation.address,ticket.age from
passenger, reservation,ticket where
passenger.pnr_no=reservation.pnr_no and
passenger.pnr_no=ticket.ticket_no and ticket.b_type in
('AC','NAC');
+-------------+---------------------+------+
| name
| address
| age |
+-------------+---------------------+------+
| Ramakrishna | GUNTUR
|
28 |
| Ashok
| NEHRU NAGAR, GUNTUR |
28 |
| Bhavani
| ARUNDELPET, GUNTUR |
27 |
| Jyothi
| BRODIPET, GUNTUR
|
22 |
| Saritha
| KHAMMAM
|
22 |
| Raghu
| KODAD
|
45 |
+-------------+---------------------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week8 and week9: Practice queries using Aggregate functions,

Group by, having and Creation and Dropping of views
1.
Write a query to Display the information present in
the Cancellation and Reservation Tables
mysql> select * from cancel union select * from reservation;
+--------+------------+-----------+---------------------+------------+--------+
| pnr_no | jdate
| noofseats | address
| contact_no | status |
+--------+------------+-----------+---------------------+------------+--------+
|
101 | 2011-08-22 |
2 | GUNTUR
|
2266114 | CN
|
|
108 | 2011-08-22 |
2 | KHAMMAM
|
6523456 | CN
|
|
107 | 2011-08-22 |
1 | KODAD
|
234551 | CN
|
|
101 | 2011-08-17 |
5 | GUNTUR
|
2266114 | CNF
|
|
102 | 2011-08-17 |
4 | NEHRU NAGAR, GUNTUR |
2266414 | CNF
|
|
103 | 2011-08-17 |
6 | ARUNDELPET, GUNTUR |
263415 | CNF
|
|
104 | 2011-08-17 |
2 | BRODIPET, GUNTUR
|
261545 | CNF
|
|
105 | 2011-08-17 |
2 | KHAMMAM
|
261534 | CNF
|
|
106 | 2011-08-22 |
2 | KODAD
|
234561 | CNF
|
|
107 | 2011-08-22 |
2 | KODAD
|
234551 | CNF
|
|
108 | 2011-08-22 |
5 | KHAMMAM
|
6532456 | CNF
|
+--------+------------+-----------+---------------------+------------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.

Find the distinct PNR_NO that are present

mysql> select pnr_no, count(*) as no_of_occurances from passenger
group by pnr_no having count(*)>0;
+--------+------------------+
| pnr_no | no_of_occurances |
+--------+------------------+
|
101 |
1 |
|
102 |
1 |
|
103 |
1 |
|
104 |
1 |
|
105 |
1 |
|
106 |
1 |
|
107 |
1 |
|
108 |
1 |
+--------+------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3. Find the No of Seats booked for each PNR_NO using GROUP BY

Clause.
mysql> select pnr_no, sum(no_of_seats) from reservation group by
pnr_no;
+--------+------------------+
| pnr_no | sum(no_of_seats) |
+--------+------------------+
|
101 |
5 |
|
102 |
4 |
|
103 |
6 |
|
104 |
2 |
|
105 |
2 |
|
106 |
2 |
|
107 |
2 |
|
108 |
5 |
+--------+------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5812

4.
Find the number of seats booked in each class where
the number of seats is greater than 1.
mysql> select * from reservation;
+--------+------------+-------------+----------+------------+--------+-------+
| pnr_no | jdate
| no_of_seats | address | contact_no | status | class |
+--------+------------+-------------+----------+------------+--------+-------+
|
101 | 2011-08-07 |
4 | GUNTUR
|
235456 | CNF
| A
|
|
102 | 2011-08-17 |
5 | KODAD
|
325456 | CNF
| A
|
|
103 | 2011-08-17 |
4 | KODAD
|
325478 | CNF
| B
|
|
104 | 2011-08-07 |
4 | GUNTUR
|
3456314 | CNF
| B
|
|
105 | 2011-08-22 |
7 | NALGONDA |
4456314 | CNF
| B
|
|
106 | 2011-08-22 |
7 | KHAMMAM |
4564314 | CNF
| B
|
|
107 | 2011-08-22 |
3 | KHAMMAM |
4614314 | CNF
| A
|
|
108 | 2011-08-22 |
3 | NALGONDA |
4684314 | CNF
| A
|
|
108 | 2011-08-22 |
8 | NALGONDA |
4684314 | CNF
| A
|
|
109 | 2011-08-23 |
1 | NALGONDA |
2684314 | CNF
| C
|
|
110 | 2011-08-23 |
1 | HYD
|
6284314 | CNF
| D
|
|
111 | 2011-08-22 |
2 | HYD
|
6824314 | CNF
| E
|
+--------+------------+-------------+----------+------------+--------+-------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select class,sum(no_of_seats) from reservation where

