Third Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:

Pure Bending

J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
Pure Bending Other Loading Types Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Bending Deformations Strain Due to Bending Beam Section Properties Properties of American Standard Shapes Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Sample Problem 4.2 Bending of Members Made of Several Materials Example 4.03 Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.4 Stress Concentrations Plastic Deformations Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 4.03 Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.4 Stress Concentrations Plastic Deformations Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single Plane of S... Residual Stresses Example 4.05, 4.06 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry Example 4.07 Sample Problem 4.8 Unsymmetric Bending Example 4.08 General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Pure Bending: Prismatic members subjected to equal and opposite couples acting in the same longitudinal plane
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Other Loading Types

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which does not pass through section centroid produces internal forces equivalent to an axial force and a couple Transverse Loading: Concentrated or distributed transverse load produces internal forces equivalent to a shear force and a couple Principle of Superposition: The normal stress due to pure bending may be combined with the normal stress due to axial loading and shear stress due to shear loading to find the complete state of stress.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent to a couple. The moment of the couple is the section bending moment. From statics, a couple M consists of two equal and opposite forces. The sum of the components of the forces in any direction is zero. The moment is the same about any axis perpendicular to the plane of the couple and zero about any axis contained in the plane. These requirements may be applied to the sums of the components and moments of the statically indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx My Mz
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dA

z x dA 0 y x dA M
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Bending Deformations

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:

member remains symmetric bends uniformly to form a circular arc cross-sectional plane passes through arc center and remains planar length of top decreases and length of bottom increases a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the upper and lower surfaces and for which the length does not change

stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above the neutral plane and positive (tension) below it
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Strain Due to Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Consider a beam segment of length L. After deformation, the length of the neutral surface remains L. At other sections,
L L L y
x

y y y c
m

y (strain varies linearly)

L c or

y m c

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Due to Bending
For a linearly elastic material,
x

Beer Johnston DeWolf

E x

y E m c

y m (stress varies linearly) c

For static equilibrium,

Fx 0 0
m x

dA

y m dA c

For static equilibrium,

M M
m m

y x dA y 2 dA M S
x

y
mI

y m dA c

y dA

c Mc I

First moment with respect to neutral plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral surface must pass through the section centroid.

Substituti ng
x

y m c

My I
4-8

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beam Section Properties
Mc M m I S I section moment of inertia I S section modulus c

Beer Johnston DeWolf

The maximum normal stress due to bending,

A beam section with a larger section modulus will have a lower maximum stress Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
S I c
1 bh3 12

h2

1 bh3 6

1 6

Ah

Between two beams with the same cross sectional area, the beam with the greater depth will be more effective in resisting bending. Structural steel beams are designed to have a large section modulus.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Properties of American Standard Shapes

Beer Johnston DeWolf

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Deformation due to bending moment M is quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1
m m

c M EI

Ec

1 Mc Ec I

Although cross sectional planes remain planar when subjected to bending moments, in-plane deformations are nonzero,
y
y x z x

Expansion above the neutral surface and contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 anticlastic curvature

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the section centroid and moment of inertia.
Y yA A Ix I Ad 2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
m

Mc I

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets, determine (a) the maximum tensile and compressive stresses, (b) the radius of curvature.
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Calculate the curvature

1 M EI

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the section centroid and moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 1 20 90 1800 2 40 30 1200 A
yA A

y , mm 50 20

yA, mm 3 90 103 24 103 yA 114 103

3000
114 103 3000

38 mm

Ix

I
1 90 12

Ad 2

203 1800 12

1 bh3 12 2

Ad 2 403 1200 182

868 103 mm 868 10 m

1 30 12 -9 4

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 4.2

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
m A

Mc I M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m I 868 10 9 mm 4 M cB 3 kN m 0.038 m I 868 10 9 mm 4

76.0 MPa 131.3 MPa

Calculate the curvature

1 M EI 3 kN m 165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4
1 20.95 10 3 m -1 47.7 m

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

Consider a composite beam formed from two materials with E1 and E2. Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x

Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

1

E1 x

E1 y

E2 x

E2 y

Neutral axis does not pass through section centroid of composite section. Elemental forces on the section are
dF1
x 1
1dA

E1 y

dA dF2

2 dA

E2 y

dA

My I
x 2

Define a transformed section such that

n x

dF2

nE1 y

dA

E1 y

n dA

E2 E1
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section made entirely of brass

Evaluate the cross sectional properties of the transformed section

Calculate the maximum stress in the transformed section. This is the correct maximum stress for the brass pieces of the bar. Bar is made from bonded pieces of steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass (Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the maximum stress in the steel and brass when a moment of 40 kip*in is applied. Determine the maximum stress in the steel portion of the bar by multiplying the maximum stress for the transformed section by the ratio of the moduli of elasticity.
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section made entirely of brass.

