Chemistry
Mohd Hasanuddin b Abu Bakar B Hj Abd
1428h
2008m /
Mdm. Medicines .
Ranizah
Bt
CHEMISTRY FOLIO FORM 5 2008
Mukty
Chemistry
Mohd Hasanuddin b Abu Bakar B Hj Abd
1428h
2008m /
Front page
Evaluate
by : This Chemistry folio is prepared for the PEKA’s
certificate SPM 2008. This folio is based on chapter 5 ,
Chemicals For Consumer Chemistry form 5 including
Ranizah
Bt
ISBN 1505-1991-
160807
A
Fisrt Published in lhamdulillah,
Jan/2008(exclusive I would like to
edition) extend my
gratefulness
All rights reserved. No to Allah The
part of this project may Almighthy for giving me
be reproduced, stored in the chance to complete
any retrieval system, or the folio of Chemistry
transmitted in any form Form 5. In the process of
or by any means, completing the
electronic, assignment, I had to
photocopying, face a few challenges.
mechanical, recording However, I managed to
or otherwise, with the overcome all the
perior permission of problems with the help
of many people.
Alhasan Ibnu A.bakar First and foremost,
Town BanggoKiat I would like to express
08200 Sikney my sincere thanks to all
MalaysiaPeace2007 my family members
Tel : 04-4695340 especially my parents
email: who gave me not only
hasan_sas91@yahoo. financial support but
com.my also moral support and
motivation to fine the
Layout and typesetting solutions to all the
and printed by : questions given.
AlhasanIbnu A. Bakar Not forgetting, my
Corporation sincere thanks to my
chemistry teacher,
Soap
1. Cleansing agents are chemical substance used to remove
grease and dirt.
a) Soaps
b) Detergents
CH2COOC17H35
CH2OH
CHCOOC17H35 + 3NaOH
CHOH
(heating)
CH2COOC17H35 3C17H35COONa
+ CH2OH
(pg 548)
Detergents
[ All rights reserved ALHASAN ©2008 ] Page 13
CHEMISTRY FOLIO FORM 5 2008
1. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from
hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum fractions. Thus,
detergents are petrochemicals.
Example : R – N (CH3)3+BR-
Example : R – O – CH2CH2OH
Where
R
repres
ents a
long
R – OSO3-
Preparation of detergents
1. The detergent, sodium alkyl sulphate can be prepared
from alcohols with chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon atoms
in two steps.
a) Step 1 : Alkylation
b) Step 2 : Sulphonation
c) Step 3 : Neutralisation
Additives in detergents
1. Modern detergents used for washing clothes usually
contains a few types of additives to :
6. Brighteners
Brightener
Cloth
8. Stabilisers
Disadvantages of soaps
2. In hard water, soaps will react with Mg2+ and thus, soaps
do not lather in hard water.
Advantages of detergents
Disadvantages of detergents
3. When the fats and oils are oxidized, rancid product are
formed. This makes the food unpalatable. The rancid
product are volatile organic compound with foul odours
(for example , butanoic acid, C3H7COOH).
5.
Flavouring agents
1. There are two types of flavouring agents : artificial flavours
and flavour enhancer. They are added to foods to make
them taste better.
6. Many esters have fruity odours and tastes and are used as
artificial flavours. Table below shows some examples of
esters that are used in making drinks.
4. Allergy
a) Food additives such as sodium sulphite
(preservative), BHA and BHT (antioxidants), MSG
(flavouring) and some food colours (e.g, Yellow No.
5) can cause allergic reactions in some people.
5. Cancer
a) Chemicals that cause cancer are called
carcinogens. Sodium nitrite (a preservative) is a
potent carcinogen.
6. Brain damage
Excessive intake of nitrites for a prolonged period of time
can cause brain damage. In this condition, the supply of
oxygen to the brain is disrupted and this cause brain
damage.
7. Hyperactivity
a) Food additives such as tartrazine can cause
hyperactivity.
Disadvantage
1. Eating food additives such as preservatives, antioxidants
and flavour enhancers is excess quantities over a long
period of time is detrimental to health.
Modern medicines
1. Before the 20th century, most medicines were extracted
from plants (herbal medicines). Since 1900. Thousands of
modern drugs have been synthesised from organic
compound.
b) Uses of aspirin
5. Paracetamol
6. Codeine
Antibiotics : antibacterial
medicine
1. Antibiotics are chemicals that destroy or prevent the
growth of infectious microorganism.
5. Penicillin
Psychotherapeutic medicines
1. Psychotherapeutic medicines are a group of drugs for
treating mental or emotional illnesses.
Types of Example
psychotherapeutic drugs
a) Stimulants Caffeine, amphetamine
b) Antidepressant Prozac
c) Antipsychotic Chloropromazin
agents
3. Stimulants
4. Antidepressants
5. Antipsychotic medicines
1. Self-medication
4. Side effects
5. Expiry date
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