K.L. Heong
Current position: Insect ecologist, Senior Scientist, IRRI Education and training: PhD and DSc Imperial College, UK. Fellow of Malaysian Academy of Science Fellow of the Third World Academy of Science Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science Work experience: Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) Research highlights: Arthropod community structure in rice ecosystems Impact of insecticides on arthropod food web structures Insect predator-prey relationship in rice ecosystems Biodiversity and ecosystem services in rice ecosystems Farmers pest management decision making Use of mass media and education entertainment approaches to reach millions of rice farmers Awards: Charles Black Award (US Council for Agricultural Science) Prize for Agriculture (Third World Academy of Science) Gold medals Agricultural Development (Government of Vietnam) Excellence Prize (Malaysian Plant Protection Society)
K.L. Heong
Summary of Seminar
Current situations of problems with planthoppers and related virus diseases Broad look at the problems and why they occur.
Ecological reasons for such situations Root causes beyond the rice ecosystems
Ecological engineering initiatives to restore resilience Mitigation options to reform pesticide policies regulations and marketing
UNWELCOME HARVEST
After Conway & Pretty 1991
Limitations
Environmental degradation Created new threats the planthoppers
Virus diseases
Cabauatan et al 2008
Zhou 2010
r strategists tend to develop exponentially when they escape from natural control
Summary from Synoptic Model In habitats with low stability, pest population growth rates tend to increase when released from biocontrol services resulting in outbreaks. Rice production systems that have low landscape biodiversity will need to conserve biocontrol services more to avoid release of pests or outbreaks. Pests that strive in habitats with low stability have typical life strategies r strategists with high adaptability.
from the dying habitat to a new one. Exogenous invaders into a crop. Normally not pests in low densities but can occasionally outbreak when released from natural control. Because of the ephemeral nature of the crop habitats it is necessary to consider managing their population on a regional scale Macro level (Southwood 1977).
Population Model
Continuous model Nt + 1 = Nt exp {r(1 Nt /K)} Finite rate of increase = exp r r is per capita rate of increase r (ln Ro)/Tc Nett reproduction rate and generation time K is carrying capacity r K continuum biological strategies
Sustainable strategies need to focus on population management at the macro level and not just developing killing methods. Using insecticides to control such pests is like throwing petrol into fire completely unsustainable
China Indonesia
India
Vietnam China
Indonesia
Thailand
Bangladesh
Started in July 2009, outbreaks still persist in June, 2010. Damaged area > 1 million ha. Govt revised production forecast by 1.1 m tons 16%Govt paid US$60 m in compensation to farmers. Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide distribution, campaigns Virus diseases spread and become endemic and very wide spread Outbreaks continue June 2011 11% damaged. Loss 600 million baht.
Sukoharja-Solo-Klaten Wereng Triangle BPH beginning to become problems More than 10,000ha said to damaged Reported loss US$ 1.4 million Government and pesticide companies launched Operasi Mandi Pestisida
Early season
45.6
12 1.9
by >10 folds
100 Probabiility of hopperburn 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No spray 1st spray 0-40 DAS 1st >40 DAS 8.1 73.3 91.4
by 10 folds
100 Probability of hopperburn 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control for leaffolders Did not control leaf folders 86.5
8.1
Food chain
1
Rice
Vulnerable situation
Outbreak situation
Rice
Herbivores
Rice
Herbivores
Predators Parasitoids
Preferred situation
KLH 2002
Vulnerable period
Ecosystem services
10 9 Ecossytem services 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ecossytem service
Hopper invasion
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Outbreak
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Resurgence
2.3 X
Small size and soft body make natural enemies more susceptible
BPH Cyrtorhinus
Anagrus
Wolf spider
Sprayed rice fields are like mine fields to predators and parasitoids in search of prey
Bund Biodiversity
Example Lingshui S= 55
Low
Insecticide Use
High
After the sprays hopper eggs hatch into an enemy free environment and enjoy exponential growth.
Norowi
Asias planthopper problems: The reemergence of an old enemy. Horgan and Heong Resurrecting the Ghost of the Green Revolutions Past: The Rice Brown Planthopper as a Recurring Threat to High Yielding Rice Production in Tropical Asia.
Bottrell and Schoenly
Insecticide resistance
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Philippines Thailand Vietnam China
X127
Imidacloprid
50
X32 X6
45 40 35 30 25 20 15
X27
BPMC
X19
X59
10 5
X33
X0.9
Fipronil
X2
Vietnam
China
Biodiversity
Number of species Abundance Composition Interactions
Ecosystem Services
Provisioning services
Food, fuel, fiber Genetic resources Fresh water
Supporting services
Primary production Provision of habitats Nutrient and water cycling Soil formation and retention
Cultural services
Regulating services
Ecosystem Functions
InvasionRegulating services resistance Invasion resistance Pollination Pollination Pest andPest and disease regulation disease regulation
Climate regulation Natural hazard protection Water purification
Spiritual and religious values Education and inspiration Recreation and aesthetic values
2011
1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
2009 2010
Massive OUTBREAKS
Landscape ES weakening
MISUSE
Times of India
Cancer train
The lush fields hide a scary tale. Farmers live in a disturbing cesspool of toxicity, a result of excessive and unregulated use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. For one, Punjab farmers' use of pesticides is 923 g/ha, way above the national average of 570 g/ha (grams per hectare).