class='A' or class="B" or class="C" or class="D" or class="E"
group by class having sum(no_of_seats)>1;
+-------+------------------+
| class | sum(no_of_seats) |
+-------+------------------+
| A
|
23 |
| B
|
22 |
| E
|
2 |
+-------+------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.

Find the total number of cancelled seats.

mysql> select sum(no_of_seats) from cancel;
+------------------+
| sum(no_of_seats) |
+------------------+
|
5 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5812

Creating and dropping views

a) CREATE VIEW
mysql> create or replace view male_pass as select pnr_no,
age,sex from passenger where sex='M';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM male_pass;
+--------+------+------+
| pnr_no | age | sex |
+--------+------+------+
|
101 |
28 | M
|
|
102 |
28 | M
|
|
106 |
28 | M
|
|
107 |
16 | M
|
|
108 |
16 | M
|
+--------+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

b) INSERT
mysql> insert into male_pass(pnr_no,age,sex) values(201,22,M);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into male_pass(pnr_no,age,sex) values(202,25,F);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into male_pass(pnr_no,age,sex) values(201,24,F);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
c) Display VIEW
mysql> SELECT * FROM male_pass;
+--------+------+------+
| pnr_no | age | sex |
+--------+------+------+
|
101 |
28 | M
|
|
102 |
28 | M
|
|
106 |
28 | M
|
|
107 |
16 | M
|
|
108 |
16 | M
|
|
201 |
22 | M
|
+--------+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

d) DROP VIEW
mysql> drop view male_pass;
Query OK, 0 row affected (0.01 sec)

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week10: Create of Insert trigger, Update trigger and Delete

trigger.
1.
table: BUS

Write a TRIGGER to maintain the log details of the

a) Trigger for Insert

CREATE OR RELPLACE TRIGGER trig1 before insert on Bus for each row

mysql> create table bus_log(bus_no varchar(5),j_day varchar(3), type

varchar(3), lastinserted time);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql> delimiter $$
mysql>
->
->
->
->

create trigger bus_trig

after insert on bus
for each row
BEGIN
insert into bus_log values(new.bus_no,new.j_day, new.type,
curtime());
-> END$$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter ;
mysql> SELECT * FROM BUS_LOG;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into bus values(3355,"RAJ","MAS","MON","AC");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM BUS_LOG;
+--------+-------+------+--------------+
| bus_no | j_day | type | lastinserted |
+--------+-------+------+--------------+
| 3355
| MON
| AC
| 15:34:34
|
+--------+-------+------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

b) Update trigger:
mysql> select * from ticket;
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
| ticket_no | age | sex | source | destination | dep_time | b_type |
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
|
101 |
28 | M
| GNT
| VSP
|
10 | AC
|
|
102 |
28 | M
| GNT
| BZA
|
11 | NAC
|
|
103 |
27 | F
| GNT
| KKD
|
11 | AC
|
|
104 |
22 | F
| GNT
| HYD
|
12 | AC
|
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> delimiter $$

