Ques : Sketch and explain the Zinc Air Battery?

Ans : This type of recent origin and unlike the conventional battery in which energy is stored and drawn as required from the active material of the electrodes, it drawn its energy from the zinc within its cells and from oxygen of the atmosphere. It can be operated as a primary, that is, to be thrown away after in use, and as a secondary or rechargeable battery. The zinc air battery cell consists of porous zinc oxide in the centre and a thin air cathode on each side. Air cathodes are made from a hydrophobic material, which supports a conducting mesh and a layer of catalyst (to improve the rate of reduction of atmospheric oxygen). This hydrophobic material is impervious to electrolyte, but allows the air to pass through it: it is used as container also. The electrolyte used is potassium hydroxide during discharging; cathode remains uncharged, while anode is changed to zinc oxide. The system has an open circuit voltage of 1.4 volts. ADVANTAGES: 1. 2. 3. 4. High energy densities. Readily available and cheap raw materials are used. Good discharge characteristics over a wide range of temperature. Minimum of ancillary equipment is needed.

Ques : What are the various ways in which the battery can be charged? Ans : Although a generator charges battery which the vehicle going but sometimes the battery may get discharged. It can happen due to failure of generator, parking light is on for long time, vehicle stopped for many time days etc., when the battery is fully discharged, it cannot be recharged by the vehicle generator. So, battery charging is done by charger. a) Slow rate charging b) Fast rate charging c) Trickle charging

a) SLOW RATE CHARGING: In this method batteries are charged at a slow rate. The charging current supplied to battery should about 7% of ampere hour rating of the battery. For example: A 100 amp-hour battery should be charged at rate of 7 ampere. The battery takes about 20 hours for full charging. The temperature of electrolyte should be checked at intervals. b) FAST RATE CHARGING: In this method, a high current of the order of 30 ampere is applied for charging the b until, it is 80% charged. After this the current is reduced to about 7-10 ampere. With this method, the battery takes 1-2 hours for complete charging. This method should be applied to the battery which is in good condition. During charging the electrolyte temperature should not reach 55C. c) TRICKLE CHARGING: Sometimes the battery gets completely discharged. At these batteries, the plates are fully sulphated. For these batteries, trickle charging method is employed. In this method, a very low rate current is employed for charging. It takes about 24-48 hours for complete charging.

Ques : Along with diagram explain the principle of DC generator? Ans : When a conductor is moved in a magnetic field, a current is produced in it, the direction of which is determined by Fleming's right hand rule. If the conductor moves downward, the direction of current in the conductor is outward. Similarly movement of the conductor produces a current in the inward direction.

If instead of a straight conducted a U - shaped conductor is taken and rotated in the magnetic field, he direction of current in two legs of U will be opposite, because one is moving up while the second is moving down. If at the ends of this conductor two splits rings are attached the current produced will be led through the wiring to the load attached. However, the current produced in this manner will not be uniform. To make it uniform, many such conductor are used, as a result of which a relatively smooth current is produced.

Ques : Write the short note on cut out relay? Ans : When the generator speed is very low due to which the output is not sufficient to balance the battery voltage. The necessity to cut out the generator from the battery, because otherwise battery would be discharge into the generator. When the engine and hence the generator speed has reached a sufficient higher value to match its output to the battery voltage. The generator should be automatically connected to the battery. The speed of the generator at which its output voltage just

rises above the voltage of battery being charge is called cutting in speed.

Ques : Along with diagram explain testing procedure for generator regulator system? Ans : To check whether the source of trouble for faulty output lies in the generator, or the regulated. Following procedure may be adapted. 1. An accurate ammeter is connected n series in the battery circuit. The reading on the ammeter gives the charging rate. 2. The state of the battery is tested with a hydrometer. 3. From the above two observations any of the following four will be found to exist. a) Discharged battery and high charging rate. b) Charged battery and low charging rate. c) Charged battery and high charging rate. d) Discharged battery and low charging rate. Out of 'a' and 'b' are the normal conditions. 4. Investigation of charged battery and high charging rate. 5. Investigation of discharged battery and a low charging rate.