PART 3

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN VERTEBRATE ANIMALS

*(new topic whole page) INTRO A vertebrate animal is any animal with a backbone. All living things must do the following 4 tasks keep their internal conditions stable protect themselves from enemies and disease exchange of materials ( take in, use and excrete ) reproduce

Homeostasis stable internal conditions in the body eg. temp., glucose level in the blood, etc

CHAPTER 7 NUTRITION AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Intro All animals are heterotrophic must eat food already made by plants. Digestive system takes in food made by plants and breaks it to provide body cells with nutrients. Three types of food 1. starchy food - *copy eg n diag frm pg75 - starch converted to glucose. Cells use glucose for energy respiration. 2. protein food - *copy eg n diag frm pg75 - Digested into amino acids and these amino acids are used to make your own body proteins. 3. fat - *copy eg n diag frm pg75

- broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Stored as body fat for later use.

7.1 THE FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive system just a long tube. Also known as gut or alimentary canal. 5 functions 1. Ingestion taking food into mouth 2. Mechanical breakdown pieces. Not a chemical teeth grinding food into smaller

change. 3. glucose 4. Digestion chemical breakdown of food eg. starch to digested food (glucose) absorbed into

Absorption/Assimilation blood in the small

intestine. 5. Egestion or Elimination eg. roughage/ indigestible food passed out as faeces

cellelouse

Gut also secretes enzymes enzymes are organic catalyst which speed up chemical reactions.

7.2 ADAPTATIONS FOR INGESTION

All animals eat different types of food. They all have different adaptations for ingesting food. *copy diag of birds pg77 and write adaptation for each beak type Some adaptations of animals *you fill - Toads - Vertebrate carnivores - Vertebrate herbivores - Humans -

7.3 THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

*Copy diagram of human digestive system, table and peristalsis in the gut pg 78 Food is pushed along the gut by waves of muscle contraction called peristalsis. Ring muscles contract behind food and relax in front of food, forcing it forward. Sphincters are muscle-rings. Eg. There is a sphincter between the stomach and the oesophagus which prevents the food going back up the oesophagus.

The mouth Teeth different types. Incisors slice food to bite off a piece. Canines tear food. Molars grind food. All teeth are teeth are coated with hard calcium compound called enamel to protect them from decay. *copy diag of teeth pg79 Saliva secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. It helps to soften food and it contains an enzyme amylase which digests starch (starch to glucose). The oesophagus takes food to the stomach. Epiglottis muscle which closes the wind pipe when you swallow and it closes the oesophagus when you breathe in. The stomach Store and grinds food. * copy diag pg79 and read the box below the diag *copy the tree points at the bottom of pg79 hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus The small intestine Digested food is absorbed into the blood. Pancreas and the liver empty their secretion into the small intestine. Digestion - digestion of starches, proteins and fats is completed in the upper section of the small intestine called the ilium. Here the enzymes made by the pancreas finish the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars and begin the digestion of fats.

- fats are hard to digest because they tend to clump together. Bile, made by the liver makes fat easier to digest by emulsifying them. Emulsifying prevents fats from clumping together. Bile is stored in the gall bladder and dumped into the small intestine when needed. Note that bile is not an enzyme, it does not chemically affect the fats, it just stops them

from clumping together. Lipase, an pancreas, digests fats. the liver. These stomach.

enzyme made by

additional fluids called buffers enter the small intestine from buffers neutralise the acids from the

Absorption occurs in the lower section of the small intestine called the duodenum. Digested food glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acid sare small enough to pass through the walls of the small intestine. Water, minerals and vitamins are also absorbed. - small intestine is very long to allow time and increase surface area for absorption. To further increase surface area, the small intestine walls are lined with villi small finger-like projections filled with blood capillaries to absorb the nutrients. *copy diag pg81 top The large intestine Also called the colon. Concentrates the faeces by absorbing excess water. Faeces mix of bacteria, water and indigestible food. Also stores the faeces until the sphincter in the rectum relaxes to egest the faeces. Appendix no known digestive function. *copy table pg 81 bottom

7.4 NUTRTION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Your cells need a constant supply of glucose for energy. You eat, your blood flooded with glucose, then go for hours without eating. How does your body keep homeostasis or balance in regard to the amount of glucose in your blood? * copy paragraph 2 and 3 from pg 82. Very important

Review Qs all except 3

CHAPTER 8 GAS EXCHANGE AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Intro Gas exchange to cells and be excreted. waste product of Respiration occurs in the lungs. Oxygen goes into blood to be carried carbon dioxide goes from blood into lungs to oxygen needed by cells for respiration. Carbon dioxide respiration. burning of food to get energy. *copy diag of mitochondria n box

8.1 THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

*copy 2 diags frm pg 86 As you inhale air flows into nose and mouth , past epiglottis and down the trachea or wind pipe. Cillia and mucus line the walls of the trachea trapping dust, bacteria and other bits and pieces. * copy last 2 paragraphs from pg 86. * copy diag pg 87. Alveoli provide a huge surface area for gas exchange. The alveoli walls are kept moist this dissolves the gases allowing them to diffuse more quickly. Alveoli wall are very thin to allow faster diffusion of gases. Making sounds to make sounds you have to force exhaled air through the vocal chords. The moving air vibrates the vocal chords making sound.

Domestic violence
Domestic violence includes physical, sexual, and psychologic abuse between intimate partners. The victim is usually a woman. Physical injuries, psychologic problems, social isolation, loss of a job, financial difficulties, and even death can result. Keeping safefor example, having a plan of escapeis the most important consideration.

Domestic violence includes physical, sexual, and psychologic abuse between people who live together, including intimate partners, parents and children, children and grandparents, and siblings. It occurs among people of all cultures, races, occupations, income levels, and ages. In the United States, as many as 30% of marriages are considered physically aggressive.

Women are more commonly victims of domestic violence than are men. About 95% of people who seek medical attention as a result of domestic violence are women, and perhaps 400,000 to 500,000 of women's visits to the emergency department each year are for injuries related to domestic violence. Women are more likely to be severely assaulted or killed by a male partner than by anyone else. Each year in the United States, about 2 million women are severely beaten by their partner.

Physical abuse is the most obvious form of domestic violence. It may include hitting, slapping, kicking, punching, breaking bones, pulling hair, pushing, and twisting arms. The victim may be deprived of food or sleep. Weapons, such as a gun or knife, may be used to threaten or cause injury.

Sexual assault is also common: 33 to 50% of women who are physically assaulted by their partner are also sexually assaulted by their partner. Sexual assault involves the use of threats or force to coerce sexual contact and includes unwanted touching, grabbing, or kissing.

Psychologic abuse may be even more common than physical abuse and may precede it. Psychologic abuse involves any nonphysical behavior that undermines or belittles the victim or that enables the perpetrator to control the victim. Psychologic abuse can include abusive language, social isolation, and financial control. Usually, the perpetrator uses language to demean, degrade, humiliate, intimidate, or threaten the victim in private or in public. The perpetrator may make the victim think she is crazy or make her feel guilty or responsible, blaming her for the abusive relationship. The perpetrator may also humiliate the victim in terms of her sexual performance, physical appearance, or both.

The perpetrator may try to partly or completely isolate the victim by controlling the victim's access to friends, relatives, and other people. Control may include forbidding direct, written, telephone, or e-mail contact with others. The perpetrator may use jealousy to justify his actions.

Often, the perpetrator withholds money to control the victim. The victim may depend on the perpetrator for most or all of her money. The perpetrator may maintain control by preventing the victim from getting a job, by keeping information about their finances from her, and by taking money from her.

After an incident of abuse, the perpetrator may beg for forgiveness and promise to change and stop the abusive behavior. However, typically, the abuse continues and often escalates.

Did You Know...

In the United States, about 2 million women are severely beaten by their partners each year. The abusing partner may try to control the victim by limiting her access to other people, even by telephone or e-mail, and money. Victims of domestic violence may develop depression, anxiety, or drug or alcohol abuse. Women are in greatest danger of serious harm after their partner knows they have decided to leave.

Effects
A victim of domestic violence may be physically injured. Physical injuries can include bruises, black eyes, cuts, scratches, broken bones, lost teeth, and burns. Injuries may prevent the victim from going to work regularly, causing her to lose her job. Injuries, as well as the abusive situation, may embarrass the victim, causing her to isolate herself from family and friends. The victim may also have to move oftena financial burdento escape the perpetrator. Sometimes the perpetrator kills the victim.

As a result of domestic violence, many victims have psychologic problems. Such problems include posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, anxiety, and depression. About 60% of battered women are depressed. Women who are more severely battered are more likely to develop psychologic problems. Even when physical abuse decreases, psychologic abuse often continues, reminding the woman that she can be physically abused at any time. Abused women may feel that psychologic abuse is more damaging than physical abuse. Psychologic abuse increases the risk of depression and substance abuse.

Children Who Witness Domestic Violence

Each year, at least 3.3 million children

are estimated to witness physical or verbal abuse in their homes. These children may develop problems such as excessive anxiety or crying, fearfulness, difficulty sleeping, depression, social withdrawal, and difficulty in school. Also, children may blame themselves for the situation. Older children may run away from home. Boys who see their father abuse their mother may be more likely to become abusive adults. Girls who see their father abuse their mother may be more likely to tolerate abuse as adults. The perpetrator may also physically hurt the children. In homes where domestic violence is present, children are much more likely to be physically mistreated.

Management
In cases of domestic violence, the most important consideration is safety. During a violent incident, the victim should try to move away from areas in which she can be trapped or in which the perpetrator can obtain weapons, such as the kitchen. If she can, the victim should promptly call 911 or the police and leave the house. The victim should have any injuries treated and documented with photographs. She should teach her children not to get in the middle of a fight and when and how to call for help.

Developing a safety plan is important. It should include where to go for help, how to get away, and how to access money. The victim should also make and hide copies of official documents (such as children's birth certificates, social security cards, insurance cards, and bank account numbers). She should keep an overnight bag packed in case she needs to leave quickly.

Sometimes the only solution is to leave the abusive relationship permanently, because domestic violence tends to continue, especially among very aggressive men. Also, even when physical abuse decreases, psychologic abuse may persist. The decision to leave is not simple. After the perpetrator knows the victim has decided to leave, the victim's risk of serious harm and death may be greatest. At this time, the victim should take additional steps (such as obtaining a restraining or protection order) to protect herself and her children. Help is available through shelters for battered women, support groups, the courts, and a national hotline (1-80

Rape

Introduction Agriculture is the practice of cultivating the land or raising or raising stock. It improves the land and getting better result from the plant that is grown and the animal that feed on them. it is the production of food by preparing the land to grow crops especially on the large scale farming. Modern and traditional farming s done. It is done to make or work land as by ploughing harrowing and manuring in order to make it ready for cultivation.

Evidence points to the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East as the site of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture is also believed to have occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. Agricultural practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago but have made great strides in the past century. The Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough and allowed crop yields to overcome previous constraints. In the past century, agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the replacement of human labor by synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, selective breeding, and mechanization. The recent history of agriculture has been closely tied with a range of political issues including water pollution, biofuels, genetically modified organisms, tariffs, and farm subsidies. In recent years, there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of mechanized agriculture, and increasing support for the organic movement and sustainable agriculture.
Adv of traditional farming -By interplanting, farmers take advantage of the ability of cropping systems to reuse their own stored nutrients. -The complex structure of traditional agroecosystems minimizes crop loss to insect pests through a variety of biological mechanisms.

-Increasing the species and/or genetic diversity of cropping systems so that several sources of resistance are used simultaneously is a key strategy to minimize losses from plant diseases and nematodes (types of roundworms which are among the most widespread and damaging of agricultural pests). -Many intercropping systems prevent competition from weeds, chiefly because the large leaf areas of their complex canopies prevent sufficient sunlight from reaching sensitive weed species. Disadvantage -Traditional farming was more reliant upon rainfall to water the plants, so dought is

a common issue. -The quantity of food produced is less per acre, which, when combined with drought, causes starvation. -The possibility of having to purify the water depending on the quality of the source, as well as initially having to drill the well. - if water use outpaces replenishment, the well may run dry and there would be no more usable water.

