CONTENTS CHAPTER No.

I II III IV Introduction Methodology Profile of the study area Description of watershed villages Chandrapuram watershed Sinnanegamem watershed Kondegoundenpalayam watershed Kallipatti watershed Mulanur watershed Avalappampatty watershed Kollapatti watershed A.Nagoor watershed Boligoundenpalayam watershed Poosaripatti watershed TITLE PAGE No. 1 7 9 47 47 71 98 124 149 174 198 224 251 277

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

TITLE Month wise/Season wise rainfall distribution in Coimbatore district Land use pattern in Coimbatore district Different sources of water supply in Coimbatore district Area irrigated by different sources of water supply in Coimbatore district Ramification of wells in Coimbatore district Area under principal crops in Coimbatore district Area of irrigated crops in Coimbatore district Yield of principal crops in Coimbatore district Production of principal crops in Coimbatore district Livestock population in Coimbatore district Agricultural implements and machineries in Coimbatore district Number and area of operational land holdings in Coimbatore district Demographic details in Coimbatore district Month wise / Season wise Rainfall distribution in Pollachi North block Season wise Climatological factors related to the Pollachi North block Relative Humidity in the Pollachi North block Description of soil series in the Pollachi North block Number and Area Operational Land Holding in Pollachi North block Land Use Pattern in Pollachi North block Different Sources of Water Supply in Pollachi North block Area irrigated by Different Sources of water supply in Pollachi North block

PAGE No. 11 13 16 17 20 21 23 25 26 28 29 31 33 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Among the major commercial corps, sugarcane occupies a very important place in Indian Agriculture and its economy. Though sugarcane occupies less than two percent of Indias cultivated area it is one of the most important non food grain crops. For it contributes about seven per cent of gross value of Agricultural output sugar industry in the second biggest industry after cotton textiles in Agricultural sector. Sugarcane production in India is continuously fluctuating. Recurring surpluses and deficits in the production of this commodity of mass consumption have became a serious concern of Indian sugar industry. Fluetuations in sugar production have assumed the constancy of almost cyclic phenomenon of peaks and troughts. Objectives: 1. To study the adoption of Recommended practices in sugarcane by the farmers 2. To study the reinvention of Recommended practices in sugarcane by the farmers 3. To study the discontinuance of recommended practices in sugarcane by the farmers Scope of the study The study is expected to bring to lime light, the trend of Reinvention, adoption and discontinuance of Reinvention. Practices in Sugarcane in this made available on hand, would act as the main key for stream liming the process of innovation to suit to the needs of Farming community. Limitations of the study The study suffered from the usual limitations of time funds sample, size. conveyance, physical facilities and co-operation of by the end of 2000 A.D. The targets visualized are 10.8 and 245 million tons of sugar and sugarcane production in the country respectively. There fone it is important that the productivity of sugarcane has to be increased for meeting the ever increasing requirement of sugar consumption in the country in the next decades.

Despite advances in production the gap between the know-how and do-how already attained and their application in the field is still large. Variations in the level of adoption exists among the growers which need to rectified more over, lack of comprehensive Research problems encompassing all the recommended package of practices for sugarcane also served as a basis for taking up this research endeavour. Respondents as any scientific investigations undertaken by a student Research in school science would race. How ever, cane has been taken to make the study as objectives, definite and systematic as possible. The finding of this study may be generalised to such situation where similar conditions exist as in the study area. Review of Literature