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Roll No: 10M81D5812

mysql> create trigger tickt_updcheck before update on ticket

-> for each row
-> BEGIN
-> IF new.ticket_no>60 then
-> set new.ticket_no=ticket_no;
-> else
-> set new.ticket_no=0;
-> end if;
-> end$$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> delimiter ;
mysql> insert into ticket values(20,23,"M","GNT","BZA",20,"NAC");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM TICKET;
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
| ticket_no | age | sex | source | destination | dep_time | b_type |
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
|
20 |
23 | M
| GNT
| BZA
|
20 | NAC
|
|
101 |
28 | M
| GNT
| VSP
|
10 | AC
|
|
102 |
28 | M
| GNT
| BZA
|
11 | NAC
|
|
103 |
27 | F
| GNT
| KKD
|
11 | AC
|
|
104 |
22 | F
| GNT
| HYD
|
12 | AC
|
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update ticket set age=20 where ticket_no=20;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from ticket;
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
| ticket_no | age | sex | source | destination | dep_time | b_type |
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
|
0 |
20 | M
| GNT
| BZA
|
20 | NAC
|
|
101 |
28 | M
| GNT
| VSP
|
10 | AC
|
|
102 |
28 | M
| GNT
| BZA
|
11 | NAC
|
|
103 |
27 | F
| GNT
| KKD
|
11 | AC
|
|
104 |
22 | F
| GNT
| HYD
|
12 | AC
|
+-----------+------+-----+--------+-------------+----------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

c) Delete Trigger :
mysql> drop trigger bus_trig;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5812

Week 11: Procedures

Creation of stored procedure, Execution of procedure and modification of
procedure. Practice procedures using the above database.
How to Create a Stored Procedure in MySQL
A procedure can be creating in MySQL by using the following syntax:
CREATE PROCEDURE ProcedureName()
(
param1 int,
param2 varchar(20)
)
BEGIN
Text of stored procedure here
END;
Note that the name of the parameters cannot be the same as the names of
any columns in tables that are referenced within the stored procedure.
Ex:

mysql> delimiter $$
mysql> create procedure myproc()
-> BEGIN
-> SELECT count(ticket_no) from ticket where age>=27;
-> END $$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> delimiter ;

How to Call a Stored Procedure in MySQL

mysql> call ProcedureName()
mysql> call myproc();
+------------------+
| count(ticket_no) |
+------------------+
|
4 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Modify a Stored Procedure

MySQL provides an ALTER PROCEDURE statement to modify a routine,
but only allows for the ability to change certain characteristics. If you need
to alter the body or the parameters, you must drop and recreate the
procedure.

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5812

Delete a Stored Procedure

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS ProcedureName ;

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Roll No: 10M81D5803

Delete a Stored Procedure

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS ProcedureName ;
mysql> show procedure status;
+----------+--------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------+---------+
| Db
| Name
| Type
| Definer
| Modified
| Created
| Security_type | Comment |
+----------+--------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------+---------+
| roadways | myproc | PROCEDURE | root@localhost | 2011-09-02 11:50:24 | 2011-09-02 11:50:24 | DEFINER
|
|
+----------+--------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop procedure if exists myproc;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> show procedure status;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

Week 12: Cursors:

We will define a cursor that defines a result set. Open the cursor to
establish the Result set. Fetch the data into local variables as needed from
the cursor one Row at a time. Then we will close the cursor.
A) Write a Cursor to display the list of Male and Female
Passengers.
mysql> DELIMITER $$
mysql>
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->

create procedure male_female_list()

BEGIN
declare mf varchar(3);
declare na varchar(30);
declare cur1 cursor for select name,sex from passenger where sex="m";
declare cur2 cursor for select name,sex from passenger where sex="f";
open cur1;
select 'Male Passenger Names List is:';
fetch cur1 into na, mf;
select name from passenger where sex=mf;
close cur1;
open cur2;
select 'Female Passengers Names List is:';
fetch cur2 into na,mf;
select name from passsenger where sex=mf;
close cur2;
end $$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELIMITER ;
mysql> call male_female_list();
+-------------------------------+
| Male Passenger Names List is: |
+-------------------------------+
| name
|
+-------------------------------+
| Ramakrishna
|
| Ashok
|
| Raghu
|
| alok
|
| revok
|
| Venu
|
+-------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.02 sec)
+----------------------------------+
| Female Passengers Names List is: |
+----------------------------------+
| name
|
+----------------------------------+
| Bhavani
|
| Jyothi
|
| Saritha
|
| Renu
|
| Aarshitha
|
+----------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