Disadvantages of modern agriculture * Removal of buffers to make large fields for maximum efficiency leading to lower food costs and greater food availability to the poor. But it also limits the natural habitat of some wild creatures and can lead to soil erosion. * Use of fertilizers can alter the biology of rivers and lakes.Some environmentalists attribute the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico as being encouraged by nitrogen fertilization of the algae bloom. * Pesticides can kill useful insects as well as those that destroy crops. * Generally not sustainable. * Often results in an inferior product. * Use of chemicals on fields creates run-off, excess runs off into rivers and lakes causing pollution. * Animal Welfare is significantly decreased compared to organic, animals are kept in tight living conditions, over-fed and only have a small life span before being slaughtered

*it kills or malnourishes the fungi and bacteria that hold the soil together, resulting in loss of topsoil, so the increase in yield is only temporary, and, like a heroin addiction, demands ever-greater inputs to sustain output, and eventually destroys the productive capacity of the land

. Among the disadvantages are increased soil erosion, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, losses of habitat of important species due to overfarming and soil conversion, etc. These problems exacerbate global climate change which in turn cause lower crop yields and desertification of arable land...

Advantage of modern farming

- fertilisers can improve yield of crops produced. - machines allow quicker farming and less labour intensive. - crops can be grown all year round, through the use of artifical light/controlled temp/controlled carbon dioxide intensity. - pesticides stop insects/pests damaging crops.

Domestic violence is a serious threat for many women. Know the signs of an abusive relationship and how to leave a dangerous situation.

By Mayo Clinic staff

Your partner apologizes and says the hurtful behavior won't happen again but you fear it will. At times you wonder whether you're imagining the abuse, yet the emotional or physical pain you feel is real. If this sounds familiar, you may be experiencing domestic violence.

Recognize domestic violence

Domestic violence also called domestic abuse, battering or intimate partner violence occurs between people in an intimate relationship. Domestic violence can take many forms, including emotional, sexual and physical abuse. Men are sometimes abused by partners, but domestic violence is most often directed toward women. Domestic violence can happen in heterosexual or homosexual relationships. It may not be easy to identify domestic violence at first. While some relationships are clearly abusive from the outset, abuse often starts subtly and gets worse over time. You may be experiencing domestic violence if you're in a relationship with someone who:

domestic violence is a major problem and is the leading cause of injury to women - more than rapes, muggings and car accidents combined. On the other side of the Atlantic - Western Europe, Finland has one of the highest rates of domestic violence. According to Statistics Finland, 43.5% of Finnish women surveyed had experienced violence (from a man), after the age of 15. The statistics are staggering and violence against women is truly a frightening social problem. But, one thing is clear - most victims admit that they had been assaulted in the past but did not tell anybody. They often wait until they believe their life is in danger. This leads us to the only reason why domestic violence against women still prevails today - despite all the campaigns and education. Women are tolerant (God bless their souls)! The only reason why violence against women still prevails today is because women tolerate violent and abusive men. Before Katie Piper's boyfriend hired someone to throw sulphuric acid in her face, he beat and raped her in a hotel. Katie didn't tell anyone; not even the police. She didn't tell anyone because she feared that he'd kill her if she did. Don't you think it would have made a difference if she turned him in after the initial abuse? This is the story of many women, all across the world.

It is worth mentioning that a good number of women also tolerate violent men, for the sake of the children. This, no doubt, is a valid reason. But do you believe it is better to stay in an abusive relationship for the sake of the children? Even if you stay, statistics show that you'd leave the relationship at some point - when your life is in danger. So, why wait for the situation to get worst? What happened to the old adage - better safe than sorry? When did hard hits, demeaning words and slaps become a normal part of life? Who ever said - kids would be better off, watching their dad engage mom in "mortal combat?" Most importantly - why do women tolerate domestic violence? Could it be a matter of Self-Esteem? Do women think they don't deserve better? It is true that women are portrayed in society as vicims; it is also true that victims are often adversely affected. The question is, do women regard themselves as victims? I don't get it.

stressed that violence against women is not caused by poverty and unemployment in Greece. Rather, the cause for violence against women is the fact that Greek society does not recognize substantial equality between men and women in every day life.,as they recognize and tolerate the presence of homosexuality in Greek society. Violence against women is easily excused, at least more than any other form of violence is excused, and many times the victim is accused of provoking such violence.. Men learn that it is their right to control the mind, heart and life of their women, and learn to feel security when their companion is dependent and submitted. A completely independent female companion breeds insecurity since it is not her priority to make a man happy. Women themselves learn to be submissive, to be patient with violence, to remain silent and not demanding. As a result, there is a lack of solidarity among women who experience violence that reinforces inactivity against violence. It has been estimated that 83% of Greek women has suffered from some form of

domestic abuse, either psychological or physical; 16% of these women have experienced psychological, physical and sexual violence together.

3 years ago Report Abuse

ADDITIONAL DETAILS
http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm_omct_cedaw.doc

3 years ago
This is a question to men : Why do you commit violence towards women?

3 years ago
Why do you need to get defensive ? I did not prepare the report.

3 years ago

by The_last... Member since: June 04, 2007 Total points: 2,174 (Level 3)

Add Contact Block

BY

BEST ANSWER - CHOSEN

ASKER

You can thumbs down me but you cannot silence me!! Of course there IS violence against women in Greece, at least that I remember. Working in an ENT (ear nose throat) emergency room in a large hospital in Greece I often encountered broken noses, cuts and bloody faces of women, all results of "domestic dispute". We would just patch up their faces the best we could from the physical scars...(the emotional were a different story) and send them home again... That was more than 25 years ago.Nobody talked about the details then, there were no other ways to protect those women, no shelters to hide them, no reports, nothing. Women were dependent on their husbands financially and were afraid to go against them Now, I am not sure where the issue is standing as I am away from Greece for long time. I honestly hope there is great progress and support to women. I would like to

see shelters and insitutions being developed to protect women from their husbands, if it still is a problem in Greece (and why it shouldn't be? the sons learn from their fathers). I would like to see action taken and not just keep numbers and statistics. Greece cannot afford to have another woman,victim of domestic violence, become another statistic. For the rest of you who hide your head in the sand I have to say one thing: Wake up and look around you!!! Maybe you are too ignorant to face reality or you dont want to accept responsibility of your actions and plain deny it.Domestic abuse happens all over this planet, Greece is not an exception. Until we educate our young and show them the right behavior by example, until we take measures and built shelters and laws against it,domestic abuse is not going to go away Waiting to hear from women in Greece what the situation is now, I am not interested on numbers and percentages, I want to hear from real women who either experienced or witnessed domestic violence. How it affected them,their children and families and how are they coping now..It would be interesting to discuss in here,let's see who dares bring it up in the open...or email me for private discussion I sure hope things have changed in Greece in recent years, it has been a quarter of century already!!!

Are Greek women refusing to face the truth??? If so, how do we expect men to change their behavior????

3 years ago

If women don't speak up about this how we expect men to change their behavior? As you see from some of the men's answers and thumbs down is that they just want to silence our voices.Are women going to "listen" to them? they are always violent primitive animals!

Domestic violence is common in rural Bangladesh. Among rural married women surveyed in 199211 and 1993,12 47% and 42%, respectively, reported having experienced physical violence at the hands of their husband; 43% of women in a 1999 study reported having been slapped and beaten.13 In addition, domestic violence appears to be an important cause of maternal mortality in Bangladesh.14 In Bangladesh, violence against women is closely linked to the institution of marriage, as it is in India.15 Marriage-related norms and practices reinforce women's relative powerlessness, often exposing them to domestic violence. Bangladeshi females frequently are married in childhood to

an older man who is unknown to them. Despite a law prohibiting marriage for females younger than 18, rural women aged 20-49 reported a median age at marriage of 15 years in a 1999-2000 national survey.*16 At the time of marriage, young women usually know little or nothing of sex,17 and sexual initiation can be a traumatic experience. Domestic violence is often used to establish and enforce gender roles early in marriage, and very young women may be particularly vulnerable and unable to resist. Domestic violence is used in both Bangladesh and India to extort dowry payments and other property from the families of young married women.18 Violenceoften of escalating severity over timemay be perpetrated against women in conjunction with demands for outstanding (often unaffordable) dowry payments or demands for additional amounts.19 In a study in India, perceived dowry inadequacy was one of the main reasons cited to explain domestic violence.20 In studies by Schuler and colleagues on the connections between violence and gender inequality and the factors that may influence these outcomes in Bangladesh, men often used violence to enforce their dominance and nonegalitarian gender norms, particularly in the initial years of marriage. This research suggested that the effects of interventions such as microcredit loan programswhich empower women economically and sociallyon domestic violence are ambiguous. Participation in such programs can, on the one hand, reduce a woman's risk of domestic violence by making her life more visible and by increasing her perceived value in the family; on the other hand, if the woman's economic empowerment results in her acting more assertively, her husband may respond with violence.21 We report results from in-depth interviews, small group discussions and survey data collected in 2001-2002 in six villages in Bangladesh to document the types and severity of violence against women in marriage, and to explore the potential social determinants of domestic violence and the pathways through which social and economic factors might influence women's vulnerability in marriage. Key assumptions guiding this work are that marriage is an important site for the negotiation and expression of gender roles and relations, and that the prevailing marriage systems and practices in Bangladesh need to be understood in the context of strategies developed by individuals and families for economic survival. In this article, we focus on five potential social and economic factors that have been identified in previous studies, including our own previous qualitative research in these sites, as possible determinants of women's rights and vulnerability in marriage: women's education, women's participation in microcredit lending programs, women's contribution to covering household expenses, dowry arrangements and marriage registration. All these factors are evolving phenomena in the context of Bangladesh; related changes may work to subvert and redefine traditional gender roles, rights and responsibilities. Men may, in response, use violence to reassert their control and reinforce the prevailing gender order.22

Girls' education has been promoted extensively by the Bangladesh government and by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The proportion of girls enrolled in formal and informal schooling has risen dramatically; it is now nearly at a par with the proportion of boys.23 Simultaneously, women have increasingly become economically active; for example, many participate in income-generating schemes, such as microcredit loan programs, or seek paid employment outside the home, which can entail a departure from traditional gender norms mandating women's seclusion. In Bangladesh, a minimum legal age at marriage of 18 years for females was established in 1929, and the practice of dowry was outlawed in 1980.24 Although these laws have been publicized in recent years through various channels, families typically disregard them and enforcement barely exists. Similarly, a law requiring the registration of marriages has existed since 1974. The practice has recently been promoted by officials and NGOs interested in supporting women's rights because of women's profound dependence on marriage for economic survival. One requirement of Muslim marriage in Bangladesh (and in many other Muslim countries where laws pertaining to marriage are based on religious tradition) is that the husband must agree to provide mehr (or, colloquially, den mohor) at the time of marriage.25 Often translated as "dower," mehr is property or payment promised by the groom and his family to the bridea practice originally intended to provide the wife with economic security and to limit the husband's arbitrary use of unilateral divorce. The amount is customarily recorded in the marriage contract and can be claimed in the event of divorce or death of the husband. (Theoretically, wives may claim this payment at any time, but in practice, they rarely do so.26) Thus, in theory, legal registration of a marriage provides the wife with a basis for filing collect the dower if her husband deserts her or divorces her, or if he gives her grounds for divorce by habitually assaulting her.