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Past studies pave way for future Research endeavours. A comprehensive and critical review of previous Research studies provide a sound base for scientific investigation. An acquaintance with earlier pertinent studies is necessary to develop good understanding of the present study and to formulate appropriate research methodology. It also lends support for the interpretations of the findings. Studies on reinvention and discontinuance of recommended practices is sugarcane literature pertaining to this study are discussed on the following sub heads. 2.1 Adoption of recommended practices 2.2 Reinvention of recommended practices 2.3 Discontinuance of recommended practices Sabarathinam and Rajaram (1975) observed that among different practise fertilizer application had been adopted by higher percentage of the Respondents. Vijayaraghavan (1977) pointed out that 36.67 per cent of the small farmers and 35-58 per cent of the marginal farmers adopted the seed treatment practices with fungicides. Reddy and Reddy (1978) opined that the extent of adoption for improved seeds and plant protection were 99.97 per cent and 66.22 per cent respectively. Chandrasekaran (1979) reports that majority (70.00%) of the sugar cane growers, were medium level of adopters followed by high level (21.50%) while only 12.50 per cent were low adopters of recommended practices. Manivannan (1980) concluded that 40.00 per cent of the farmers had applied recommended dose of nitrogen in respect of phosphorus and potages application. Only one-sixth of the respondents had applied the recommended doses. Studies on the extend of adoption of sugarcane practices by Arulraj et al (1983) revealed that the level of adoption was very low. 2.2 Reinvention of recommended practices An investigation of 111 innovations in scientific instruments by Von Hippel (1976) found that about 80 per cent of the cases. The innovation process was dominated by the user. The user might even build a proto type model and then turn it over to manufacturer.

2.3 Discontinuance of Recommended practices Bishop and congenour (1964) reported that the percentage of discontinuance for on 10 farmers ranged from 14 per cent far innovators and early adopters to 27 per cent for early majority to 34 per cent (1965) reported comparable figures of 18 per cent. 24 per cent, 26 percent and 37 per cent respectively far cannadian farmers. Susceptibility to diseases and pests, coupled with less profit and high doses of fertilizer requirement and lack of superiority over other varieties were the causes for discontinuing CO-43 variety. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study had been designed to investigate the reinvention and discontinuance. Of recommended practices in sugarcane by the farmers. Expost-facto research design was followed in this study. Details of the local of study area sampling procedure, methods of data collection and other information regarding the moderns operation followed are dealt in this chapter under the following headings. A. Locale of the study area B. Selection of Respondents C. Variables and their measurement D. Data collection E. Statistical technique used A. Local of the study area The study was conducted in Thondamuthur block of Coimbatore district. The main reason for selecting Thondamuthur block is that, it has more area under sugar cane compared to other blocks, Thondamuthur block consists of 18 revenue villages. For the purpose of study three villages namely, Madampatti, Theethipalayam and Perur Chettipalayam and four villages namedly Ikkrari, Poluvampatti, Thennamanallur, Thondamuthur and Deverayapuram were randomly selected for sugar cane respectively. Selection of Respondents

Simple random sampling techniques was used to select 50 respondents each from the selected three and four villages for sugar cane. The details of the selected farmers from each villages are presented in Table I. S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Village Theethipalayam Perur Madampatti Thondamuthur Ikkurai Poluvampatti Devarayapuram Thennamanallur Number of Selected farmers 18 17 15 18 14 11 07 100

C. Variables and their managements The number of years completed by the respondent at the time of enoury was considered as the age for this study, the respondents were categorized into three groups based on their age as given below. Young Middle Old Education status The educational status for the respondent was operationalised as the ability to read and write and the extent of formal education possessed. The respondents were categorized into five groups based on their educational status as detailed below. Illiterate Primary Middle Secondary Collegiate - No education - Upto 5th standard - 6th 8th Standard - 9th 12th standard - Graduation upto 35 years

Farming Experience This referred to the experience in farming expressed in terms of completed years by the respondents the respondents were categorized based on the farming experience as below using the procedure. Low Medium High Caste Caste was operationalised as the community group to which the respondent belong assessed by Chandrasekaran (1981). The caste group was divded into four categories based on the government classification. Schedules caste / Scheduled triple Most back ward class Back ward Class Land size Marginal farmer mean a person whose principal means of livelihood is income derived from the Agricultural land and who holds, weather as owner tenant (or) mortgagee with with possession Marginal farmer upto ha irrigated (or) 1 ha unirrigated Small farmer Big farmer - to 1 ha irrigated 1-2 ha unirrigated - 1 ha irrigated (or) 2 ha un irrigated Below 10 years - 11-20 years - above 20 years