B) Write a cursor to print the list of buses available to RAJAMANDRY

(RAJ)
mysql> delimiter $$
mysql>
->
->
->
->

create procedure bus_details()

begin
declare busn varchar(10);
declare dest varchar(20);
declare cur3 cursor for select bus_no, destination from bus where
destination="RAJ";
-> OPEN CUR3;
-> FETCH CUR3 INTO BUSN,DEST;
-> SELECT * FROM BUS WHERE DESTINATION=DEST;
-> CLOSE CUR3;
-> END $$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> delimiter ;
mysql> call bus_details();
+--------+--------+-------------+-------+------+
| bus_no | source | destination | j_day | type |
+--------+--------+-------------+-------+------+
| 2222
| HYD
| RAJ
| MON
| NAC |
| 2233
| KDD
| RAJ
| TUE
| NAC |
+--------+--------+-------------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> \t

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

Program 1: Write A Program to Design Lexical Analyzer.

#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void keyword(char str[10])
{if(strcmp("for",str)==0||strcmp("while",str)==0||strcmp("do",str)==0||
strcmp("int",str)==0||strcmp("float",str)==0||strcmp("char",str)==0||
strcmp("double",str)==0||strcmp("static",str)==0||
strcmp("switch",str)==0||
strcmp("case",str)==0)
printf("\n%s is a keyword",str);
else
printf("\n%s is an identifier",str);
}main()
{
FILE *f1,*f2,*f3;
char c,str[10],st1[10];
int num[100],lineno=0,tokenvalue=0,i=0,j=0,k=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the c program:");
gets(st1);
f1=fopen("input","w");
while((c=getchar())!=EOF)
putc(c,f1);
fclose(f1);
f1=fopen("input","r");
f2=fopen("identifier","w");
f3=fopen("specialchar","w");
while((c=getc(f1))!=EOF)
{
if(isdigit(c))
{
tokenvalue=c-'0';
Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

c=getc(f1);
while(isdigit(c))
{
tokenvalue*=10+c-'0';
c=getc(f1);
}num[i++]=tokenvalue;
ungetc(c,f1);
}else if(isalpha(c))
{
putc(c,f2);
c=getc(f1);
while(isdigit(c)||isalpha(c)||c=='_'||c=='$')
{
putc(c,f2);
c=getc(f1);
}putc(' ',f2);
ungetc(c,f1);
}else if(c==' '||c=='\t')
printf(" ");
else if(c=='\n')
lineno++;
else
putc(c,f3);
}fclose(f2);
fclose(f3);
fclose(f1);
printf("\nThe no's in the program are");
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
printf("%d",num[j]);
printf("\n");
f2=fopen("identifier","r");
k=0;
printf("The keywords and identifiersare:");
while((c=getc(f2))!=EOF)
Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

{
if(c!=' ')str[k++]=c;
else
{
str[k]='\0';
keyword(str);
k=0;
}
}fclose(f2);
f3=fopen("specialchar","r");
printf("\nSpecial characters are");
while((c=getc(f3))!=EOF)
printf("%c",c);
printf("\n");
fclose(f3);
printf("Total no. of lines are:%d",lineno);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the c program:
a+b*c
d/f
^Z
The no's in the program are
The keywords and identifiersare:
a is an identifier
b is an identifier
c is an identifier
d is an identifier
f is an identifier
Special characters are+*/
Total no. of lines are:2

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

Program 2: Implement the Lexical Analyzer Using Lex Tool.