Questionnaire Full name: ___________________ Occupation: __________________ address: _____________________ age: __________

What is the main source of income? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

How does it helps the whole family? ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Does agriculture department supply with fertilizer? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

What difficulties do you face after hurricane? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

What differences does it make in market supply? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

What measures do you take to improve your farming? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

What are some advantages of having a farm land? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ How many acres of land do you have? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Is it enough for your family? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

What difficulties are faced on a flat land areas without creeks or rivers? __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

What are some advantages of having a creek or rivers near a farm? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Chemicals and fertilizers used on farms is it harmful or harmless to the environment / surrounding? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

What are some advantages of having a farm and as well as keeping livestock? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Washing away of soil is known as soil erosion. what are some ways it can be prevented especially on farms? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

How could the agriculture department help for a better future? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

yaad piya ki aaye kaisa tha woh vaada kaisi nibha rahi ho tere bin kaise rahu main kyun durr jaa rahi ho kaisa tha woh vaada kaisi nibha rahi ho tere bin kaise rahu main kyun durr jaa rahi ho yaad piya ki aaye hamne tumko jo diya tumne bhula diya

tumse humko jo mila yaadon mein bas gaya tum wahi ho meri jaan ho vaada kiya tha meri rahogi taaron ki jhilmil chaandani raaten labon se labon ki wahi mulakaaten taaron ki jhilmil chaandani raaten labon se labon ki wahi mulakaaten sadiyon se hai purani teri meri kahaani yaad karo tum sajana tu hai meri zindagaani kaisa tha woh vaada kaisi nibha rahi ho tere bin kaise rahu main kyun durr jaa rahi ho hamne tumko jo diya tumne bhula diya tumse humko jo mila yaadon mein bas gaya baali umariya suni re dagariya - 2 joban beeta jaaye haay raam kitne kareeb the sard hawa mein zulfen sanwari baahon ne thaame kitne kareeb the sard hawa mein zulfen sanwari baahon ne thaame mujhse ruth na tera phir se mera manana yaad karo tum sajana mujh mein tera sunana kaisa tha woh vaada kaisi nibha rahi ho tere bin kaise rahu main kyun durr jaa rahi ho tum wahi ho meri jaan ho vaada kiya tha meri rahogi kaisa tha woh vaada kaisi nibha rahi ho tere bin kaise rahu main kyun durr jaa rahi ho hamne tumko jo diya tumne bhula diya tumse humko jo mila yaadon mein bas gaya kaisa tha woh vaada kaisi nibha rahi ho tere bin kaise rahu main kyun durr jaa rahi ho
ssssssssssssss

Questionnaire Full name: _____________ age: ___________

Occupation: ____________

address: ___________________

1) what are some reasons of violence against women?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

2) what are some causes of violence?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

3) How can women crisis centre make difference in your community?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

4) How can community people make changes?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

5) Advertisements on television how can it make difference in your community?

___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

6) Can you give some other reasons of violence?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

7) What impacts does it have on children?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

8) What are some outcome of this problem?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

9) How does alcohol lead to domestic violence?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

10)

What can be done to stop violence against women?

____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 11) What should be done to a person who creates domestic violence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

11)

tick the appropriate box.

Do you think awareness programmers make any difference? Yes If yes or no then explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ no

Using an open and a closed system of gas analysis, it was found that CO2 evolution in light and in darkness from plant leaves (sunflower, soybean, watermelon, eggplant, and jackbean) have a different response to temperature. While the rate of CO2 evolution in light increased with increasing temperature from 17 to 35 and then declined, the rate of CO2 evolution in darkness increased continuously up to 40. The rate of CO2 evolution in light was affected by light intensity. At 1800 ft-c and below 35 the rate of CO2 evolution in light was greater than in darkness, but above 35 it became lower than in darkness. The Q10 for CO2 evolution in light was consistently lower than that in darkness. Apparent photosynthesis decreased with increasing temperature, from 20 to 40 and its rate was affected by both light intensity and oxygen concentration. In leaves of dicotyledonous plants studied the decrease in apparent photosynthesis between 20 to 30 at 21% O2 was shown to be due primarily to an increase in CO2 evolution in light with relatively little effect on photosynthesis. In corn which does not evolve CO2 during illumination there was little effect of increasing temperature on the rate of apparent photosynthesis. The different response to temperature of CO2 evolution in light and in darkness support the earlier conclusion that these are 2 different processes. Full text

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is, for lack of a better explanation, how plants and some other organisms "eat." Photosynthesis is the process in green plants by which they create carbohydrates (and the sugar glucose) by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. The energy source for this process comes from sunlight, which allows the chloraphyll in the plants (what makes them green) to utilize sunlight to fuel photosynthesis. This process can be affected by a lot of different things, but one of the most notable ones is the temperature of the plant's environment.

TEMPERATURE

Generally speaking, photosynthesis of a plant will increase with an increase in temperature. At least, that is, up until 25 degrees Celsius. That temperature is considered the optimum for many plants, and photosynthesis will not increase no matter how the temperature does. The respiration of the plant will increase, though, which means it will need more carbon dioxide and water to maintain itself at higher temperatures, even though it will only be growing at its maximum rate. Additionally, plants are naturally accustomed to periods of cooler temperature during the night, so these should also be simulated in order to achieve maximum photosynthesis.

OTHER FACTORS
Read more: How Does Temperature Affect Photosynthesis? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5472190_temperature-affectphotosynthesis.html#ixzz1JiyKAoGg

Introduction Women may be afraid of strangers, but it's a husband, a lover, a boyfriend, or someone they know who is most likely to hurt them. According to a U.S. Justice Department study, two-thirds of violent attacks against women are committed by someone the woman knows. In the United States, one of the most dangerous places for a woman is her own home. Approximately 1,500 women are killed each year by husbands or boyfriends. About 2 million men per year beat their partners, according to the F.B.I. There is no excuse for abuse. Is there a profile of men who batter their partners? Most experts say there is no one profile of men who batter or beat women. Domestic violence crosses all social and economic boundaries. According to Dr. Susan Hanks, Director of the Family and Violence

Institute in Alameda, California, men batter because of internal psychological struggles. Usually, men who batter are seeking a sense of power and control over their partners or their own lives, or because they are tremendously dependent on the woman and are threatened by any moves on her part toward independence. Some men batter because that's the only way they know how to be close to or relate to a partner. Some men grew up in violent households, where they watched their mothers abused by their fathers and where they themselves were abused. Some men become violent under the influence of drugs or alcohol, although the substances themselves do not cause the violence. Why don't women leave abusive relationships? Leaving a relationship, no matter how abusive, is never easy. Women who leave relationships often have to opt for living in poverty. That's a very difficult choice to make. There are many social, cultural factors that contribute to encouraging women to stay and try and make the situation work. Often, violence is a familiar pattern for the woman, as well as the man. In addition, women often love the men who abuse them, or at least love them initially. Men who batter are not 100 percent hateful, but they can be loving and attentive partners at times. Some women remain emotionally and/or economically dependent on the batterer despite the fact that she faces continued abuse if she stays with him. Women are at highest risk of injury or violence when they are separating from or divorcing a partner. Women can be very intimidated by a partner and the consequences of her leaving. It takes a long time for a woman to give up hope in a relationship and to recognize that the only way she can be safe is to leave him. Why don't men leave relationships that are supposedly so unsatisfactory to them? If we listen to men who abuse their wives, what we hear is how terribly inadequate these women are for the men. At the same time, we know that abusive men are tremendously dependent on their partners. Fear of rejection, emotional withdrawal, and/or abandonment are major factors that actually cause these men to be violent. Men who batter women are often psychologically incapable of leaving the relationship. What is the cycle of abuse? A cycle of abuse occurs in some families. The family's life becomes a cycle of violence. Life begins to revolve around anticipating violence; coping with actual acts of violence; or recovering from the violence. Ironically, a family can become tremendously close in the recovery phase. The man who was terrifying and intimidating turns into a remorseful, needy, and dependent man. The woman who was battered then will feel sorry for the man and recommit to him in a fantasized hope that the abuse won't happen again. But the cycle of abuse will begin again, often becoming worse. The cycle of abuse can only be broken with awareness and professional help. How does domestic violence affect children? Children are traumatized by witnessing violence in their family. The children in these homes are at high risk of being battered themselves by either the batterer or the victim. In addition, the long-term effects of witnessing such violence can create a cycle of violence that spans generations. We know that many men who are abusive witnessed their mothers being abused and many were victims of physical abuse themselves. We also know that women who come from a family in which they witnessed their mother being battered are more susceptible to developing what is called "battered women's syndrome." Such women may come to believe there is nothing they can do to get out of an abusive relationship. Both men and women who come from abusive homes may come to view the violence they have witnessed as normal, and carry it into their own relationships as adults. Can men be the victims of domestic violence? According to the U.S. Department of Justice, 95 percent of the victims of domestic violence are women. The National Crime Victimization Survey consistently finds that no matter who initiates the violence, women are 7 to 10 times more likely to be injured than are men. It's important to realize the climate of intimidation and control that occurs in abusive families. Most men will say they are not afraid of the woman with whom they live, even if they had also been hit, scratched, or punched by her. However, you'll

often hear that women are terrorized and live in constant fear of being battered by the man with whom they live. The difference in strength and physical size puts a woman at more risk than a man.

No Safe Place: Violence Against Women is made possible in part by a grant from the Albert and Elaine Borchard Foundation and the Dr. Ezekiel R. and Edna Wattis Dumke Foundation. The documentary is a production of public television station KUED in Salt Lake City, Utah. PBS Online | | No Safe Place Homepage | | KUED

Domestic violence may start when one partner feels the need to control and dominate the other. Abusers may feel this need to control their partner because of low self-esteem, extreme jealousy, difficulties in regulating anger and other strong emotions, or when they feel inferior to the other partner in education and socioeconomic background. Some men with very traditional beliefs may think they have the right to control women, and that women arent equal to men. This domination then takes the form of emotional, physical or sexual abuse. Studies suggest that violent behavior often is caused by an interaction of situational and individual factors. That means that abusers learn violent behavior from their family, people in their community and other cultural influences as they grow up. They may have seen violence often or they may have been victims themselves. Children who witness or are the victims of violence may learn to believe that violence is a reasonable way to resolve conflict between people. Boys who learn that women are not to be valued or respected and who see violence directed against women are more likely to abuse women when they grow up. Girls who witness domestic violence in their families of origin are more likely to be victimized by their own husbands.

Alcohol and other chemical substances may contribute to violent behavior. A drunk or high person will be less likely to control his or her violent impulses.

If the idea of "home" implies physical and psychological safety and security as well as shelter, then a child, adult or older person affected by domestic violence experiences a hidden "homelessness".1

Domestic violence occurs across the lifespan2 and across most cultures. Women are at a disproportionately high risk of physical, sexual and psychological violence from an intimate person such as a partner or ex-partner.3 Many children, too, are likely to experience violence from someone they know or be witnesses to

violence within their families.4 Domestic violence may be physical, sexual or psychological, but all three can be present. What is subjectively defined and identified as "domestic violence" by victims can be strongly mediated by cultural beliefs, values and previous experience of abuse and may not coincide with standard clinical or research definitions. Domestic violence is always characterised by the use of coercive control and psychological abuse.5,6 Victimisation is associated with alterations in the perception of the perpetrator, especially a belief in his or her omnipotence, and alterations in the victim's perception of self. Feelings of self-blame, shame and loss of self-esteem are extremely common. At the same time, psychological defenses used to cope with violence include denial of its existence and minimisation of its severity.7 Acts of contrition and intermittent kindness by the perpetrator can maintain the relationship and give false hope to the abused person that the violence will end. In addition to the common features of domestic violence, there are important aspects of domestic violence that are characteristic of specific groups in society, such as children, pregnant women, the elderly, Indigenous people, and people of non-English-speaking background. Here we examine some of the specific problems of each of these groups in more detail.
Children Children can be at risk of experiencing and witnessing violence within the family or from those known to them.8 The perpetrator is usually in a caring role or a position of trust in relation to the child.