Adoption Adoption is a decision to make fall use of an innovation as the best course of action (Rogers (1983)) in this study, it was operationalised as the full use of recommended practices of sugar cane. The farmer are asked in indicate weather they have adopted the recommended practice as such or not Reinvention. Reinvention is the degree to which an innovation is charged (or) modified by used in the process of its adoption and implementation Roger (1983) In the present study, reinvention was operationalised as the change or modification of recommended practice of sugar cane. By the farmers in the process of its adoption and implementation Discontinuance Discontinuance is a decision to reject and innovation 1. Replacement 2. Disenchantment A replacement discontinuance is a decision to reject an idea in order to adopt Findings and discussion

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The data were analysed in order to bring out the salient findings of this investigation. The findings were discussed in detail under the following heads. Section A General Particulars Section B Adoption of recommended practices in sugar cane Section C Discontinuance of recommended practices in sugar cane Section A General particulars of respondents It is essential to analysis the respondent, characteristics in any social science to give a clear picture about their back ground a better idea that super seeds it. A disenchantment discontinuance is a decision to reject an idea in a result of dissatification with it performance (Rogers 1983) for the purpose of study, the farmers are asked to indicate, which type of discontinuance occurred for recommended practices of sugarcane and reason for the same. D. Data collection The data were collected by means of a well structured interview schedule including all the recommended practices of sugarcane (taken from crop production guide 1991) published by TNAU and department of Agriculture and Horticulture E. Statistical techniques used percentage analysis was done to make simple comparisons. Table 2. Adoption of Recommended S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Recommended Practices Preparation of nursery Micronutrient application 100kg ferrous sulphate/ha Sett treatment with Azospirillum Sett Treatment with fengicide Plantion of setts Gap filling Inter cropping Herbicide application Earthing up Respondents No % 50 100 50 100 26 52.00 12 24.00 50 100.00 50 100.00 14 28.00 18 36.00 50 100.00

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Detrashing Propping Soil application of azosprillum Band placement of fertilizer application Pest control Disease control

50 50 24 50 50

100.00 100.00 48.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Which inturn would help the researcher (Researcher) to better understand about the present situation. Age The respondents were categorized based on their age and the details are given in table 2. Table 2. Distribution of respondents based on age Sl. No 1. 2. 3. Category Young (Upto 35 years) Middle (36-45 years) Old above 45 years Sugarcane growers No % 29 68.00 36 72.00 35 72.00

It is evident from table- 2 that the respondents are distributed more or less evenly in different age categories. How ever 68 per cent of the categories. How ever 68 per cent of the sugar cane growers belonged to old age category 72 per cent of sugar cane growers belonged to middle age category. From table 2 it was found that cent per cent of the respondents (100.00%) adopted the recommended practice in preparation of nursery micronutrient application, planting of setts, gap filling, earthing up detrashing, propping band placement of fertilizer application and pest and disease control operation. The inconvenience felt by the respondents in treating the sets at the time of planting, lack of time and labour problem were the reason for three fourth and half of the respondents not treated the sets with fungicide and azospyrillum respectively. Reinvention of Recommended practice of sugarcane It was found that cent per cent of farmers (100.00) applied 70.5 kg of N2 151.5 kg of P2O5 and K2O as against the recommended dose of 90:150:45kg of NPK / acre.

Salient findings of this study General particulars of the Respondents Almost all the farmers were found to be literate. Majority of the sugarcane growers had high level of experience in farming activities, belonged to Backward Class and were Big farmers. Adoption of recommended practices of Sugarcane It was found that cent per cent (100.00%) of the respondents adopted the recommended practices in preparation of nursery. Micronutrient application, planting of setts, gap filling earthing up derashing, propping, band placement of fertilizer application and pest disease control practices. Reinvention of Recommended practices in sugarcane Reinvention occurred in the Recommended practice of sugarcane reinvention occurred in fertilizer usage. Discontinuance of recommended practice in sugarcane. It was found that cent per cent (100.00%) of the respondents discontinuous the practice of cultivating sugarcane, 48.00 per cent of the respondents discontinued the practice of treating the setts with Azosprillum.