Punjab's Malwa region feeds the nation but farmers here fall prey to cancer far too often. They take the 'Cancer Train' to Bikaner for cheap treatment.
2nd season 10000 Y ie ld (k g /h a ) 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 20 y = -23.008x + 6531.2 R = 0.2481 40 60
2
Chainat, Thailand
8 7 6 Yield t/ha
Lingui, China
9 8 7 Yield t/ha 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 Number of sprays 6 8
R2= 0.015
R2= 0.019
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of sprays
R2 <0.001
R2= 0.019
Tiengiang province
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 6 5 4 3 2
2003 N= 584
1 0
2004 N= 635
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Yield in tons
Cantho province
7
7
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
6 5 4
2002 N= 790
3 2 1 0
2004 N= 904
0 1 2 3 4
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4
2004 N= 286
2 1 0
2005 N= 604
0 1 2 3 4
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1
4 2 0 0 1
Yield in tons
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
10
DEALER
Training/FFS
Media campaigns
Training/FFS
Extension
FARMERS
Hands up those who get their pest management advice from the local pesticide retailer
FMCG
Fast Moving Consumer Goods
FMCG or Fast-moving consumer goods (also known as Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are products that have quick turnover, require less thinking by consumers and utilize advertising and promotional strategies to create
emotional buying.
Insecticide use based on IPM Driven by rational decision making skills. Judicious use. Need to use knowledge on pests, natural enemies, predation, insecticide actions Maximize value of knowledge Insecticide use based on FMCG Driven by product packaging, brand names, attractiveness, recalls. Less (or no) thinking needed. Eg. calendar applications mixing several ingredients together. Maximize value of sales Emotional based, viz status, desire, fear, perceptions, attitudes, sense of power, price.
Information asymmetries
Farmers buying insecticides thinking that they are
controlling planthoppers but instead they induce hopper outbreaks. And seek to spray more.
Externalities
Pollution. Health. Wildlife. Fish supply
Public goods
Insecticides destroy ecosystem services Insecticides create more planthoppers that infest
Negatives Negatives
Ecological research Ecological research Resistant varieties Resistant varieties Ecological engineering Ecological engineering IPM training IPM training Insecticide reduction Insecticide reduction programs programs
Positives Positives
Chinas Pesticide Production (metric tons a.i.) 2000 2009. [source: ICAMA]
2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0
EU exports
Chn exp Jpn exp Kor exp EU exp
M illio n U S $
China exports
92
94
00
02
90
04
96
98
06
19
20
20
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
08
M illio n U S $
Insecticide imports
04
94
98
96
00
06 20
02
20
19
19
20
Indonesia
Thailand
Viet Nam
Philippines
India
20
19
20
08
Year Indonesia
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Pesticide Tsunami
Unsustainable Response
Operation Showering With Pesticides in Indonesia.
Root Causes of Planthopper problems ROOT CAUSES Revise pesticide marketing regulations Reclassify pesticides/ License retailers
Inadequate regulations Medium/Long term FMCG Retailers provide advice RESPONSES Untrained retailers.
Immediate term
CAUSES
Unnecessary insecticide use Misuse / Overuse Wrong insecticides
SITUATION
Increase in outbreak pests Increase in chemical pollution Insecticide resistance
IMPACT
Summary
1. Large proportion of insecticides used are unnecessary. 2. Planthopper problems are insecticide induced. 3. The mechanisms have been thoroughly researched, simulation models built, well understood and documented. 4. Planthoppers are r strategists and management strategies are ecologically based at the landscape level. 5. Insecticide misuse is caused by the failed market conditions, misguided policies, R and D biases toward favoring pesticide use. 6. Farmers are the victims of the failed market, the biases and disconnected information supply chain. 7. It does NOT have to be like this, especially since we have the knowledge to help solve the problem.
Species Biodiversity
Parasitoids, Predators
Ecosystem Services
Pest invasion resistance, Pest and disease regulation Pollination
Ecosystem functions
Pollination, parasitism, predation
Lu et al 2009
Ecological Engineering
Ecological Engineering
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 R. limnocharis
Farmers Fields
Farmers Fields
Booting
R. nigromaculatta R. limnocharis
Milky R. nigromaculatta
50 45 40
Ecological Engineering
Ecological Engineering
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 R. limnocharis
Farmers Fields
Farmers Fields
Booting
R. nigromaculatta R. limnocharis
Milky R. nigromaculatta
Butter daisy
(Melampodium divaricatium)
Okra
(Abelmoschus esculentus)
(Bidens pilosa)
Sesame
(Sesamum indicum)
Multi media campaign in Vietnam to motivate rural communities to restore biodiversity, reduce pesticides and increase their profits in several provinces
Flowers along bunds bring in bees and their relatives The bee relatives attack eggs that planthoppers lay Insecticides will kill bees and their relatives.
KLH
N a tu ra l e n e m y d e n s ity (# /S q M )
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Thoai Son
Chau Thanh
Chau Phu
18 M irid p re d a to ry b u g s (# /S q M ) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Thoai Son
Chau Thanh
Chau Phu
Motivations
We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.
Knowing is NOT enough We have to APPLY Willing is NOT enough We have to ACT