Children can be the direct targets of physical violence or can get hurt when they try to protect another

family member, often the mother, or try to stop their parents from fighting. It is becoming increasingly apparent that domestic violence results in a similar outcome for many children, whether they are direct victims or only witnesses of the violence. A number of authors have pointed to a clear link between domestic violence and child abuse, with one being a predictor of the other: it has been estimated that children living in domestic violence situations are up to 15 times more likely to be abused or neglected than children from non-violent homes.9-11 Behavioural and psychological consequences of childhood violence include poor school performance, bedwetting, aggression (particularly among males), temper tantrums, oppositional behaviour, self-blame, guilt for the violence between parents, isolation from peers, self-harming behaviour, running away, psychosomatic symptoms, stealing, over-eating, depression, sleep disturbances and excessive anxiety symptoms (see Box 1). Violence by a person in a position of trust impairs the child's ability to trust others and increases the risk of victimisation in later life.12 Recent research has shown that there are significant and possibly persistent neurobiological effects of trauma experienced in early childhood. Work by Perry and others13,14 has demonstrated the importance of critical periods of exposure to secure parenting: exposure to recurring traumatic experiences in early childhood places a child at much greater risk of longterm psychological, emotional and behavioural problems. The type of violence is not the primary factor determining long-term outcome. More important predictors are the duration of violence, its severity and frequency. The cumulative impact of exposure to multiple adverse experiences (eg, violence, psychological or sexual abuse, substance misuse) in childhood is predictive of adverse health outcomes in adult life. In a large US study it was found that exposure to four or more categories of adverse childhood experiences was associated with a 4-12fold increased risk of alcoholism, drug abuse,

depression and attempted suicide.15 Protective factors include a healthy relationship with a primary carer, good social support and positive subsequent life experiences.8,12
Pregnant women The number of unwanted or unplanned pregnancies and terminations is higher among women experiencing domestic violence.16,17 Pregnancy itself is a time of heightened risk and the abdomen is targeted more frequently and more severely in pregnant women.18,19 The Women's Safety Australia survey4 found that, of all the women who reported violence occurring at some time in their lives, 42% were pregnant at the time. Twenty per cent reported that violence occurred for the first time during the pregnancy, although the strongest predictor of violence occurring during pregnancy is a prior history of abuse.12 Furthermore, women abused during pregnancy are at even greater risk of violence in the postpartum period.19

Women experiencing violence during pregnancy often obtain minimal or late antenatal care.20 They are at increased risk of having poor weight gain, anaemia, infections, or preterm labour; of bearing a low birthweight infant; and experiencing postnatal depression.18,21-23 They are also more likely to engage in behaviours harmful to health, such as smoking, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, and substance misuse.18,21-23
Elderly people Abuse of elderly people is the most recent form of familial violence to come to public attention but it remains a largely hidden problem. Most community-based studies have shown that similar proportions of older men

and women are victimised (in contrast to the younger population, in which the number of women experiencing domestic violence is greater than the number of men).24 Close family members (the victim's spouse, adult child or other relative) constitute the majority of abusers and usually live with the victim.25 The reasons for elder abuse are often related to their dependence on others (due to physical or mental impairment, particularly dementia), psychopathology in the abuser, or a long history of family violence26 (see Box 2). Many instances of elder abuse are "victim-victim" situations in which abusers may themselves be worn-out carers.

Physical consequences include the actual injuries inflicted (eg, bruising, lacerations, fractures, or burns) as well as the results of neglect, such as malnutrition, decubitus ulceration, and inappropriate use of medication. Older people who are frail may sustain major injuries from an apparently minor cause -- for instance, a shove leading to a fall may result in a fatal subdural haemorrhage. Abuse may also have psychological consequences: feelings commonly experienced are a sense of powerlessness, shame at having to admit that the abuse is occurring at the hands of close family members, fear of retaliation from the abuser, and particularly fear of institutionalisation if the abuse is reported. Such fears increase the victim's reluctance to report abuse,27 often causing a self-imposed isolation. Control by the abuser may be exercised financially through the improper use of an older person's property or finances or misuse of a power of attorney, or may take the form of neglect whereby the necessities of life (adequate food, clothing, medication, or other care) are withheld by a caregiver.28
Indigenous people

Domestic violence in Indigenous families and communities in Australia is presently at a level for serious concern.29,30 In 1990, an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission briefing document advised the Australian Aboriginal Affairs Council that "the increasing injuries and fatalities as a result of interpersonal violence have risen to levels which not only impair life but also threaten the continued existence of Australian Indigenous peoples".31

Physical assault is commonly associated with psychological abuse, and Indigenous victims of domestic violence (who are mainly women) may view themselves as being of little worth, incompetent, and deserving of abuse.32 The situation becomes more complex when racism and discrimination in social control structures are intertwined with domestic violence32 (see Box 3). Domestic violence in Indigenous communities can only be understood in the context of the historical, political, social and cultural environments in which it occurs.34 Colonisation has had a disastrous impact on the lives of Indigenous people: it has created complex and cumulative forms of traumatic stress that may be articulated as physical, emotional and spiritual distress; misuse of alcohol and other drugs; and violent behaviour arising from a rage that is directed towards the self and other close family members.35 With the breakdown of cultural lore, behaviours that were previously functional in conflict resolution processes have become unstructured and damaging when used under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.36 John Cawte, a psychiatrist and anthropologist, identifies Indigenous communities as suffering from "gross stress", a form of post-traumatic stress disorder in which individuals express their loss and bewilderment as emotional and behavioural disorders.37 Indigenous women are less likely than nonIndigenous women to report an assault, and less likely to seek medical help unless they have severe injuries.38 Historical interactions with police, who were used by the state to forcibly remove Indigenous

children under government assimilation policies, and deaths of Indigenous people in custody continue to engender a deep mistrust of law enforcement officials.39 Indigenous women fear for their own safety40 and the safety of other family members if police or social welfare officials become involved. While some Indigenous women may call the police to intervene in violent situations, they are less likely than non-Indigenous women to want to lay charges, and there is a general belief that charging or incarcerating Indigenous men does not reduce male violence. Indigenous women are more likely to ask for other interventions in which their partner also receives help for his drinking and/or violent behaviour.32 People who have been traumatised through violence are more likely to be treated as if they are mentally ill or unstable than to be provided with programs that will meet their needs; however, recent program initiatives in Australia are beginning to respond to the specific and unique needs of Indigenous peoples.29
People of non-English-speaking background The extent of domestic violence experienced in Australia by people of non-English-speaking background has not been extensively studied. However, research suggests that overseasborn males are more likely to commit partner homicide than would be expected from their numbers in the general community.41 This may reflect a higher rate of domestic violence among overseas-born women. Alternatively, these women may be less likely to leave violent situations, and therefore experience escalating violence.

For those who are migrants, the strain of migration may compound the problem. However, in most cases in which a couple migrated together, the abuse preceded migration.42 Once in Australia, however, the migrant family may undergo further stresses as traditional gender roles shift. This may encompass

unemployment or downward shifts in employment status for men, and paid employment for women. Assimilation of the younger generation into the broader Australian culture may further erode traditional hierarchies based on age and sex. Women who may be at particular risk include Asian women sponsored by non-Asian men,43 and Middle Eastern women brought to Australia for arranged marriages to Middle Eastern men already residing here.42 Such women have not only left behind their family and supports, but have joined partners whose established community networks may not recognise their needs. In some instances, their partner's extended family may collude in the violence, overtly or indirectly, by not offering support.42 Disclosure of domestic violence towards women of non-English-speaking background is inhibited if they have poor command of English (Box 4). For some women, however, the issue is more fundamental -their concept of sexual assault within marriage may be very different from current Australian values and norms.44 Over 70% of migrant women have minimal knowledge of the legal rights of victims of domestic violence,45 which further inhibits disclosure, and many know little about support services or refuges. Women from Middle Eastern and Latin American cultural backgrounds who experience domestic violence are often reluctant to contact police, in part because they have witnessed oppression or torture at the hands of police in their country of origin.42 Domestic violence often creates a feeling of shame. There may be considerable pressure for a woman to maintain a marriage, and she may fear being deported.46 She may feel the burden of providing financial support for family in her country of origin,47 and consider that their plight outweighs any consideration of personal needs. The erosion of selfesteem accompanying domestic violence is compounded if the woman is isolated by virtue of limited English and lack of family and friends in whom to confide. The adverse health effects are similar to those experienced by abused women in the broader Australian society, although they may be exacerbated by longer delay in disclosure.

The need for change Each of the specific groups examined has characteristic issues related to their experience of domestic violence. Nevertheless, the need for change applies equally to all groups. Patients are reluctant to disclose violence if not asked,48 but sensitive questioning can legitimate and encourage disclosure. As the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association has observed, knowledge of a history of abuse can provide "the starting point from which to disentangle a confusion of presenting complaints and symptoms".49

Clinical practice and medical education programs in Australia have been slow to respond to the large body of research confirming the harmful health effects of domestic violence. Failure by healthcare providers to detect and treat those affected by domestic violence exacerbates the harm done in several ways. Firstly, the complexity of violence-related negative health outcomes increases if abuse remains undetected. Secondly, the drain on healthcare resources increases as victims present repeatedly to primary and emergency healthcare providers. (Conversely, victims' uptake of preventive healthcare is considerably lower than average, and the role of violence in their "non-compliance" with preventive health behaviours can easily be missed.) Thirdly, nondetection ensures that treatments are necessarily directed at the symptoms rather than the cause.1 A thorough understanding of the multiple adverse health effects and high rate of physical and psychological comorbidity associated with domestic violence must be acquired by all healthcare professionals. Training is required in every aspect of treatment, including initial questioning, counselling and responding to those who do disclose violence, and providing appropriate assistance, including safety plans and advocacy on behalf of patients. A number of our medical colleges have begun this necessary

task. In clinical care, the concept of meaningful assistance to patients with health needs associated with domestic violence deserves to be strongly promoted.
References 1. Burke T. Housing and poverty. In: Fincher R, Nieuwenhuysen J, editors. Australian poverty. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1998: 165184. 2. Kleinschmidt KC. Elder abuse: a review. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 463-472. 3. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 1048-1060. 4. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Women's safety, Australia, 1996. Canberra: ABS, 1996. 5. Ratner P. The incidence of wife abuse and mental health status in abused wives in Edmonton, Alberta. Can J Public Health 1993; 84: 246-249. 6. Campbell JC, Lewandowski LA. Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1997; 20: 353-374. 7. Martin J, Anderson J, Romans S, et al. Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a twostage survey. Child Abuse Negl 1993; 17: 383-392. 8. Anderson J, Martin J, Mullen P, et al. Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse experiences in a community sample of women. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993; 32: 911-919. 9. McKay MM. The link between domestic violence and child abuse: assessment and treatment considerations. Child Welfare 1994; 73: 29-39. 10.Bowker LH, Arbittel M, McFerran J. On the relationship between wife-beating and child abuse. In: Yllo K, Bograd M, editors. Feminist perspectives on wife abuse. Newbury Park, California, Sage Publications, 1988. 11.Stacy W, Sharpe A. The family secret:

domestic violence in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1983. 12.Resnick HS, Acierno R, Kilpatrick DG. Health impact of interpersonal violence. 2: Medical and mental health outcomes. Behav Med 1997; 23: 65-78. 13.Hart S, Brassard M. A major threat to children's mental health: psychological maltreatment. Am Psychol 1987; 42: 160-165. 14.Perry BD. Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: post-traumatic stress disorders in children. In: Murburg M, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder: emerging concepts. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994. 15.Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. Am J Prev Med 1998; 14: 245-258. 16.Evins G, Chescheir N. Prevalence of domestic violence among women seeking abortion services. Women's Health Issues 1996; 6: 204-210. 17.Glander SS, Moore ML, Michielutte R, Parsons LH. The prevalence of domestic violence among women seeking abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 1002-1006. 18.Parker B, McFarlane J, Soeken K. Abuse during pregnancy: effects on maternal complications and birth weight in adult and teenage women. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 323-328. 19.Gielen AC, O'Campo P, Faden R, et al. Interpersonal conflict and physical violence during the childbearing year. Soc Sci Med 1994; 39: 781-787. 20.Norton LB, Peipert JF, Zierler PH, et al. Battering in pregnancy: an assessment of two screening methods. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 321-325. 21.Adams-Hillard PJ. Physical abuse in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 185-190. 22.McFarlane J, Parker B, Soeken K, Bullock L. Assessing for abuse during pregnancy: severity and frequency of injuries and associated entry into

prenatal care. JAMA 1992; 267: 31763178. 23.Berenson AB, Wiemann CM, Wilkinson GS, et al. Perinatal morbidity associated with violence experienced by pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1760-1766. 24.Kleinschmidt KC. Elder abuse: a review. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 463-472. 25.Kurrle S, Sadler P, Lockwood K, Cameron ID. Elder abuse: prevalence, intervention and outcomes in patients referred to four Aged Care Assessment Teams. Med J Aust 1997; 166: 119-122. 26.Kurrle S, Sadler P, Cameron ID. Patterns of elder abuse. Med J Aust 1992; 157: 673-676. 27.Kurrle S. Responding to elder abuse -- a follow-up study of interventions and outcomes. Aust J Ageing 1993; 12: 5-9. 28.Kurrle S, Sadler P. Assessing and managing abuse of older people. Sydney: NSW Office on Ageing, 1994. 29.Report of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Task Force on Violence. Brisbane: Queensland Government, 1999: 91. 30.Ferrante A, Morgan F, Indermaur D, Harding R. Measuring the extent of domestic violence. Sydney: Hawkins Press, 1996: 28-34. 31.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Task Force on Violence Report Brisbane: Queensland Government, 1999: 3. 32.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Task Force on Violence Report. Brisbane: Queensland Government, 1999: 45-81, 156-200. 33.Lawrence D, editor. Future directions. Proceedings of the Future Directions Queensland Domestic Violence Conference. Yeppoon, Queensland, July 1995. Rockhampton, Central Queensland University, 1995: 235. 34.Mow KE. Tjunpami: family violence in Indigenous Australia. A report and literature review for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission. Canberra: ATSIC, 1992. 35.Aboriginal Coordinating Council.