/* program name is lexp.l */
%{
/* program to recognize a c program */
int COMMENT=0;
%}
identifier [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
%%
#.* { printf("\n%s is a PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVE",yytext);}
int |
float |
char |
double |
while |
for |
do |
if |
break |
continue |
void |
switch |
case |
long |
struct |
const |
typedef |
return |
else |
goto
{printf("\n\t%s is a KEYWORD",yytext);}
"/*" {COMMENT = 1;}
/*{printf("\n\n\t%s is a COMMENT\n",yytext);}*/
"*/" {COMMENT = 0;}
/* printf("\n\n\t%s is a COMMENT\n",yytext);}*/
{identifier}\( {if(!COMMENT)printf("\n\nFUNCTION\n\t%s",yytext);}
\{ {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n BLOCK BEGINS");}
\} {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n BLOCK ENDS");}
{identifier}(\[[0-9]*\])? {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n %s IDENTIFIER",yytext);}
\".*\" {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t%s is a STRING",yytext);}
[0-9]+ {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t%s is a NUMBER",yytext);}
\)(\;)? {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t");ECHO;printf("\n");}
\(
Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

ECHO;
=
{if(!COMMENT)printf("\n\t%s is an ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR",yytext);}
\<= |
\>= |
\< |
== |
\> {if(!COMMENT) printf("\n\t%s is a RELATIONAL OPERATOR",yytext);}
%%
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{if (argc > 1)
{FILE *file;
file = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(!file)
{printf("could not open %s \n",argv[1]);
exit(0);
}yyin = file;
}yylex();
printf("\n\n");
return 0;
}int yywrap()
{
return 0;
}
Input:
$vi var.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b;
}

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

Output:
$lex lex.l
$cc lex.yy.c
$./a.out var.c
#include<stdio.h> is a PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVE
FUNCTION
main ( )
BLOCK BEGINS
int is a KEYWORD
a IDENTIFIER
b IDENTIFIER
BLOCK ENDS

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

Program 3: Implementation of Predictive Parser.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define SIZE 128
#define NONE -1
#define EOS '\0'
#define NUM 257
#define KEYWORD 258
#define ID 259
#define DONE 260
#define MAX 999
char lexemes[MAX];
char buffer[SIZE];
int lastchar=-1;
int lastentry=0;
int tokenval=DONE;
int lineno=1;
int lookahead;
struct entry
{
char *lexptr;
int token;
}symtable[100];
struct entry
keywords[]={"if",KEYWORD,"else",KEYWORD,"for",KEYWORD,"int",KEYWOR
D,
"float",KEYWORD,"double",KEYWORD,"char",KEYWORD,"struct",KEYWORD,"r
et
urn",KEYWORD,0,0};
void Error_Message(char *m)
{
fprintf(stderr,"line %d, %s \n",lineno,m);
exit(1);
}int look_up(char s[ ])
{
int k;
for(k=lastentry;k>0;k--)
if(strcmp(symtable[k].lexptr,s)==0)
return k;
return 0;
} int insert(char s[ ],int tok)
{
int len;
len=strlen(s);
Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

if(lastentry+1>=MAX)
Error_Message("Symbpl table is full");
if(lastchar+len+1>=MAX)
Error_Message("Lexemes array is full");
lastentry=lastentry+1;
symtable[lastentry].token=tok;
symtable[lastentry].lexptr=&lexemes[lastchar+1];
lastchar=lastchar+len+1;
strcpy(symtable[lastentry].lexptr,s);
return lastentry;
}/*void Initialize()
{
struct entry *ptr;
for(ptr=keywords;ptr->token;ptr+1)
insert(ptr->lexptr,ptr->token);
}*/
int lexer()
{
int t;
int val,i=0;
while(1)
{
t=getchar();
if(t==' '||t=='\t');
else if(t=='\n')
lineno=lineno+1;
else if(isdigit(t))
{
ungetc(t,stdin);
scanf("%d",&tokenval);
return NUM;
}else if(isalpha(t))
{
while(isalnum(t))
{
buffer[i]=t;
t=getchar();
i=i+1;
if(i>=SIZE)
Error_Message("Compiler error");
}buffer[i]=EOS;
if(t!=EOF)