Discontinuance of recommended Practices in sugarcane discontinuance of recommended practice of sugarcane and the reasons are presented in table 12. Table -12. Discontinuance of Recommended practices in sugarcane Sl. No 1. Recommended practice Set treatment with Azosprillum Disenchantment discontinuance No % 24 48.00

Table 12 revealed that 48.00 per cent of the respondents discontinued the practice of treating the setts with Azosprillum the inconvenience felt by the respondents is treating the setts at the time of planting lack of time and labout problem were the reasons for discontinuance. Instead of sett treatment they apply azospyrillum on 30th and 60th days after planting as soil application.

CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Some implementation problem by individuals are unpredictable by nature so changes in the originally planned innovation after should occur. Reinvention can be beneficial to adopters of an innovation. Flexibility in the process of adopting an innovation may reduce mistakes and encourages customization of the innovation. To fit it more appropriately to local and or changing condition. As a result of reinvention, an innovation may be more appropriate in matching the systems, pre-existing problems and more responsive to new problems that arise during the innovation-decision process. 1. To study the adoption of recommended practice in sugarcane by the farmers 2. To study the reinvention of recommended practices in sugarcane 3. To study the discontinuance of recommended practices in sugarcane Eveland J.D, et all 1977 The innovation process in public organizations, Ann Arber, university of Michigan Department of Journalism minimum report (CE). Lect hold, Fank O (1965) communication are diffusion of improved farm practices in two northern Saskatchawan Farm communities, saskatorn, Saskatchewan, cent for community studies, minimum report (RSCE). Lecthold Frank O. (1965) discontinuance of improved farm innovations by Wisconsin farm (RECE) Manivannan (1980) A study on the knowledge and extent of adoption of sunflower growers Unpeb. M.Sc.(Ag). Thesis TNAU, Coimbatore. Rogens Everett M (1983) Diffusion of innovations The free press London 172, 175, 186-187 Rejects, Everett m. et all (1977). The innovation process in public organizations, Ann Arbor, university of michigan Department of Journalism report (E). Sabarathinam V.E. and J.Rajaram (1975) study on the relationship of Socio-Economic characteristics on adoption of improved agricultural practices of improved agricultural practices through broad cast in Madurai district Madras Agricultural Journal 62 (10-12) 702-706. Sezhian Babu S. (1990).

Information source utilization knowledge and extent of adoption of sugarcane technologies by registered sugarcane growers unpum M.Sc.(Ag) thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore. Muthukrishnan S. 1982 utilization of biogas plant An Analysis unpub M.Sc.(Ag) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore Radhakrishnamoorthy S. (1984) Knowledge was use of post harvest technology of paddy at Farmers level unpub M.Sc. (Ag) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore. Rajapandi, S.(1983) water management knowledge and use of different irrigation practices under irrigated condition unpub M.Sc.(Ag) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore. Ravichandran V (1980) A study on attitude, extent of adoption and problems encountered by Registered sugarcane grows unpub Reddy T.S. and C.R. Reddy (1978) problems of over duels in farm credit societies The Tamil Nadu Journal of Cooperation 72(2): 105 107 Vengata Prabu. J (1988) A study on the factors affecting the knowledge are adoption of water management practices of sugarcane and Turmeric un pub unpub M.Sc.(Ag) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore. Vijayaragavan P (1977) A study on the factors affecting the knowledge and adoption of HYV of paddy by small and marginal farmers unpub M.Sc.(Ag) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore. Von Hippel Eric (1976) The Dominant Role of users in the scientific instrument innovation process Research policy 5:212-239. Part III Section Reinvention S.No Practices (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (a) Open ridges and furrows 80 cms part Depth (Depth) of furrow is 20 cm Open irrigation channels or 30 cm depth at intervals of 10 m Apply Fym 12.5 + / ha (or) compost 12.5+/ha filter press mud 15 ton / ha before ploughing Spreading the sugarcane trash to thickness of 15 cm over an area of 5-7 Adopted as such Modified specify Reason the modification for modification