Submission to the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. Cairns: ACC, 1991. 36.Atkinson J. Lifting the blankets -- the transgenerational effects of trauma in Indigenous Australia [PhD thesis]. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology, 2000. 37.Cawte J. Medicine is the law: studies of psychiatric anthropology of Aboriginal tribal societies. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1974: 193. 38.Bolger A. Aboriginal women and violence. Darwin: Australian National University North Australia Research Unit, 1991. 39.Payne S. Aboriginal women and the law. In: Cunneen C, editor. Aboriginal perspectives on criminal justice. Sydney: Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney Law School, 1992. 40.Kiss J. A matter for regret. Australian Lawyer 1996; 31(2): 14. 41.Easteal P. Killing the beloved: homicide between adult sexual intimates. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 1993: 47. 42.Easteal P. Shattered dreams -- marital violence among the overseas-born in Australia. Melbourne: Bureau of Immigration and Multicultural Population Research, 1996. 43.Elliott and Shanahan Research. Summary of background research for the development of a campaign against domestic violence, conducted for the Office of the Status of Women, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Canberra: 1988. 44.Quarter way to equal. A report on barriers to access to legal services for migrant women. Sydney: Law Foundation of New South Wales, 1994. 45.Public violence: a report of violence in Victoria. Melbourne: Victorian Community Council against Violence, 1992. 46.Hansen D, Le Sueur M. Separating mothers and children: Australia's gendered immigration law and policy. Alternative Law Journal 1996; 21: 203-

206. 47.Lawton K. Needs of NESB women in women's refuges: a perspective from a remote rural area in the north west of Western Australia. BIR Bulletin 1992; 6: 30-33. 48.Mazza D, Dennerstein L, Ryan V. Physical, sexual and emotional violence against women: a general practicebased prevalence study. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 14-17. 49.American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs. Violence against women: relevance for medical practitioners. JAMA 1992; 267: 31843189.

Authors' details
Key Centre for Women's Health in Society, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC. Jill Astbury, MEd, PhD, Associate Professor. Cooperative Research Centre for Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns, QLD. Judy Atkinson, PhD, Senior Research Officer, Aboriginal Liaison. Harley Medical Chambers, Fitzroy, VIC. Janet E Duke, FRANZCOG, FRCOG. Faculty of Law, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT. Patricia Easteal, PhD, Visiting Fellow. Rehabilitation and Aged Care Service, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Hornsby, NSW. Susan E Kurrle, MB BS, DipGerMed, Director and Senior Staff Specialist. Child Protection Unit, New Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW. Paul R Tait, MB BS, FRACP, Head. Department of Psychiatry, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD. Jane Turner, MB BS, FRANZCP, Senior Lecturer. Reprints will not be available from the authors. Correspondence: Associate Professor J Astbury, Key Centre for

Women's Health in Society, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053. j.astburyATkcwh.unimelb.edu.au

MJA 2000 Make a comment

Home | Issues | eMJA shop | Terms of use | MJA Careers | More... | Contact | Topics | Search

The Medical Journal of Australia

eMJA

Readers may print a single copy for personal use. No further reproduction or distribution of the articles should proceed without the permission of the publisher. For permission, contact the Australasian Medical Publishing Company. Journalists are welcome to write news stories based on what they read here, but should acknowledge their source as "an article published on the Internet by The Medical Journal of Australia <http://www.mja.com.au>". <URL: http://www.mja.com.au/> 2000 Medical Journal of Australia. We appreciate your comments.

1: Illustrative case of domestic violence involving children Nine-week-old baby "Lee" was taken to the family's general practitioner by her mother, "Anna", who stated that Lee was waking throughout the night and hard to settle. The GP noted some old and new bruising on Lee's head and trunk and asked Anna about these. She stated that Lee had tipped out of a bassinet down some stairs and also tended to bruise easily. Concerned about the possibility of child abuse, the GP referred Lee to the local hospital emergency department and notified the Department of Community Services. Lee was found to have skull and rib fractures and a subdural haematoma. Coagulation studies were normal. Anna was depressed and tearful on presentation. She admitted to the social worker that on several occasions she had "lost it" with Lee and thrown her down into her cot. She said her husband was away for long hours at work and she felt isolated. She later disclosed a long history of verbal, physical and sexual assault by her

husband. He was often short-tempered and verbally intimidating towards her and their two-year-old son (who was described as being "very scared" of his father). She had had postnatal depression following the delivery of her first child. It was later learned that Anna had grown up in a family where domestic violence had occurred regularly.
Back to text

2: Illustrative case of domestic violence involving an elderly person "Mrs Jones" is an 84-year-old widow with moderate Alzheimer disease. Until recently, she had been living alone, and was managing quite well with assistance from community services and regular visits from her general practitioner. Then her daughter moved in with her, ostensibly to care for her. Her daughter cancelled all services and suggested to the GP that his regular visits were unnecessary. Three months later, one of Mrs Jones' neighbours contacted her GP. He was concerned that Mrs Jones appeared to have lost a lot of weight and was often seen in her backyard crying. The GP visited and was reluctantly admitted to the house by Mrs Jones' daughter. The GP noted that Mrs Jones had indeed lost weight, and she appeared unkempt and had facial bruising. Her mental state had markedly deteriorated. Arrangements were made for Mrs Jones to be admitted to hospital, where she was found to be malnourished, to have an untreated wrist fracture and to have bruising over her trunk and face.
Back to text

3: Illustrative case of domestic violence involving Indigenous people "Eva" has been married for nearly 25 years and has been beaten many times and subjected to different forms of abuse by her husband. She has seven children, and prides herself on being a strong Aboriginal woman, a "survivor". She stays in the

relationship because "all kids need a father". Calling the police has therefore never been an option when she is being assaulted. Nor would calling the police be of any help. They are already constantly involved in her life, and judge her as being "a bad mother", "a troublemaker" and "emotionally unstable". Her sons are all in trouble with the law for their public behaviour, which is often violent. They are either in jail or in juvenile detention centres, on remand or parole. On release from jail they go back into a family environment that provokes distress and anger. Her eldest son has just served his second jail term for assault, after stabbing a person who said something against his father. He unsuccessfully attempted suicide in jail. He grieves for the loss of relationship with his father and continually attempts to establish some nurturing communication. He says he wants to get married and have a happy life, but all his relationships with young women have ended because of his violence. His mother, whom he has seen bashed many times, is angry at the juvenile justice system, Corrective Services and other state agencies because they just lock her children up without helping them to stop their offending behaviours. She is more involved with her own dayto-day survival than being able to think through how she can help them "break their cycle".33
Back to text

4: Illustrative case of domestic violence involving a woman of non-English-speaking background presenting in general practice "Ruziye" is a Turkish migrant sponsored by her Turkish-Australian husband, to whom she has been married for 18 months. She presents to a general practitioner with a complaint of rectal bleeding and extreme pain. Her husband enters the surgery with her. Background Ruziye's file indicates that she has seen the doctor for vaginal bleeding on several prior occasions.

Consultati on GP: Mr Amir, I would prefer to see your wife alone. Her English is not good. I can do translating. That's OK. I have learned to talk to patients from non-Englishspeaking backgrounds and require that the consultation takes place between Ruziye and myself. [Husband reluctantly leaves the office] When did the bleeding and soreness begin? A few days ago. How did it start? My husband he likes to, you know, that part of me. This is hard to say. Where I come from, we do not talk about these things. I understand that it is not easy for you. To help you though I do need to have an understanding of what has happened. Yes, I see. He does push hard and it hurts. Do you ask him to stop? I tried once but he said it is my duty as his wife. Well, Ruziye, in Australia, it is actually not your duty. In fact,

Husband:

GP:

GP:

Ruziye: GP: Ruziye:

GP:

Ruziye:

GP: Ruziye:

GP:

we have laws that say you can say "no" to your husband and if he still does it, he is breaking the law. Ruziye: I did not know this. But in my family, you have to stay married and I have nowhere to go anyway. There is help for you, Ruziye. If you decide that he is hurting you and that you

GP:

Preschoolers and kindergartners who have witnessed domestic violence or have experienced the abuse themselves are not mature enough to fully grasp the situation. The most common conclusion young children come to is they must have misbehaved and so they blame themselves, leading to feelings of guilt and nervousness. Since children in this age group don't usually have the verbal skills to explain how they feel, they tend to act out to show they are upset by either becoming quiet and withdrawn or acting clingy and scared to be alone. Young children can also experience physical symptoms due to exposure to domestic violence, such as not eating or sleeping, having headaches or not being able to concentrate.

PREADOLESCENTS

Preadolescent children (generally around 9 to 12 years old) are more able to understand the significance of the domestic violence situation and experience more anxiety and behavioral problems than younger children. They tend to have nightmares as well as problems eating and sleeping. Preadolescent boys are more likely to become rebellious at school and act violently themselves as a way to get attention, such as getting into fights with kids at school or hitting their family members. Preadolescent girls who experience domestic violence tend to become quiet and avoid social activity. Since they are most likely keeping their home life a secret, they cannot invite friends over; therefore, they become withdrawn. Since girls are less likely to act out, their symptoms are likely to be unnoticed.

ADOLESCENTS
Read more: How Does Domestic Violence Affect Children? | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4897562_domestic-violence-affectchildren.html#ixzz1IabDtypZ

What is Domestic Violence? Domestic violence is behaviour that results in physical, sexual and/or psychological damage, forced social isolation, economic deprivation, or behaviour which causes the victim(s) to live in fear. It consists of the systematic abuse and control of another person in an intimate relationship rather than isolated incidents of minor aggression. Some examples include: hitting and pushing you forcing you to perform sexual acts against your will stalking by following, telephoning or emailing you in a threatening way intimidating and bullying you threatening your children, family members or friends preventing you from having visitors treating you like a servant controlling or taking your money Facts about domestic violence 23% of women who have ever been married or in a defacto relationship have experienced violence in their lifetime. (ABS 1996) 1.1 million women experienced violence by a previous partner, which occurred during and after the relationship. (ABS 1996) 2.6% of women who were married or in a defacto relationship (or 111,000 women) experienced violence perpetrated by their current partner in the last 12 months. (ABS 1996) Police attended an average of 1,774 family violence incidents per month in Victoria, 1998/1999. They received more calls for this than for theft, robberies or other crimes. (DVIRC 2001) How can it be stopped? Domestic Violence can be prevented! In many cases where women have sought help from both the legal system and police, the occurrence of violence in the home has been severely reduced or has ceased altogether. Studies have shown that contacting the police and obtaining a court order is more effective than just contacting the police. A recent study of a group of women who obtained help from both the police and courts found that there was no instance of increased severity of violence and most of the group experienced substantial reductions. (AIC, Trends and Issues, 2000, No. 148) With no intervention most offenders will continue to be violent for many years. International studies have shown that for young women, the risk of violence by a partner is 3-4 times higher than the risk for women overall. (AIC, Trends and Issues, 2000, No. 148) Domestic violence is a crime. If found guilty, the defendant can be fined up to $24,000 or imprisoned for up to 2 years. What to do? How can it be Stopped? If you are being abused, seek support from family, friends, doctors and community legal centres. Seek protection from the police and the legal system.