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

ungetc(t,stdin);
val=look_up(buffer);
if(val==0)
val=insert(buffer,ID);
tokenval=val;
return symtable[val].token;
}else if(t==EOF)
return DONE;
else
{
tokenval=NONE;
return t;
}
}
}void Match(int t)
{
if(lookahead==t)
lookahead=lexer();
else
Error_Message("Syntax error");
}void display(int t,int tval)
{
if(t=='+'||t=='-'||t=='*'||t=='/')
printf("\nArithmetic Operator: %c",t);
else if(t==NUM)
printf("\n Number: %d",tval);
else if(t==ID)
printf("\n Identifier: %s",symtable[tval].lexptr);
else
printf("\n Token %d tokenval %d",t,tokenval);
}void F()
{
//void E();
switch(lookahead)
{
case '(' : Match('(');
E();
Match(')');
break;
Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

case NUM : display(NUM,tokenval);

Match(NUM);
break;
case ID : display(ID,tokenval);
Match(ID);
break;
default : Error_Message("Syntax error");
}
}void T()
{
int t;
F();
while(1)
{
switch(lookahead)
{
case '*' : t=lookahead;
Match(lookahead);
F();
display(t,NONE);
continue;
case '/' : t=lookahead;
Match(lookahead);
display(t,NONE);
continue;
default : return;
}
}
}void E()
{
int t;
T();
while(1)
{
switch(lookahead)
{
case '+' : t=lookahead;
Match(lookahead);
T();
display(t,NONE);
continue;
case '-' : t=lookahead;
Match(lookahead);
Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

T();
display(t,NONE);
continue;
default : return;
}
}
}void parser()
{
lookahead=lexer();
while(lookahead!=DONE)
{
E();
Match(';');
}
}main()
{
char ans[10];
printf("\n Program for recursive decent parsing ");
printf("\n Enter the expression ");
printf("And place ; at the end\n");
printf("Press Ctrl-Z to terminate\n");
parser();
}
Output:
Program for recursive decent parsing
Enter the expression And place ; at the end
Press Ctrl-Z to terminate
a+b*c;
Identifier: a
Identifier: b
Identifier: c
Arithmetic Operator: *
Arithmetic Operator: +
2*3;
Number: 2
Number: 3
Arithmetic Operator: *
+3;
line 5,Syntax error
Ctrl-Z

Page No:

Roll No: 10M81D5803

Program 4: Design LALR Bottom up Parser.

<parser.l>
%{
#include<stdio.h>
#include "y.tab.h"
%}
%%
[0-9]+ {yylval.dval=atof(yytext);
return DIGIT;
}
\n|.
return yytext[0];
%%
<parser.y>
%{
/*This YACC specification file generates the LALR parser for the program
considered in experiment 4.*/
#include<stdio.h>
%}
%union
{
double dval;
}%token <dval> DIGIT
%type <dval> expr
%type <dval> term
%type <dval> factor
%%
line: expr '\n'
{
printf("%g\n",$1);
}
;
expr: expr '+' term
{$$=$1 + $3 ;}
| term
;

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Term: term '*' factor {$$=$1 * $3 ;}

| factor
;
factor: '(' expr ')'
{$$=$2 ;}
| DIGIT
;
%%
int main()
{
yyparse();
}yyerror(char *s)
{
printf("%s",s);
}
Output:
$lex parser.l
$yacc d parser.y
$cc lex.yy.c y.tab.c ll lm
$./a.out
2+3
5.0000

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Program 5: Convert The BNF rules into Yacc form and write code to
generate abstract syntax tree.
<int.l>
%{#include"y.tab.h"
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int LineNo=1;
%}
identifier [a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*
number [0-9]+|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+)
%%
main\(\) return MAIN;
if
return IF;
else
return ELSE;
while
return WHILE;
int |
char |
float
return TYPE;
{identifier} {strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return VAR;}
{number}
{strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return NUM;}
\< |
\> |
\>= |
\<= |
==
{strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return RELOP;}
[ \t] ;
\n LineNo++;
. return yytext[0];
%%
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<int.y>
%{
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
struct quad
{
char
char
char
char

op[5];
arg1[10];
arg2[10];
result[10];