n bT Es Eb 29 106 psi
6

1.933 2.25 in

15 10 psi 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in

Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

I
1 b h3 12 T 1 12

2.25 in. 3 in 3

5.063 in 4

Calculate the maximum stresses

m

Mc I

40 kip in 1.5 in 5.063 in

m
4

11.85 ksi

b max s max
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b max

11.85 ksi 22.9 ksi

4 - 17

n m

1.933 11.85 ksi

s max

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Reinforced Concrete Beams

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are reinforced by steel rods. The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below the neutral surface. The upper part of the concrete beam carries the compressive load. In the transformed section, the cross sectional area of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area nAs where n = Es/Ec. To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x n As d 2 x 0 0
1 b x2 2

n As x n As d

The normal stress in the concrete and steel

x c

My I
x s

n x
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Transform to a section made entirely of concrete. Evaluate geometric properties of transformed section. Calculate the maximum stresses in the concrete and steel. A concrete floor slab is reinforced with 5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and 3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft width of the slab, determine the maximum stress in the concrete and steel.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 4.4

Beer Johnston DeWolf

SOLUTION: Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.

n nAs Es Ec 29 106 psi 3.6 10 psi 4.95 in 2
6

8.06

2 5 8.06 2 4 8 in

Evaluate the geometric properties of the transformed section.

12 x I x 2
1 3

4.95 4 x

x 1.450 in 44.4 in 4

12 in 1.45 in 3

4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2

Calculate the maximum stresses.

c

Mc1 I n Mc2 I

40 kip in 1.45 in 44.4 in 40 kip in 2.55 in 8.06 44.4 in 4

4

1.306 ksi 18.52 ksi

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Concentrations

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stress concentrations may occur: in the vicinity of points where the loads are applied in the vicinity of abrupt changes in cross section
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Mc I

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations
y m c

Beer Johnston DeWolf

For any member subjected to pure bending

x

strain varies linearly across the section

If the member is made of a linearly elastic material, the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
and
x

My I

For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve, the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx
x

dA

y x dA

For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of symmetry and a material with the same tensile and compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral axis is located at the section centroid and the stressstrain relationship may be used to map the strain distribution from the stress distribution.
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations

Beer Johnston DeWolf

When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate strength of the material, failure occurs and the corresponding moment MU is referred to as the ultimate bending moment. The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found from an experimentally determined value of MU and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
RB MU c I

RB may be used to determine MU of any member made of the same material and with the same cross sectional shape but different dimensions.

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Mc I I Y c

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
x Y m

MY

maximum elastic moment

If the moment is increased beyond the maximum elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an elastic core.
M
3M 2 Y

2 1 yY 3 2

yY

elastic core half - thickness

In the limit as the moment is increased further, the elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a fully plastic deformation.
Mp k
3M 2 Y

plastic moment

Mp MY

shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single Plane of Symmetry

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a vertical plane of symmetry. The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass through the section centroid. Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1 A1 Y R2 A2 Y

The neutral axis divides the section into equal areas.

The plastic moment for the member,

Mp
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1 2

A Y d
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Residual Stresses

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Plastic zones develop in a member made of an elastoplastic material if the bending moment is large enough. Since the linear relation between normal stress and strain applies at all points during the unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming the member to be fully elastic. Residual stresses are obtained by applying the principle of superposition to combine the stresses due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic deformation) and unloading with a moment -M (elastic deformation). The final value of stress at a point will not, in general, be zero.
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.05, 4.06

Beer Johnston DeWolf

A member of uniform rectangular cross section is subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m. The member is made of an elastoplastic material with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b) the radius of curvature of the neutral surface. After the loading has been reduced back to zero, determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses, (d) radius of curvature.

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.05, 4.06
2 1 yY 3 2

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Thickness of elastic core:

M
3M 2 Y

1
3 2

36.8 kN m yY c yY 60 mm

28.8 kN m 1 0.666

2 1 yY 3 2

2 yY

80 mm

Radius of curvature: Maximum elastic moment:

Y Y

240 106 Pa 200 109 Pa

I c

2 bc 2 3

2 3

50 10 3 m 60 10 3 m

120 10 6 m3 MY I 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa Y c 28.8 kN m

Y

1.2 10 3 yY yY
Y

40 10 3 m 1.2 10 3

33.3 m
4 - 28

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.05, 4.06

Beer Johnston DeWolf

M = 36.8 kN-m
yY
Y

M = -36.8 kN-m
m

M=0
At the edge of the elastic core,
x x

40 mm 240 MPa

Mc 36.8 kN m I 120 106 m3 306.7 MPa 2 Y

35.5 106 Pa 200 109 Pa 40 10 3 m 177.5 10 6

225 m

177.5 10 6 yY
x

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Stress due to eccentric loading found by superposing the uniform stress due to a centric load and linear stress distribution due a pure bending moment
x x centric x bending

P My A I

Eccentric loading
F M P Pd

Validity requires stresses below proportional limit, deformations have negligible effect on geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points of load application.