Family and friends as "informal supporters" are the source of support most frequently accessed by women who experience abuse. They can provide moral, financial support and a safe place to go to when your partner is violent. They can also keep any evidence of assault such as torn clothing. Research indicates that victims were twice as likely to seek protection with tangible, material and social support from family and friends. Your family doctor can provide advice; support and documentary evidence for future reference should you need to go to court. Community Legal Centres provide legal information, advocacy and advice. Police can be called for protection if you have immediate concerns for your safety or if a criminal offence is involved. They can sign an application for an intervention order. Ask them to collect evidence and arrange for photographs to be taken. Protection orders are readily available to those who fear future violence, regardless of the nature of their relationship with the person they fear. You can obtain a protection order against a perpetrator if they have threatened to or have assaulted, harassed, molested you or caused damage to your property and are likely to repeat this behaviour. You don't have to live with your partner to seek help or to obtain a protection order. Where to seek help? Call the Police (dial 000) Counsellor Domestic Violence support group Family and Friends Medical Doctors Men's Helpline for changing violent behaviour Translation services (dial 131-450)

Preventing Domestic Violence

Couples can sometimes work together to keep things civil

Domestic violence is a complex problem and simple answers do not exist. While a male is usually the perpetrator of the violence, this is not always the case. In a number of U.S. cities both partners are arrested any time the police are called about an incident of domestic violence. In many cases of domestic violence the only solution is for the battered partner (usually, but not always the woman) to leave. In other cases a couple can make some changes to their relationship that will make violence less likely to occur. One technique that can reduce violence in a relationship is for the couple to agree on a nonverbal signal that either of them can use to

signal "time-out" during a disagreement - when they are concerned that violence might occur. Some couples use the time-out signal used in football; others agree to wave in a certain way. It is important that the signal be nonverbal, because a verbal signal quickly becomes just another part of the argument. Gesturing with the middle finger (or other culturally derogatory signals) are not recommended.

It is important for both partners to agree ahead of time to honor the signal. An agreed-upon "time-out" period of at least 10-20 minutes is essential for this to work, but it may sometimes be necessary to wait until the next day to resume the discussion. Each partner should initially go to a separate room to calm down. While techniques like this will not solve the problem of domestic violence, they can help couples keep things constructive and improve their communication. That's a step in the right direction.

n 1995, the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence (NRCDV) convened several national domestic violence organizations - the Family Violence Prevention Fund, the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the National Domestic Violence Hotline and later the National Network to End Domestic Violence - to launch a new effort to support domestic violence programs' awareness and education efforts for Domestic Violence Awareness Month (DVAM), observed annually in October. The collaborative effort became the Domestic Violence Awareness Project (DVAP). Today, the DVAP is a diverse and unique partnership of local, tribal, state and national domestic violence organizations and networks. The DVAP collaborates to collect, develop and distribute resources and ideas relevant to advocates' ongoing public and prevention awareness and education efforts not only in preparation for DVAM, but also throughout the year. The work of the DVAP strives to creatively bring to life its statement of purpose: The Domestic Violence Awareness Project (DVAP) supports the rights of all individuals, especially women and girls, to live in peace and dignity. Violence and all other forms of oppression against all communities and families must be eliminated. The purpose of the DVAP is to support and promote the national, tribal, territorial, state and local advocacy networks in their ongoing public education efforts through public awareness campaigns, strategies, materials, resources, capacity-building and technical assistance.

These strategies include campaigns that address the victimization of women throughout their lifespan. The voices, leadership and expertise of women who have been battered are acknowledged as critical and necessary components of these campaigns. To change belief systems and practices that support violence and abuse that disproportionately affects women, and other marginalized people, the DVAP recognizes and promotes the participation of the entire community in building social intolerance towards domestic violence. We will use our diverse and collective voice to promote safe, respectful, and equitable relationships; increase survivors access to support systems that are culturally and linguistically appropriate; and foster programming that is responsive to the needs of the LGBTQ community, as well as survivors of abuse in later life.

The Non-Mineral Nutrients are hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), & carbon (C).

These nutrients are found in the air and water.

In a process called photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun to change carbon dioxide (CO2 - carbon and oxygen) and water (H2O- hydrogen and oxygen) into starches and sugars. These starches and sugars are the plant's food.

Photosynthesis means "making things with light".

Since plants get carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from the air and water, there is little farmers and gardeners can do to control how much of

these nutrients a plant can use.

Mineral Nutrients
The 13 mineral nutrients, which come from the soil, are dissolved in water and absorbed through a plant's roots. There are not always enough of these nutrients in the soil for a plant to grow healthy. This is why many farmers and gardeners use fertilizers to add the nutrients to the soil.

The mineral nutrients are divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients.

Macronutrients
Macronutrients can be broken into two more groups: primary and secondary nutrients.

The primary nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These major nutrients usually are lacking from the soil first because plants use large amounts for their growth and survival. The secondary nutrients are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). There are usually enough of these nutrients in the soil so fertilization is not always needed. Also, large amounts of Calcium and Magnesium are added when lime is applied to acidic soils. Sulfur is usually found in sufficient amounts from the slow decomposition of soil organic matter, an important reason for not throwing out grass clippings and leaves.

Micronutrients
Micronutrients are those elements essential for plant growth which are needed in only very small (micro) quantities . These elements are sometimes called minor elements or trace elements, but use of the term micronutrient is encouraged by the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America. The micronutrients are boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), chloride (Cl), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Recycling organic matter such as grass clippings and tree leaves is an excellent way of providing micronutrients (as well as macronutrients) to growing plants.

Go to top of the page

Soil
In general, most plants grow by absorbing nutrients from the soil. Their ability to do this depends on the nature of the soil. Depending on its location, a soil contains some combination of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. The makeup of a soil (soil texture) and its acidity (pH) determine the extent to which nutrients are available to plants.

Soil Texture (the amount of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter in
the soil) Soil texture affects how well nutrients and water are retained in the soil. Clays and organic soils hold nutrients and water much better than sandy soils. As water drains from sandy soils, it often carries nutrients along with it. This condition is called leaching. When nutrients leach into the soil, they are not available for plants to use.

An ideal soil contains equivalent portions of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. Soils across North Carolina vary in their texture and nutrient content, which makes some soils more productive than others. Sometimes, the nutrients that plants need occur naturally in the soil. Othertimes, they must be added to the soil as lime or fertilizer.

Soil pH (a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil)

Soil pH is one of the most important soil properties that affects the availability of nutrients.

o o

Macronutrients tend to be less available in soils with low pH. Micronutrients tend to be less available in soils with high

pH. Lime can be added to the soil to make it less sour (acid) and also supplies calcium and magnesium for plants to use. Lime also raises the pH to the desired range of 6.0 to 6.5.

In this pH range, nutrients are more readily available to plants, and microbial populations in the soil increase. Microbes convert nitrogen and sulfur to forms that plants can use. Lime also enhances the physical properties of the soil that promote water and air movement.
It is a good idea to have your soil tested. If you do, you will get a report that explains how much lime and fertilizer your crop needs.

Go to the top of the page

Macronutrients
Nitrogen (N)

Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis. Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. Nitrogen often comes from fertilizer application and from the air (legumes get their N from the atmosphere, water or rainfall contributes very little nitrogen)

Phosphorus (P)

Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; proper plant maturation; withstanding stress.

Effects rapid growth. Encourages blooming and root growth. Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and superphosphate.

Potassium (K)

Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium. Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertilizer.

Calcium (Ca)

Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant. Sources of calcium are dolomitic lime, gypsum, and superphosphate.

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all green plants and essential for photosynthesis. It also helps activate many plant enzymes needed for growth. Soil minerals, organic material, fertilizers, and dolomitic limestone are sources of magnesium for plants.

Sulfur (S)

Essential plant food for production of protein. Promotes activity and development of enzymes and vitamins. Helps in chlorophyll formation. Improves root growth and seed production. Helps with vigorous plant growth and resistance to cold. Sulfur may be supplied to the soil from rainwater. It is also added in some fertilizers as an impurity, especially the lower grade fertilizers. The use of gypsum also increases soil sulfur levels.

Go to the top of the page

Micronutrients
Boron (B)

Helps in the use of nutrients and regulates other nutrients. Aids production of sugar and carbohydrates. Essential for seed and fruit development. Sources of boron are organic matter and borax

Copper (Cu)

Important for reproductive growth. Aids in root metabolism and helps in the utilization of proteins.

Chloride (Cl)

Aids plant metabolism. Chloride is found in the soil.

Iron (Fe)

Essential for formation of chlorophyll. Sources of iron are the soil, iron sulfate, iron chelate.

Manganese (Mn)

Functions with enzyme systems involved in breakdown of carbohydrates, and nitrogen metabolism. Soil is a source of manganese.

Molybdenum (Mo)

Helps in the use of nitrogen Soil is a source of molybdenum.

Zinc (Zn)

Essential for the transformation of carbohydrates. Regulates consumption of sugars. Part of the enzyme systems which regulate plant growth. Sources of zinc are soil, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, zinc chelate.

Traditional farming.

Traditional farming is mostly practiced by villagers in village. Villagers have small amount of land or yields to grow plants and crops. Sometimes it is done for own use. It was mostly practiced in pasts; none of the heavy equipments are used for planting. The equipments which is used are hoes, bullocks, knifes, cutting tools, digging sticks, etc .traditional farming is still practiced in some villagers because it is part of traditional. It is combination of crops and livestocks. This provides a range of food through the year for a small community. These endemic plant varieties have been naturally selected and fairly resistant to the pest and disease of that region, each villagers keep cattle, goat, bullocks and hens. The wastes from animals are used as sources of fertilizer and replaces the mineral needed for healthy plant growth. The fiber in manure also improves the soil structure and water retention.

Bullocks are used to plough the farm.

Hands are used to plant seeds.

hand disc harrow is used.

Modern farming. Modern farming is done on large scale farms. It is done by commercial companies rather than villagers. It is where heavy farm equipments are used to dig , plough and water the plants. When there is lot of weeds and pests on plant then pesticides and weedicides are used to kill them. These needs encourage the unnatural practice for planting a single, often on line, variety of crops plant over a large area of land. Uses appropriate modern farming technologys to cultivate the land.

HERE ARE SOME PICTURES OF MODERN FARMING..

Heavy machines is used to make the rows

chemical is use in farms to kill pesticides.

Tractors are used to make rows in farms.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is, for lack of a better explanation, how plants and some other organisms "eat." Photosynthesis is the process in green plants by which they create carbohydrates

(and the sugar glucose) by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. The energy source for this process comes from sunlight, which allows the chloraphyll in the plants (what makes them green) to utilize sunlight to fuel photosynthesis. This process can be affected by a lot of different things, but one of the most notable ones is the temperature of the plant's environment.

TEMPERATURE
Read more: How Does Temperature Affect Photosynthesis? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5472190_temperature-affectphotosynthesis.html#ixzz1JirXFH2D
S

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by a number of factors including light levels, temperature, availability of water, and availability of nutrients. If the conditions that the plant needs are improved the rate of photosynthesis should increase. The maximum rate of photosynthesis will be constrained by a limiting factor. This factor will prevent the rate of photosynthesis from rising above a certain level even if other conditions needed for photosynthesis are improved. This limiting factor will control the maximum possible rate of the photosynthetic reaction. For instance, increasing the temperature from 10C to 20C could double the rate of photosynthesis as the plant's enzymes will be closer to their optimum working temperature. As the temperature is increased, molecules in the cells will be moving at a faster rate due to kinetic theory. If the temperature is raised above a certain level, the rate of photosynthesis will drop as the plant's enzymes are denatured. They will therefore be more likely to join onto the enzymes and react. The amount of water available to the plant will affect the rate of photosynthesis. If the plant does not have enough water, the plant's stomata will shut and the plant will be deprived of CO. It is difficult in normal lab conditions to prove that water directly affects photosynthesis unless a heavy isotope is used to trace the path of water. Chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis. This can be proved by studying a variegated leaf. It is however very difficult to study how different levels of chlorophyll in the plant will affect it's photosynthesis rate. This is because in a variegated leaf the cells either contain chlorophyll or they don't. Carbon dioxide concentration will directly affect the rate of photosynthesis as it is used in the photosynthesis reaction. It is also easy to change the amount of carbon dioxide that the plant receives. Light is also directly used in the photosynthesis reaction and is easy to change in normal lab conditions. Carbon Dioxide and Light are the factors that I will change in the experiment as they are easy to change and measure.