}QUAD[30];
struct stack
{
int items[100];
int top;
}stk;
int Index=0,tIndex=0,StNo,Ind,tInd;
extern int LineNo;
%}
%union
{
char var[10];
}%token <var> NUM VAR RELOP
%token MAIN IF ELSE WHILE TYPE
%type <var> EXPR ASSIGNMENT CONDITION IFST ELSEST WHILELOOP
%left '-' '+'
%left '*' '/'
%%
PROGRAM : MAIN BLOCK
;BLOCK: '{' CODE '}'
;CODE: BLOCK
| STATEMENT CODE
| STATEMENT
;STATEMENT: DESCT ';'
| ASSIGNMENT ';'
| CONDST
| WHILEST
;DESCT: TYPE VARLIST
;VARLIST: VAR ',' VARLIST
| VAR
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;ASSIGNMENT: VAR '=' EXPR{

strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"=");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,$1);
strcpy($$,QUAD[Index++].result);
}
;EXPR: EXPR '+' EXPR {AddQuadruple("+",$1,$3,$$);}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

EXPR '-' EXPR {AddQuadruple("-",$1,$3,$$);}

EXPR '*' EXPR {AddQuadruple("*",$1,$3,$$);}
EXPR '/' EXPR {AddQuadruple("/",$1,$3,$$);}
'-' EXPR {AddQuadruple("UMIN",$2,"",$$);}
'(' EXPR ')' {strcpy($$,$2);}
VAR
NUM

;CONDST: IFST{
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
}| IFST ELSEST
;IFST: IF '(' CONDITION ')' {
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"==");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"FALSE");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;
}BLOCK {
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"GOTO");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;
};ELSEST: ELSE{
tInd=pop();
Ind=pop();
push(tInd);
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
}BLOCK{
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
};CONDITION: VAR RELOP VAR {AddQuadruple($2,$1,$3,$$);
StNo=Index-1;
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}| VAR
| NUM
;
WHILEST: WHILELOOP{
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",StNo);
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
}
;WHILELOOP: WHILE '(' CONDITION ')' {
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"==");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"FALSE");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;
}
BLOCK {
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"GOTO");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"-1");
push(Index);
Index++;
}
;
%%
extern FILE *yyin;
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
FILE *fp;
int i;
if(argc>1)
{
fp=fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(!fp)
{
printf("\n File not found");
exit(0);
}yyin=fp;
}yyparse();
printf("\n\n\t\t----------------------------""\n\t\t Pos Operator Arg1 Arg2 Result"
"\n\t\t--------------------");
for(i=0;i<Index;i++)
{
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printf("\n\t\t %d\t %s\t %s\t %s\t

%s",i,QUAD[i].op,QUAD[i].arg1,QUAD[i].arg2,QUAD[i].result);
}printf("\n\t\t-----------------------");
printf("\n\n");
return 0;
}void push(int data)
{
stk.top++;
if(stk.top==100)
{
printf("\n Stack overflow\n");
exit(0);
}stk.items[stk.top]=data;
}
int pop()
{
int data;
if(stk.top==-1)
{
printf("\n Stack underflow\n");
exit(0);
}data=stk.items[stk.top--];
return data;
}void AddQuadruple(char op[5],char arg1[10],char arg2[10],char result[10])
{
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,op);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,arg1);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,arg2);
sprintf(QUAD[Index].result,"t%d",tIndex++);
strcpy(result,QUAD[Index++].result);
}yyerror()
{
printf("\n Error on line no:%d",LineNo);
}

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Input:
$vi test.c
main()
{
int a,b,c;
if(a<b)
{
a=a+b;
}while(a<b)
{
a=a+b;
}if(a<=b)
{
c=a-b;
}else
{
c=a+b;
}
}
Output:
$lex int.l
$yacc d int.y
$gcc lex.yy.c y.tab.c ll lm
$./a.out test.c
Pos
0
1
2
3
GOTO
5
5
<
a
b
t2
6
==
t2
FALSE
10
7
+
a