(c)

mx3m Sprinkle the SRS mixture (mussorie roch phosphate, Gypsum x area in the ration of 5:4:1) over these layers 10 kg/ 100 kg of trash Moist the trash and rpess mud layers adequately with water repeat this process till the entire Heap rises to wieight of 1-1.5 m Cover the heap as such for 3 months for decomposition Moist the heal once in 15 days After 3 months, turn and mix heap thoroughly and form a heap and leaves it fore one month Then turn and mix

(d)

(e) (g) (h)

(i)

the

heap

thoroughly at the end of the fourth (f) month Moist the heap once in 15 days during 4th and 5th month also Nutrition deficiency: x 37.5 kg ZnSO4 / ha as basal (or) 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray on 90th, 105th and 120th Das 100 kg furrows sulphate / ha Fertilizer application 375 kg/ha superphosphate and 37.5 / ha BHC 10% along the furrows and incorporate with hand hoe management of main field operation 1. Preparation of sets for planting Seed materials nursery crop Diestrash the cane with land sett treatment with Azospyrillum (a) Prepare the sluzzy with 10 pockets (2000g)/ha of Azossprillum, innoculan with sufficient water (b) Soak the setts in the slurry for 10-15 minutes before planting soak the setts in 0.05% carbendazim or 0.5% Agallol (or) 0.25% After for 15 minutes for protection against pine apple diseast Treat setts with seerated stream at 50C for one hour to control primary infection of grasses, shoot diseases.

Planting the setts: Irrigate the furrows to form a slurry place the setts end to end in the centre of the furrow Gap filling: fill up gaps within 30 days after planting 2. Trash Mulching Malch the ridge with care trash to a thickness of 10 cm uniformly 3 days after planting 3. Sow one row soyabean / Black gram / Green gram along the centre of ridge on the 3 rd day of planting Herbicides 1. Spray Atrazine 2 kg of OXYFlurofen 750ml/ha mixed in 900 lit of water as pre emergence herbicide on the 3rd day of planting using deflector (or) fan type nozzle 2. Striga weed control Post emergence application of 2, 4-D salt 1.75 kg/ha in 650 l of water / ha (or) apply 20% area as district spray 3. In herbicide is not applied work the junior hoe along the ridges 25, 55 and 85 days after planting for removal of weeds Earthing up 1. On 45th day partial earthing up is given 2. After application of 3rd dose of manure (90 days) work victory plough along the ridges Die trashing Remove the dried leaves alone on 150th and 210th day tropping No double line propping with trash twist at 210 day fertilizer application 1. Soil application Apply 225 kg of and 112.5 kg of K2O in three equal splits at 30, 60 and 90 days Foliar application: Ist dose apply 55 ha/ha of nitrogen to soil 30th DAP IInd dose Apply 55 kg/ha of Nitrogen to soil on 60th DAP Neem cake blending Powder the required quantity of neem cake mix it with urea thoroughly keep it 24 hours

Azosprillum application mix 12 pockets 2400 g/ha Azosprillum inoculants with 25 kg of FYM and 25 kg soil and apply near the clumps on 30th day of planting Water Management States day of irrigation interval Tillering phase (36-100 days) Grans growth phase (101-270 days) Maturity phase 271 harvest Pest content 1. School boner Carbaryl + lindane (sevidol) 4% G.12.5 kg or Lindane 10 g 12.5kg 2. Monocrotophas 36 use 1000 ml Internode boner

Sandy 8 8 10

Clay 10 10 14

Release egg parasite trichogramma chilonis 2.4 cc/realease/ha De trash the crop on 150 and 210th DAP Whit grub / termite apply 125 kg of BHC 10% D Meal bug Methyl parathion 50 EC 1000ml / ha

Nematodes Apply carbofuran 3G / 33 kg / ha at the time of planting (or) 2 months later (or) apply press mud 15 ton / ha Diseases 1. Grass shoot disease treat setts with aerates stream at 50C for 1 hour 2. Leat spot Spray mancozeb 2.0 kg (or) (Carbendazim)