"Success to me means completing a task and when looking back, thinking I couldn't have done it better. To succeed is to complete a task or assignment on time in an excellent manner. But that's only half of it. The results should be good and the people involved should gain a valuable lesson or experience. For example, if it was a group project, and only two people out of four really did the work, I wouldn't call that success. If everyone participated and worked together providing a valuable deliverable then it's a success. So I think both the result and the process should be great to call something a success."

Fiji dairy farmers from the Wainivesi area have had to stop supplying milk, after an out break of brucellosis.

Unpasteurised milk can transmit the brucellosis bacteria to humans. Fijis Ministry of Primary Industries has slaughtered more than 200 diseased cows, quarantined farms, and ordered vehicles to be disinfected . Artificial Breeding programmes on dairy cattle in the affected areas have also been suspended by the Ministry. Meanwhile, the Minister for Primary Industries Joketani Cokanasiga has told farmers that all Rewa Dairy products are safe for consumption as they have gone through the pasteurisation process. The Fiji Cabinet has endorsed the plan of action by the Ministry to pursue a containment and eradication programme. Funding for the eradication programme will be sourced from within the Ministry and technical assistance will be provided upon request from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. These bacteria are primarily passed among animals, and cause disease in many different vertebrates. Various Brucella species affect sheep, goats, cattle, deer, elk, pigs, dogs, and several other animals. Humans become infected by coming in contact with animals or animal products that are contaminated with these bacteria. In humans, brucellosis can cause a range of symptoms that are similar to the flu and may include fever, sweats, headache, back pain, and physical weakness. Severe infections of the central nervous system or the lining of the heart may occur. Brucellosis can also cause longlasting or chronic symptoms that include recurrent fever, joint pain, and fatigue

The brucellosis disease affected the dairy industry which resulted in a 10 percent drop in our milk supply last year and this is part of the overall rehabilitation effort.

Buildings are well spaced out in a fish-bone pattern. they are open sided with high flat roves. Growing sheds incorporate 16 pigs in a pen on concrete floors with automated feeders and flushing dunging passages.

Farrowing sheds include European designed crates with plastic flooring. Weaner sheds too have slatted plastic flooring with automated feeders.

INGREDIENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

FOR MAKING THE PIZZA

Tomato sauce Shredded Cheese depending on how cheesy you want your pizza to be. Olive oil 1 finely chopped green capsicum 2 finely chopped green chillies 1 finely chopped onion

7. 4 finely chopped jalapeno (in case jalapeno is not available mushroom too can be used)

STEP

BY STEP METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARING THE PIZZA AT HOME: RECIPE

Take a pan and spread some olive oil onto it. Put the flattened dough on the pan. Take the finely chopped onion, mushroom (if you are using jalapeno do not saut it) and green chillies and saut it in olive oil. Pour the tomato sauce on the surface of the dough kept on the pan. Spread it all over the flattened dough with a spatula. Add the green chillies, mushroom and onion along with the green capsicum. Finally add the shredded cheese on it. Now set your oven temperature to 475 degrees and put the pan into it. Cook for about 15 minutes and you will see the crust turn to golden brown and the cheese melt into it. Take out the pizza and cut into four equal parts.

Honorable Mention Chocolate Chip Cookies

This is a favorite cookie recipe of mine. With that in mind, I made the cookies as an entry in the culinary competition at the Western Montana Fair in August of 2001. They won Honorable Mention not good enough to win first class. The strange thing, though, is that my entries were entirely eaten; the first, second, and third class entries were still intact on their presentation trays. Go figure.

Ingredients
2.25 cups Flour 1tsp Baking soda 1/2tsp Salt 3/4 cup Vegetable shortening or butter 3/4 cup Sugar 3/4 cup Brown sugar 2 Eggs 1tsp Vanilla 2 cups Chocolate chips

Method
1. 2. 3. 4. Preheat oven to 375 Fahrenheit. Stir together dry ingredients (flour, baking soda, and salt). In a separate bowl add cream shortening, sugar, and brown sugar. Mix in the eggs and vanilla and beat well. Then add the flour mixture in thirds and thoroughly incorporate. 5. It should be a really sticky, thick dough. Add the chips last. 6. Drop by spoonfuls onto cookie sheets and bake for 9-11 minutes or until golden brown. Makes about two to three dozen cookies, depending on Custards are one of those yesterday desserts that never should have gone out of style. They are still used as pie fillingspumpkin pie, of coursebut they make versatile desserts without sticking them in a

pie shell. Because they are made of eggs and milk (with some sugar), they are better for you than most other desserts. We'll give you a recipe for a very easy custard and you can dress it up if you choose with syrups or fruit or in a pie crust. We like custards but admittedly, your kids might not. This recipe is so easy, it's worth the try. Chances are, you'll like it. Easy Custard 4 cups milk 6 large eggs 2/3 cup sugar 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 tablespoon vanilla Directions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Heat the milk until hot, two or three minutes in the microwave. Whisk the eggs until smooth. Combine the eggs and the milk. Add the sugar, salt, and vanilla and stir until dissolved. For a smoother custard, pour the mixture through a strainer. Stir again. Pour the custard into custard dishes, a casserole dish, or a pie shell. Bake at 325 until a knife inserted in the center comes out clean. In individual servings, that should be about 30 minutes. In a single dish, about 60 minutes. 7. Cool before serving. Traditionally, custards are served with caramel sauce. Sliced strawberries or fresh blueberries also work well with custard. We made this custard in a pecan pie crust and served it to guests. They loved it. Here is the recipe that we used: Pecan Crust 1 cup pastry or all-purpose flour 3/4 cup finely chopped pecans 1/2 cup brown sugar 1/8 teaspoon salt 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon 1/8 teaspoon nutmeg 6 tablespoon melted butter Directions 1. Mix the dry ingredients together in a medium bowl. 2. Add the melted butter and stir until well combined. Break some of the pieces with your fingers if necessary. 3. Place the contents into a deep dish pie pan and press the crumbs evenly across the bottom and on the sides of the pan. (Do not use a dark colored panthe crust will tend to burn. Thin spots in the crust will also burn.) 4. Place the filling in the pan and bake a t 325 until the custard is set and a knife inserted in the center comes clean. (In our oven it took about an hour but will vary based on the depth of the filling.) This is a great crust for any cream filling.

Brucellosis of cattle, known as "contagious abortion", is caused by infection with the bacterium brucella abortus, which can also cause a disease of humans known as "undulant fever." Brucellosis infection of cattle causes abortion or premature calving of recently infected animals; the foetus, placenta and uterine fluid contain large quantities of brucella abortus

bacteria which can infect other cattle coming into contact with an infected animal around the time of calving. The organism continues to be excreted in the milk. Breeding bulls which are infected can transmit the disease to cows at the time of service by infected semen.

REDUCING THE IMPACT OF DISEASE

Treatment for brucellosis of cattle is not permitted; all infected cattle and contacts which have been exposed to infection must be slaughtered.

Bacon on the plates of tourists is the prime driver of the pig market - and who else would know better than Vuda Piggeries, for they are Fijis largest commercial piggery farm with over 440 sows and 4200 total stock, supplying to major tourism players in Fiji.

Vuda Piggery was initially purchased from Saha Deo in 1992 by West Farm Holdings and Fiji Meats. West Farm Holdings owned by Mr. Simon Cole and his wife Amelia, bought the farm with the aim to push pig production parameters in the local environment to meet or exceed world standards. Mr. Cole who has worked in the Pacific Agricultural sector for over 25 years and is an expert in Agricultural development and management sees to the planning and the construction of the piggery farm. Previously situated at Vuda Point, the company relocated to a new site on the Vuda Back Road in 2002, with the new piggery now located on top of a hill. It is specially designed to maximize efficiency and reduce the impact of the hot tropical environment on its temperate occupants. The farm employs 13 staff, including drivers and administrative staff. Total investment in the new farm is estimated at about FJ$8,000 per sow place. With over 420 sows it is an investment of over $3.3 million. Vuda Piggeries also invested in improved genetics over the years which make its pork an international standard carcass confirmation and back fat thickness. The farm targets 10% of all mating to artificial insemination, by importing pure bred semen from Premier Pig Genetics of Australia. This is because Fiji lacks a sufficient genetic pool to select improved stock. The farm utilizes local feed by-products and these include coconut meal, molasses, fish and meat meals, grain offal's, brewer's grains and cooked chicken waste. These by-products are then carefully blended with some imported ingredients to get a balanced ration at the least cost. The farm formulates 4 different rations for different sizes of pigs. According to Mr Cole, The daily feed bill at the farm is over $3,000 so it is important to get it right. Feed formulations are continuously updated by their nutritionist from Natural Resource Management New Zealand using least cost systems as, this is essential to maintain competitiveness with imports, said Mr. Cole. Pigs are sold into two distinct markets. Fiji Meats Ltd, a part owner of the business takes the majority of pigs for processing into bacon and hams for the countrys tourism industry. The farm also sells to the farm gate trade to meet the demand for traditional feasts and functions. Cole confirms that Vuda Piggeries is environmentally responsible and is being green in their business operations. For instance, the farm converts its solid waste into compost, much of which is underneath the flowers at the Intercontinental at Natadola Bay. Facing and overcoming daily challenges is nothing new for the weathered businessman with the latest being the global financial crisis and the devaluation of the Fiji dollar, which has impacted on their annual production costs, Our costs of production, because of the efficiencies achieved, are significantly lower than our island neighbours. Currently, because of the devaluation, our farm gate price is even below the

Australian farm gate price, said Mr. Cole. We could therefore export to our island neighbours but currently local supply and demand is in balance. If we are to export or if local tourism grows strongly, we will need further investment to meet demand. Fortunately, the farm was not at all directly affected by the H1N1 virus. According to Mr. Cole, the only impact that the H1N1 virus had on the farm was the cancellation of a school visit. Parents were concerned that the pigs might infect their children. The reality was that there was more chance of the children infecting the pigs, noted an amused Cole. This highlights how important it is to properly handle the dissemination of information. Despite being a fairly new venture, Vuda Piggeries is committed and prioritised in breaking even before they consider expanding. Cole added that minimising debt has been tough due to a disease problem at the farm site in the last year and also with the downturn of tourism which has resulted in a loss for the business. Nevertheless, he remains confident that things will improve for to see the rainbow one must first endure some rain. Vuda Piggeries have proven themselves as survivors. They have managed to endure challenges and continue to rise above shortcomings; and are still striving to ensure that they continue to uphold their reputation as the most efficient pork producers in the country.

The fixtures for the much awaited Fiji Bitter FACT 2008 were released by Fiji Football Association this afternoon.