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Find the equivalent centric load and bending moment Superpose the uniform stress due to the centric load and the linear stress due to the bending moment. Evaluate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses at the inner and outer edges, respectively, of the superposed stress distribution.

An open-link chain is obtained by bending low-carbon steel rods into the shape shown. For 160 lb load, determine Find the neutral axis by determining the location where the normal stress (a) maximum tensile and compressive is zero. stresses, (b) distance between section centroid and neutral axis
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Normal stress due to a centric load

A c2 P A 0.25 in 2 160 lb 0.1963 in 2
0

0.1963 in 2 815 psi

Equivalent centric load and bending moment

P 160 lb M Pd 160 lb 0.6 in 104 lb in

Normal stress due to bending moment

I
1 4

c4

1 4

0.25 4

3.068 10 3 in 4
m

Mc I

104 lb in 0.25 in .068 10 3 in 4

8475 psi
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Maximum tensile and compressive stresses

t 0 m

Neutral axis location

0 P My0 A I P I AM 3.068 10 3 in 4 815 psi 105 lb in

815 8475
c 0 m

9260 psi
y0

815 8475

7660 psi y0 0.0240 in

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 4.8

Beer Johnston DeWolf

The largest allowable stresses for the cast iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120 MPa in compression. Determine the largest force P which can be applied to the link. SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent centric load and bending moment. Superpose the stress due to a centric load and the stress due to bending. From Sample Problem 2.4,
A 3 10 3 m 2 Y I 0.038 m 868 10 9 m 4
4 - 34

Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable tensile and compressive stresses.

The largest allowable load is the smallest of the two critical loads.

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 4.8
d 0.038 0.010 P centric load M Pd 0.028 P 0.028 m bending moment

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.

Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

A

P Mc A A I P Mc A A I

P 3 10 P 3 10
3

0.028 P 0.022 868 10 0.028 P 0.022 868 10

9 9

377 P 1559 P

Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

A B

377 P 1559 P

30 MPa 120 MPa

P P

79.6 kN 79.6 kN
P 77.0 kN

The largest allowable load

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Analysis of pure bending has been limited to members subjected to bending couples acting in a plane of symmetry. Members remain symmetric and bend in the plane of symmetry. The neutral axis of the cross section coincides with the axis of the couple Will now consider situations in which the bending couples do not act in a plane of symmetry.

Cannot assume that the member will bend in the plane of the couples.
In general, the neutral axis of the section will not coincide with the axis of the couple.
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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
0 Fx
or 0
x dA

Beer Johnston DeWolf

y m dA c

y dA

neutral axis passes through centroid M

y m dA c Iz moment of inertia

Wish to determine the conditions under which the neutral axis of a cross section of arbitrary shape coincides with the axis of the couple as shown. The resultant force and moment from the distribution of elementary forces in the section must satisfy
Fx 0 My Mz M applied couple

Mz mI c

y I

or M

defines stress distribution 0 My

or 0 y m dA c product of inertia

z x dA yz dA I yz

couple vector must be directed along a principal centroidal axis

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Superposition is applied to determine stresses in the most general case of unsymmetric bending. Resolve the couple vector into components along the principle centroidal axes.
Mz M cos My M sin

Superpose the component stress distributions

x

Mzy Iz

Myy Iy

Along the neutral axis,

x

0 y z

Mzy Iz Iz tan Iy

Myy Iy

M cos Iz

M sin Iy

tan

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Resolve the couple vector into components along the principle centroidal axes and calculate the corresponding maximum stresses.
Mz M cos My M sin

Combine the stresses from the component stress distributions. A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a rectangular wooden beam in a plane forming an angle of 30 deg. with the vertical. Determine (a) the maximum stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the neutral axis forms with the horizontal plane.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mzy Iz

Myy Iy

Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

tan y z Iz tan Iy

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate the corresponding maximum stresses.
Mz My Iz Iy 1600 lb in cos 30 1386 lb in 1600 lb in sin 30
1 12 1 12

800 lb in 5.359 in 4 0.9844 in 4

1.5 in 3.5 in 3 3.5 in 1.5 in 3

The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB

1

Mzy Iz M yz

1386 lb in 1.75 in 5.359 in

4

452.6 psi

The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD 800 lb in 0.75 in 0.9844 in
4 2

Iy

609.5 psi

The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading occurs at A.

max 1 2

452.6 609.5

max

1062 psi
4 - 40

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

tan Iz tan Iy 3.143 5.359 in 4 0.9844 in
4

tan 30

72.4o

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Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Consider a straight member subject to equal and opposite eccentric forces. The eccentric force is equivalent to the system of a centric force and two couples.
P centric force M y Pa Mz Pb

By the principle of superposition, the combined stress distribution is

x

P Mzy A Iz

M yz Iy

If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may be found from

Mz y Iz
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My Iy

P A
4 - 42