Alhamdulillah, thank you Allah for giving the will to do my Additional Mathematics project.

Secondly, I would like to thank the principal of Maktab Sultan Ismail, Mr. Saipuddin B. Abdullah for giving the permission to do my Additional Mathematics project work. I also would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, Ms. Khoriah for the guide and giving useful and important information for me to complete this project work. Besides that, I would like to thank my parents for their support and encouragement. Lastly, a special thanks to all my friends for their help, cooperation in searching for information and completing this project work together.

We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we are in Form 5. This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared three tasks for us. We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest. This project can be done in groups or individually but each of us are expected to submit an individually written report. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we gain valuable experiences and able to: Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems. Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningful hence improve our thinking skills. Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems. Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected. Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective learning. Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing and to use mathematical language to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely. Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving in ways that increase interest and confidence. Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace. Realise mathematics is an important and powerful tools in solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics. Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy environments. Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively. Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more creative and innovative. Realise the importance and the beauty of mathematics.

We are expected to submit this project work within two weeks from the first day the task is being administered to us. Failure to submit the written report will result in us not receiving certificate.

Part I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings.

ANSWER: There are three ways of how mathematics is connected with cake baking and cake decorating are through the use of geometry, calculus, and progression in both activity.

Geometry is used to: 1. Determine suitable dimensions for the cake 2. Assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs 3. Estimate volume of cake to be produced Calculus OR differentiation is used to: 1. Determine the minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cakebaking 2. Estimate the minimum or maximum amount of cream needed for decorating 3. Estimate the minimum or maximum size of cake produced

Progressions is used to: 1. Determine total weight or volume of multi-storeys cakes with proportional dimensions 2. Estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking 3. Estimate total amount of cream for decoration

Part II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration. 1)If akilogram of cake has a volume of 3800cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5kg cake ordered by your school.[Use = 3.142]

ANSWER: Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake

3800 x 5 = (3.142)(d/2)2 x 7 19000/7 x (3.142) = (d/2)2 863.872 = (d/2)2 d/2 = 29.392 d = 58.784 cm

2)The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0cm in length, 60.0cm in width and 45.0cm in height. a)If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers. ANSWERS:

19000 = (3.142)(d/2)2h 19000 / (3.142)h = d2/4 24188.415 / h = d2 d = 155.53 / ( h) Height, h (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
b)Based on the values in your table, (i)state the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. ANSWER:

Diameter, d (cm) 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 68.56 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

h< 7cm is NOT suitable because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.

(ii)suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer. ANSWER:

h=8 cm , d=54.99 cm because it can fit into the oven and the size is suitable for easy handling.
c) (i)Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed.

ANSWER:

19000 = (3.142)(d / 2)2h 19000 / (3.142)h = d2 / 4 24188.415 / h = d2 d = 155.53 / h - d = 155.53 - log d = 155.53 log d = - log h + log 155.53 log h log d 0 2.19 1 1.69 2 1.19 3 0.69 4 0.19

(ii) (a)If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. ANSWER:

h = 10.5 cm log h = 1.021 log d = 1.680 d = 47.86 cm

(b)If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. ANSWER:

d = 42 cm log d = 1.623 log h = 1.140 h = 13.80 cm

3)Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm. a)Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii) ANSWER:

h=8 cm, d=54.99 cm amount of fresh cream = volume of fresh cream needed (area x height) amount of fresh cream = volume of cream at the top surface + volume of cream at the side surface

volume of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142)(54.99 / 2)2 x 1 = 2375 cm3

Volume of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99 / 2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm3

Amount of fresh cream required = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm3

b)Suggest three other shapes for cake that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. ANSWER:

1)Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid) 19000 = base area x height base area = 19000 / 2 length x width = 2375 By trial & improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50,width = 47.5,height = 8) Volume of cream = 2(area of left/right side surface)(height of cream) + 2(area of front/back side surface)(height of cream) + volume of top surface Volume of cream = 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47.5)(1) + 2375 Volume of cream = 3935 cm3

2)Triangle-shaped base 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial & improvement, 4750t = 95 x 50 (length = 95,width = 50) Slant length of triangle = (952 + 252) = 98.23 Amount of cream = (area of rectangular front side surface)(height of cream) + 2(area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(height of cream) + volume of top surface Amount of cream = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm3

3)Pentagon-shaped base 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon 2375 = 5 (length x width) length x width = 475 By trial & improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25,width = 19) Amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + volume of top surface Amount of cream = 5 (19 x 8) + 2375 Amount of cream = 3135 cm3

c)Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of cream to be used? ANSWER:

Pentagon-shaped base cake since it only requires 3135 cm3

Part III Find the dimension of a 5kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. USE at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. ANSWER:

Method I : Differentation 19000 = (3.142)r2h V = (3.142)r2 + 2(3.142)rh From (1) = h = 19000 / (3.142)r2 .(1) .(2) .(3)

V = (3.142)r2 + 2(3.142)r [19000 / (3.142)r2] V = (3.142)r2 + (38000 / r) V = (3.142)r2 + 38000r

-1

(dV / dr) = 2(3.142)r (38000 / r2) 0 = 2(3.142)r (38000 / r2) min. value, so dV / dr = 0 38000 / r2 = 2(3.142)r 38000 / 2(3.142) = r3 6047.104 = r3 r = 18.22 sub. r =18.22 into (3) h = 19000 / (3.142)(18.22)2 h = 18.22 h = 18.22, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

Method II : Quadratic Functions Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake 19000 = (3.142)r2h .(1)

f(r) = (3.142)r2 + 2(3.142)hr .(2) from (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r2 + 2hr) factorize (3.142) f(r) = (3.142)[(r + 2h / 2)2 (2h / 2)2] CTS a = (3.142), b = 2h, c = 0 f(r) = (3.142)[(r + h)2 h2] f(r) = (3.142) (r + h)2 (3.142)h2

a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value = f(r) = -(3.142)h2, corresponding value of x = r = -h)

sub. r = -h into (1) 19000 = (3.142)r2 (18.22) r2 = 331.894 r = 18.22 h = 18.22 cm , d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

FURTHER EXPLORATION Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. a)Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number pattern. ANSWER:

Height of each cakes = 6 cm Radius of largest cake = 31 cm Radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake = 27.9 cm Radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake = 25.11 cm Radius of 4th cake = 10% smaller than 3rd cake = 22.599 cm 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599 a = 31 , r = 9 / 10

Volume = (3.142)r2h Volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31.0)2(6) Volume of 2nd cake = (3.142)(27.9)2(6) = 18116.772 = 14674.585

Volume of 3rd cake = (3.142)(25.11) 2(6) = 11886.414 Volume of 4th cake = (3.142)(22.599) 2(6) = 9627.995 18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995 a = 18116.772 , ratio, r = T2 / T1 = 14674.585 / 18116.772 = 0.81

b)If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods. ANSWER:

Sn = [a (1 - rn )] / (1 - r) Sn = 57000 , a = 18116.772 , r = 0.81 57000 = [18116.772(1 (0.81)n)] / (1 0.81) 1 0.81 = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81
n n

Log 0.81 0.40221 = n n = log 0.40221 / log 0.81 n = 4.322 n=4

In the making of this project, I have spent countless hours doing this project. I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it, I cant fulfill my big dreams and wishes. I used to hate Additional Mathematics. It always makes me wonder why this subject is more difficult than other subjects. I always tried to love every part of it. It always an absolute obstacle for me throughout day and night. I sacrificed my precious time to have fun from weekdays and even weekend that I always looking forward to do Additional Mathematics.

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