A total of twenty exciting and interesting pool games will be played on the first, second and third day of the tournament ahead of the semi finals and final on the fourth and final day. Big guns Ba, Rewa, Suva, Lautoka, Nadi and Labasa have been scheduled to face off on the opening day to mark off the opening day with fireworks. The Fiji Bitter FACT will be played from May 29-June 1 at the Vodafone Prince Charles Park in Nadi. Defending champions Ba is pooled with Rewa, Suva, Nadroga and Lautoka in Pool 1 while tournament hosts Nadi is grouped with Nasinu, Navua, Labasa and Tavua. The full fixtures are as follows: Day 1- Thursday May 29 4.30pm- Opening 5.00pm- Nasinu vs Tavua (P2) 6.15pm- Ba vs Rewa (P1) 7.30pm- Suva vs Lautoka (P1) 8.45pm- Nadi vs Labasa (P2) Day 2- Friday May 30 9.00am- Rewa vs Nadroga (P1) 10.15am- Navua vs Nasinu (P2) 11.30am- Labasa vs Tavua (P2) Interval 2.00pm- Nadroga vs Lautoka (P1) 3.20pm- Nadi vs Tavua (P2) 4.45pm- Navua vs Labasa (P2) 6.00pm- Rewa vs Suva (P1) 7.15pm- Lautoka vs Ba (P1) Day 3- Saturday May 31 9.00am- Tavua vs Navua (P2) 10.15am- Nadroga vs Suva (P1) 11.30am- Nasinu vs Nadi (P2) Interval 2.30pm- Ba vs Nadroga (P1) 3.45pm- Rewa vs Lautoka (P1) 5.00pm- Labasa vs Nasinu (P2) 6.15pm- Nadi vs Navua (P2) 7.30pm- Suva vs Ba (P1) Day 4- Sunday June 1 9.00am- Winner P1 vs Runner Up P2 10.30am- Winner P2 vs Runner Up P1 3.00pm-Final 4.30pm- Presentations

Word

Meaning

Affluenza

Agritourism

Alcopop Audiophile

Baggravation

Breadcrumbing

Burkini or Burquini

Busking

Buzz

Buzzword

Captcha

A blend of 'affluence' and 'influenza'. A social disease resulting from extreme materialism and excessive consumerism: earning more money and consuming more, which can lead to overwork, debt, waste, stress, anxiety, etc. A form of tourism in which tourists stay on farms or in agricultural villages, and often participate in farm activities. Fruit drinks fortified with alcohol, designed and marketed to appeal to young people. Person who loves and collects high-quality audio equipment. Blend of the words 'bag' and 'aggravation'. A feeling of annoyance and frustration at the airport when your baggage has not arrived but the other passengers' bags have. A navigation technique which helps users by displaying a list of links to the pages they have visited when exploring a website e.g. home >>vocabulary>>transport. Blend of 'burqa' and 'bikini' A swimsuit worn by Muslim women which covers the whole body i.e. the arms to the wrist, the legs to the ankle, with a hood to cover the hair and neck. Performing on the streets and other public places, while soliciting donations. Busy urban areas will attract street performers (buskers) who sing, play, juggle, etc Excited interest or attention surrounding, for example, a new invention, a recent event or something that has become fashionable. A new word or expression that is commonly used in specialized work environments or age-groups, and has become fashionable. Terms used in advertising can often convert into buzzwords and become widely used. Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart. A distorted image of letters and numbers used to ensure that a response is not generated by a computer, in order to prevent

spamming. Blend of 'car' and 'hijacking' When a car driver is forced to give up his vehicle or drive to a destination designated by the attacker. Areas on the internet where people can communicate by exchanging typed messages. Books, usually featuring female characters, written by women on contemporary themes and issues that appeal more to women than to men. News collected and reported by ordinary people, especially through the use of blog software. A website that publishes large amounts of low-quality content, or content copied from elsewhere, in order to attract visitors and improve its search-engine rankings. Opposite of copyright. Whereas copyright imposes restrictions on the distribution of a work or publication, copyleft eliminates restrictions and allows freedom of use for all. Very young child who spends a lot of time watching television. (cot = a baby's bed) A person who spends a lot of time sitting in front of the television. A trip or short vacation which lasts only one day daycationers do not stay away overnight. Euphemism for laying-off staff or downsizing a company. Blend of <DOCUMENTARY< font>'documentary' and 'soap'. (soap opera: sentimental TV serial) A 'docusoap' is a reality television programme in the style of a documentary. Combination of 'drama' and 'comedy'. A film, play or TV programme that mixes drama and comedy. A tune that keeps repeating itself over and over again in our heads. Online recruitment of employees, including online submission of

Carjacking

Chatroom

Chick lit

Citizen journalism

Content farm

Copyleft

Cot potato Couch potato Daycation Decruitment

Docusoap

Dramedy Earworm E-cruitment

resumes and cover letters. Elancer A professional person who works from home and provides services on the internet. A blend of 'emotion' and 'icon'. A symbol, used in email messages, which is made out of punctuation marks and resembles a human face. Electronic piracy Illegal downloading of material found on the internet (films, music, etc.) To stalk (follow) someone using Internet searches and email. Electronic material and devices that have been thrown away. Person who dresses according to the latest fashion trends. A period during which angry or rude email messages are exchanged. A crowd that gathers in a pre-determined place, performs an action then disperses very quickly. The mob is not told exactly what to do until just before the event. A vegetarian who sometimes eats meat or fish

Emoticon

E-piracy E-stalk E-waste

Fashionista Flame war

Flash mob

Flexitarian Freemale

A woman who is happy to stay single and independent so that she can do what she wants when she wants. Blend of 'flight' and 'nightmare'. Flightmare Unpleasant air travel experience (lost luggage, missed connections, etc.) A blend of 'food' and 'memoir'. An account of someone's life or personal experiences, Foodoir with a strong emphasis on food, often including recipes and cookery advice. A blend of 'fun' and 'unemployed'. Funemployed/ Someone who enjoys not having a job because they Funemployment have more time for leisure and fun activities. A form of energetic step aerobics that mixes exercise Funkinetics and soul music. A pub which, in addition to beer and alcoholic drinks, Gastropub offers gastronomic cuisine. Gastrosexuals A new generation of men who see cooking more as a hobby than a household chore, and use their cooking skills to impress friends and potential partners.

Glamping

Greycation Guesstimate Hacktivist Hoody or hoodie Hotspot Infomania Infotainment

Blend of 'glamour' and 'camping'. Luxury camping : sleeping in the open but with every comfort including cooking equipment. Going on holiday or vacation with grandparents in order to reduce the cost. Blend of 'guess' and 'estimate'. A rough estimate without any claim of accuracy. A person who manipulates information on the internet in order to transmit a message, usually political. A person, especially a youth, wearing a hooded top. Location in which wireless Internet access is available for example airports, hotels, train stations, etc. Constantly checking and responding to email and text messages. Blend of 'information' and 'entertainment'. Online services connected to information and leisure activities. High-priced designer handbag that is the bag "of the moment", or a "must-have" item. A girl who has become a celebrity more through intense media coverage than through any personal achievements (e.g. Paris Hilton). Blend of 'jumbo' and 'umbrella'. Very large umbrella set above tables outdoors at a coffee shop, pub or restaurant. A telephone connected to wires in a fixed location as opposed to a mobile or cell phone. A person who only eats food produced locally. To deliberately try to disrupt another computer system by sending massive amounts of email to it. The idea that merit and individual effort determine ones success rather than wealth or birth. Non-alcoholic drink that looks like a cocktail. A temporary tattoo applied to the nails. Small laptop computer which weighs less than 3 pounds and has a 7 to 10 inch screen. Blend of 'network' and 'etiquette'. Set of rules governing appropriate behaviour and courtesy on the internet. Blend of 'internet' and 'citizen'.

It bag

It girl

Jumbrella

Landline Locavore Mailbomb

Meritocracy Mocktail Nail tat Netbook

Netiquette Netizen

Nevertiree Newbie Nonliner Noogler Notspot

Noughties

A person who spends an excessive amount of time on the internet. A person who continues to work after they have reached the age of retirement. A new member of any group, community, or activity. Someone who rarely or never uses the Internet, usually because they cannot access it. New Google employee. An area where there is slow Internet access or no connection at all. The years between 2000 and 2009 which contain a 'nought' (zero), in the same way as other decades are called the 'thirties', 'sixties', etc .

Something that can be done or produced in another country, especially at reduced costs. The way a situation appears to the general public, or Optics the impression it gives. Traditional media (newpapers, magazines, radio, Outernet television) as opposed to the internet. Being excessively protective of one's children in order Overparenting to guarantee their safety and ensure their success in life. Providing too much information on the Internet (credit card details, Oversharing personal information, etc.) especially through social network sites. A segment of today's working population where there Overworking is a desire or need class to work long hours. Being tired of having to remember a large number of Password fatigue passwords for different electronic devises. A blend of the adjective 'fantastic' and the prefix 'quin'. An informal way of referring to a person who is aged fifty or over but remains sexy, smart, energetic and successful, Quintastic especially someone famous. In August 2011 President Barack Obama will become a quintastic. Popular new term for a person who succeeds in Recessionista dressing stylishly on a tight budget. Road rage Aggressive habits often resulting in violence against Offshorable

other drivers. A generation of people who care for the needs of their children as well as those of their own elderly parents. A young person or teenager who spends a lot of time Screenager in front of the computer screen. Blend of 'situation' and 'comedy'. Sitcom A drama, on television, based on humorous everyday situations. Very poor, underprivileged person who lives in an Slumdog overcrowded squalid area of a city called a slum. Blend of 'smoke' and 'flirt' Smoking prohibition laws have led to a new sort of social pastime : Smirt 'smirting', smokers getting to know each other when outside on the pavement. The standard system of delivering mail which is very Snail mail slow in contrast to electronic mail. Stay home and use the internet, phone or other electronic device to Sofalise/sofalize communicate with people (social networking, chatting, tweeting, etc.), rather than go out and meet them face to face. The language used by spin doctors, spokes-persons, campaign Spinnish managers, etc. when trying to present information in a favourable light. A vacation in which you stay at home and relax or visit Staycation places close to where you live. Sending text messages to mobile phones which insult Textual or abuse harassment people. Jumping or diving into water from a dangerously high Tombstoning place such as a hotel balcony, a cliff, bridge, wall, roof, etc. Blend of 'trash' and 'fashion'. Trashion Fashionable items created from old, used and recycled elements. Sandwich generation Trekkie Tweet Tweetheart A fan of the TV science fiction series Star Trek. People who 'tweet' send short messages via the microblogging service Twitter. A user of the Twitter service who is very popular or admired, or with whom other users communicate a lot.

Upskill Videophile

Teach an employee new or additional skills. Person who is very interested in watching videos and making recordings, and values high-quality results. Marketing strategy that consists in encouraging people to pass along information to friends, family and colleagues through email messages, blogs, video-sharing, etc., so that the marketing message spreads like a virus. A combination of video, text, images and social streams in an electronic book. Anger or frustration as a result of difficulties or problems encountered when using the Internet. Presentation or seminar conducted over the web. A form of English that is used on the web (use of abbreviations, acronyms, small letters, absence of punctuation and hyphens etc.) Also known as : webspeak, netspeak, internetese. Blend of 'window' and 'gadget'. A small application or tool that can be installed and executed within a web page. Blend of 'winter' and 'festival'. A festival that takes place in winter. The words of a piece of text arranged into a sort of graphic. The more frequent a particular word appears in the text, the bigger its size in the wordle. (Also called 'word cloud' or 'text cloud'.)

Viral marketing

Vook

Web rage Webinar

Weblish

Widget

Winterval

Wordle

He was apple of everyones eye. God has taken him from us

We could not say good bye. Death can not break the bond of love between us. We will always love you and remember you in our thoughts.

We define domestic violence as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over ...
1. 2. This is inadequate to the experiences and needs of diverse groups of women who are
abused. Instead, this article looks at the recent research using a race, class, gender, sexuality intersectional analysis and structural framework to understand the lived experiences and contexts of domestic violence for marginalized women in the U.S., the relationship of battering in the family to violence against women (and men) by larger systems of socially structured inequality in poor and racialized communities, and the availability of resources to diverse groups of women to fight this oppression. While culture is key in explaining violence against women, it is important to not make culture the scapegoat in an analysis of violence against women nor to downplay the strengths of different cultures available to battered women. It is argued that only by understanding the structural systems of social inequality through which different cultures operate that we can work toward safety for all women and children.

3.
In the multicultural domestic violence literature, two sometimes conflicting objectives emerge: giving voice to battered women from diverse social locations and cultural backgrounds while still focusing on the structural inequalities (i.e., race, gender, class) that constrain and shape the lives of battered women, albeit in different ways.