SURABAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

BIOCHEMISTRY
HOW DOES SOAP WORK AS EMULSFYING AGENT?

GROUP 8: AUSHIA TANZIH AL HAQ/083204001 RIMAS ALDILLA PUTRI/083204012 HAVIAH HAFIDHTOL ILMIAH/083204015 YULI RATNA SARI/083204028

FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 2010

Asam lemak yang umum dijumpai bersifat tidak larut dalam air, tetapi dapat terdispersi menjadi misel. Di dalam NaOH atau KOH encer yang mengubah asam lemak menjadi sabun. Sabun mandi terutama adalah suatu campuran garam potasium asam lemak. Sabun Sabun adalah suatu campuran garam potasium atau sodium dengan asam lemak yang diperoleh dengan mereaksikan keduanya pada suhu 80100 C dalam proses yang disebut saponifikasi.

Sabun K+ atau Na+ bersifat amfipatik, dengan gugus karboksilnya yang bermuatan negatif, diimbangi oleh K+ atau Na+ yang bermuatan positif.

Gugus karboksil yang menyusun bagian kepalanya bersifat polar, sedangkan bagian rantai hidrokarbonnya merupakan ujung nonpolar.

Mekanisme Kerja Sabun dalam Mengemulsikan Lemak Sabun K+ atau Na+ mempunyai sifat mengemulsi1kan senyawa berminyak atau berlemak yang tidak larut dalam air, dengan mekanisme terperinci sebagai berikut: 1. Ekor sabun yang hidrofobik (nonpolar) memanjang ke dalam tetes lemak, sedangkan kepala molekul sabun yang hidrofilik (polar) menghadap ke air 2. Sabun memberikan mantel hidrofil mengelilingi tetes lemak 3. Sabun membentuk dispersi atau emulsi yang halus dan stabil 4. Lemak terdispersi menjadi tetesan dengan adanya sabun.

Emulsi: Emulsi adalah suatu sistem disperse yang tidak stabil dari dua atau lebih cairan yang tidak larut atau berbeda tegangan permukaan satu sama lain. Secara umum, emulsi merupakan system yang terdiri dari dua fase cair yang tidak bercampur, yaitu fase dalam (internal) dan fase luar (eksternal). Komponen emulsi: a) fase dalam (internal), b) fase luar (eksternal), dan c) emulsifiying agent (emulgator).

Akan tetapi, sebagai catatan, tidak semua sabun dapat mengemulsikan lemak. Sabun Ca2+ dan Mg2+ dari asam lemak bersifat tidak larut dalam air, sehingga tidak dapat mengemulsikan senyawa berminyak. Jenis sabun ini mengendap sebagai gumpalan putih yang tidak larut. Sebagai contoh, sabun mandi yang digunakan dalam air dengan tingkat kesadahan tinggi2 akan mengandung Ca2+ dan Mg2+ sehingga tidak dapat mengemulsifikasikan lemak sebagaimana seharusnya.

Sources: Lehninger, Albert. 1995. Dasar-Dasar Biokimia Jild 1. Jakarta: Erlangga http://www.gudangmateri.com/2010/02/biokimia-lipid.html http://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htm www.itchyfree.com/ indexnogood.php http://personal.tcu.edu/rneilson/Chem10123/ http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/i/soap

Kesadahan air adalah kandungan mineral-mineral tertentu di dalam air, umumnya ion kalsium (Ca) dan magnesium (Mg) dalam bentuk garam karbonat

PICTORIALLY EXPLANATION

Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acids salts, produced from the hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction called saponification. Each soap molecule has a long hydrocarbon chain, sometimes called its 'tail', with a carboxylate 'head'. In water, the sodium or potassium ions float free, leaving a negatively-charged head.

Figure 1. A soap micelle has a hydrophilic head that is in contact with the water and a center of hydrophobic tails, which can be used to isolate grime. Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as an emulsifying agent. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into another immiscible liquid. This means that while oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it can be removed. The organic part of a natural soap is a negatively-charged, polar molecule. Its hydrophilic (water-loving) carboxylate group (-CO2) interacts with water molecules via ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. The hydrophobic (water-fearing) part of a soap molecule, its long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, does not interact with water molecules. The hydrocarbon chains are attracted to each other by dispersion forces and cluster together, forming structures called micelles. In these micelles, the carboxylate groups form a negatively-charged spherical surface, with the hydrocarbon chains inside the sphere. Because they are negatively charged, soap micelles repel each other and remain dispersed in water. Grease and oil are nonpolar and insoluble in water. When soap and soiling oils are mixed, the nonpolar hydrocarbon portion of the micelles break up the nonpolar oil molecules. A different type of micelle then forms, with nonpolar soiling molecules in the center. Thus, grease and oil and the 'dirt' attached to them are caught inside the micelle and can be rinsed away. Although soaps are excellent cleansers, they do have disadvantages. As salts of weak acids, they are converted by mineral acids into free fatty acids: CH3(CH2)16CO2-Na+ + HCl CH3(CH2)16CO2H + Na+ + ClThese fatty acids are less soluble than the sodium or potassium salts and form a precipitate or soap scum. Because of this, soaps are ineffective in acidic water. Also, soaps form insoluble salts in hard water, such as water containing magnesium, calcium, or iron. 2 CH3(CH2)16CO2-Na+ + Mg2+ [CH3(CH2)16CO2-]2Mg2+ + 2 Na+ The insoluble salts form bathtub rings, leave films that reduce hair luster, and gray/roughen textiles after repeated washings. Synthetic detergents, however, may be soluble in both acidic and alkaline solutions and don't form insoluble precipitates in hard water. But that is a different story... What is Soap? Soaps are mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids which can be derived from oils or fats by reacting them with an alkali (such as sodium or potassium hydroxide) at 80100 C in a process known as saponification. fat + NaOH ---> glycerol + sodium salt of fatty acid CH2-OOC-R - CH-OOC-R - CH2-OOC-R (fat) + 3 NaOH ( or KOH) both heated ---> CH2-OH -CH-OH - CH2-OH (glycerol) + 3 R-CO2-Na (soap) R=(CH2)14CH3 How does Soap Work? Nearly all compounds fall into one of two categories: hydrophilic ('water-loving') and hydrophobic ('water-hating'). Water and anything that will mix with water are hydrophilic. Oil and anything that will mix with oil are hydrophobic. When water and oil are mixed they separate. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds just don't mix. The cleansing action of soap is determined by its polar and non-polar structures in conjunction with an application of solubility principles. The long hydrocarbon chain is non-polar and hydrophobic (repelled by water). The "salt" end of the soap molecule is ionic and hydrophilic (water soluble). When grease or oil (non-polar hydrocarbons) are mixed with a soap- water solution, the soap molecules work as a bridge between polar water molecules and non-polar oil molecules. Since soap molecules have both properties of non-polar and polar molecules the soap can act as an emulsifier. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into another immiscible liquid. This means that while oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it can be removed. The soap will form micelles (see below) and trap the fats within the micelle. Since the micelle is soluble in water, it can easily be washed away.