Ex.

1: HORIZONTAL AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Analyse completely the bar shown in Fig.
temperature, = 2310-6 mm/(mm C)

E (GPa) :

70

, below .The bar is 40 C above ambient

105

200

Solution:

FEM model:
The given domain is divided into 3 linear elements.

Element No.

A (m2)

90010-6

40010-6

20010-6

E (kN/m2)

70106

105106

200106

L (m)

0.09

0.08

0.07

700103

525103

571.43103

57.96 (say a)

31.92 (say b)

19.2 (say c)




(kN/m)




FBD for a general Element:

Element Matrix Equation (EME) for a general element:

Element Coefficient Matrix (ECM) for general element:

ECM for each element:

  1
  

1


F
1 u
1
         !$ % &
F
1 u
1

AE  1 1
' + 

1 1
L
ECM )1 = 103 

ECM )2 = 103

700
700

525
525

ECM )3 = 105 

700

700

525

525

571.43
571.43

571.43

571.43

Global Coefficient Matrix (GCM):

Global Matrix Equation (GME):

700
0
105 3
0
0

700
0
3
10 3
0
0

700
0
10 3
0
0
3

700
700  525
525
0

700
1225
525
0
700
1225
525
0

0
525
525  571.43
571.43

0
0
4
571.43
571.43

U
F
0
0
U
F
525
0
4 7 ;  7 
F9
1096.43 571.43 U9
U
F:
571.43 571.43
:
U
F
0
0
U
F
525
0
47 ;  7
F9
1096.43 571.43 U9
U:
F:
571.43 571.43

 P
a
 P
ab
;  =b  c A
 P9
c
 P:

 P
57.96
 P
;  = 26.04 A
 P9
12.72
 P:
19.2

Global Boundary Conditions and External Forces:

U1 = 0;
P1 = R1;
P2 = 20kN;
P3 = 10 kN;

P4 = R2; U4 = 0;

Method of Elimination (MoE):

Since U1 = U4 = 0 , eliminating 1st row, 1st column and 4th row 4th column from GCM
, the Condensed GME can be written as:
Condensed GME
1225
103 
525

Solution (Nodal values of Primary variables)



20
26.04
525 U
   % & %
&
U
10
12.72
1096.43
9

U
5.846
5.846
  10BC %
& m = 10B %
& mm
U9
4.872
4.872

Graphical Representation of P.V. (Useful for Interpolation)

Calculation of Reactions (Secondary variables) from original GME

700
0
3
10 3
0
0

700
1225
525
0

F
0
0
0
57.96
BC
525
0
10
5.846 10
47
;  720;  = 26.04 A
12.72
1096.43 571.43 4.872 10BC
F
19.2
571.43 571.43
0

R1 = -700103 5.846 10-5 + 57.96 = 17.038 kN

R2 = -571.43 4.872 10-5 - 19.2  -47.04 kN

Validation
1) The displacement (P.V.) is increases in the rightward direction for first element.
This is because tensile forces are acting on the element. For the second element
displacement reduces in right word direction because net force in that element is
compressive
2) For S.V. FL = 17.038 + 10 + 20 - 47.04 = -0.002kN 0. Hence the force
equilibrium is tallied.

Calculation of Derived Quantities

Strains:

e1 =
e2 =
e3 =

Stresses:

NO B NP
P
NQ B NO
O
NR B NQ
Q

= 6.510-4 (Tensile)
= 1.2210-4 (Compressive)
= 6.9610-4 (Compressive)

1 = e11 = 45500kN/m2 (Tensile)

2 = e22 = 12810kN/m2 (Compressive)
3 = e33 = 139200kN/m2 (Compressive)

This completes the entire analysis of the given stepped bar.