Operator
<
==
+
=

Arg1
a
to
a
t1

Arg2
b
FALSE
b
a

Result
to
5
t1
4

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Program 6: A Program to Generate Machine Code.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int label[20];
int no=0;
int main()
{
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
char fname[10],op[10],ch;
char operand1[8],operand2[8],result[8];
int i=0,j=0;
printf("\n Enter filename of the intermediate code");
scanf("%s",&fname);
fp1=fopen(fname,"r");
fp2=fopen("target.txt","w");
if(fp1==NULL || fp2==NULL)
{
printf("\n Error opening the file");
exit(0);
}while(!feof(fp1))
{
fprintf(fp2,"\n");
fscanf(fp1,"%s",op);
i++;
if(check_label(i))
fprintf(fp2,"\nlabel#%d",i);
if(strcmp(op,"print")==0)
{
fscanf(fp1,"%s",result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t OUT %s",result);
}if(strcmp(op,"goto")==0)
{
fscanf(fp1,"%s %s",operand1,operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t JMP %s,label#%s",operand1,operand2);
label[no++]=atoi(operand2);
}if(strcmp(op,"[]=")==0)
{
fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t STORE %s[%s],%s",operand1,operand2,result);
}if(strcmp(op,"uminus")==0)
{
fscanf(fp1,"%s %s",operand1,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t LOAD -%s,R1",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t STORE R1,%s",result);
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}switch(op[0])
{
case '*': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t MUL R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;
case '+': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t ADD R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;
case '-': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t SUB R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;
case '/': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t DIV R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;
case '%': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R1",operand2);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t DIV R1,R0");
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t STORE R0,%s",result);
break;
case '=': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s",operand1,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t STORE %s %s",operand1,result);
break;
case '>': j++;
fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t JGT %s,label#%s",operand2,result);
label[no++]=atoi(result);
break;
case '<': fscanf(fp1,"%s %s %s",operand1,operand2,result);
fprintf(fp2,"\n \t LOAD %s,R0",operand1);
fprintf(fp2,"\n\t JLT %s,label#%d",operand2,result);
label[no++]=atoi(result);
break;
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}
}fclose(fp2);
fclose(fp1);
fp2=fopen("target.txt","r");
if(fp2==NULL)
{
printf("Error opening the file\n");
exit(0);
}do
{
ch=fgetc(fp2);
printf("%c",ch);
}while(ch!=EOF);
fclose(fp1);
return 0;
}int check_label(int k)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<no;i++)
{
if(k==label[i])
return 1;
}return 0;
}
Input:
$vi int.txt
=t1 2
[]=a 0 1 []=a 1 2 []=a 2 3 *t1 6 t2
+a[2] t2 t3
-a[2] t1 t2
/t3 t2 t2
uminus t2 t2
print t2
goto t2 t3
=t3 99
uminus 25 t2
*t2 t3 t3
uminus t1 t1
+t1 t3 t4
print t4
Output:
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Enter filename of the intermediate code: int.txt

STORE
STORE
STORE
STORE

t1,2
a[0],1
a[1],2
a[2],3

LOAD t1,R0
LOAD 6,R1
ADD R1,R0
STORE R0,t3
LOAD a[2],R0
LOAD t2,R1
ADD R1,R0
STORE R0,t3
LOAD a[t2],R0
LOAD t1,R1
SUB R1,R0
STORE R0,t2
LOAD t3,R0
LOAD t2,R1
DIV R1,R0
STORE R0,t2
LOAD t2,R1
STORE R1,t2
LOAD t2,R0
JGT 5,label#11
Label#11: OUT t2
JMP t2,label#13
Label#13: STORE t3,99
LOAD 25,R1
STORE R1,t2
LOAD t2,R0
LOAD t3,R1
MUL R1,R0
STORE R0,t3
LOAD t1,R1
STORE R1,t1
LOAD t1,R0
LOAD t3,R1
ADD R1,R0
STORE R0,t4
OUT t4

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