Learning activities learning Learning activity 1.1.

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Task a. Search for two additional definitions of semantics and create your own semantics definition. Definition Semantics is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition (how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers and writers, listeners and readers) and of language change (how meanings alter over time). It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are likely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of style. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased. Semantics (from Greek smantik, neuter plural of smantiks)[1][2] is the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata. Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used by humans to express themselves through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics. My own definition Semantics is a linguist study about the meaning of the words, phrase, sign and symbols. This is study of meaning is focus in the language, because it is the way how we are communicated and express our feelings, needs and thoughts.

b. Explain the seven types of meaning with example. There are seven types of meaning which is dividing in three categories 1. Conceptual or Sense is called denotative or cognitive which is the central factor in linguistic communication which is based on two structural principles: Contractiveness (give these lexical items features) Constituent structures (eliminate other features which are not)

It is usually derived from definitions we find in dictionaries and the appearance of these lexical items. Example: Book A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound together; commonly, many folded and bound sheets containing continuous printing or writing. 2. Associative is the secondary meaning supplement to the conceptual meaning. This has influence about culture, background, education, experience, religion, geographical religion, ect. This is about the expression which has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker. 2.1. Connotative meaning is conceptual meaning with expression. It could be change according to culture, background or society. It depends on how an individual or society perceives an utterance. Example: Book: old, boring, wide 2.2 Stylistic meaning have two aspects of communication about the situation and where it takes place. Stylistics meaning is a piece of language conveys about social circumstance of its use. Language use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words. It is important the intonation and voice-timber (tone of voice) because express emotions Example: I would like to drink a soda. 2.3 Affective meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes of a language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context. Example: I am afraid I can go. The words have emotive values may fall into two categories: Appreciative or commendatory words of positive to show approval. Example: Admire, charm, love Pejorative or derogatory words with negative connotations imply disapproval. Example: hate, detest, good for nothing...

2.4 Reflected meaning is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. The words have multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.

Example: I am homesick. I miss my family (I want to be with my family) Could you please call Miss Ortega (This is a title for women no marry)

2.5 Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires which are that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words that go before or come after a word in question. Example I am pretty tired (too much) She is a pretty princess. (Beautiful) 3 Thematic Meaning is about word order and how affects the meaning. Example: Today I am going to finish my homework. (Promise) I am going to finish my homework today. (Neutral way) c. Name four fields related to the semantics studies and describe which one is the relationship. Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. If we pronounce wrong we can change the real meaning of the word we want to say. Morphology is the structure of words and the smallest meaning-bearing units and how they combine into words. The relationship is about how we can change the word with put o move out some letter. Syntax is the formation of sentences, how words are combined to larger units than words, to phrases and sentences. The relationship is because the place where it put the word can change the meaning. Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language. These sounds are called phonemes. It is divided into three main branches: Articulatory phonetics is the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Auditory phonetics is the study of the way people perceive speech sounds. It helps our skill to communicate because it gives the tips which articulation we used to pronounce.

Learning activity 1.2. Task a. Use a graphic designer to summarize the types of Creativity.

Types of Creativity

Aspect our language competence

Lexical Innovation

The semantics alertness

Conceptual Fuction
Associates with the scientist and prose writer.

The dynamics of linguistic evolution on historical scale.

Resist the stereotyping tendency.

EXAMPLE: Internet, web

These word are created for evolution technology Neologism EXAMPLE: Pain in my neck. Something bothers us.

Make full inventive use of the infinity of possible configurations of meaning.

This context the irrational or counterlogical character of poetry becomes explicable Devices

Applies from the particularly to literary prose.

A metaphor is a figure of speech and or phrases that one word as being or equal to a second object in some way.

The transfer of meaning thus accomplished is figurative and Metaphorical

Paradox is a statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition

b. Diagram a word map about FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

c. Explain Language as a Substitute for Action. Languages have different function that can influence the behaviour, attitudes and express feelings. Also keep the equilibrium of society. This is why we say that language can substitute for action in different way for example physical activity when we speak or write using the expressive and directive function it can change the aptitude of people. This is a important quality of language that bring us the opportunity to communicate or express ourselves what we feel, give advice, rules, obligation or action that we want people do it. Didactic orientations Read carefully pages 47-67 from the textbook the you will find the information you need Objective To describe the types of Creativity To visualize the Functions of Language To understand the importance of language

Criteria Evaluation Types of Creativity identification Understanding about Functions of Language How language can be a mechanism of humans survival

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Learning activity 1.3. Task a. Write the theory and new examples for each type of Basic Statement. Basic statements in semantics rarely misuse intuition in the sense of claiming direct explicit knowledge of the rules of language. Instead, they argue from certain kind of observation which they take to be self-evident. There are several types of statement about meaning. Types or Basic Statements Synonymous gives the speaker/writer the possibility to choose the most appropriate linguistic form for his thoughts. Example: I am homesick is synonymous I am nostalgic. Entails gives the speaker/writer to tell the true. Example: I am homesick is entails I miss my family Inconsistent the speaker/writer do not tell the true. Example: I am homesick is inconsistent I do not miss my family Tautology general true. Example: I am homesick is tautology I live out with no family or friend gets nostalgic Contradiction is invariably false. Example: I am homesick is contradiction I feel great Positively Presupposes is the true for granted. Example: Are you homesick? is Positively Presupposes You feel good Negatively Presupposes is false for granted. Example:

If I were with my family, things would be better? is Negatively Presupposes I have a family Semantically anomalous is absurd in the sentence Example: I feel good when I am homesick.

b. With the use of an example explain the components of Meaning Component of Meaning is how word is dividing into minimal distinctive features. The components are contrast with other components Example: Car Boat Airplane Those are medium of transportation by the have different way to function: By air: airplane By water: Boat By land: Car We can represented these sense is to write a formula Car: transportation + use land Boat: transportation use land Airplane: transportation use land

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Learning activity 1.4. Task a. Design a concept map using components and meaning relations with examples.

Components

Crackers

Salty

+ Food + Snack + Salty

+ Food + Snack + Sweet

Formula: + food + snack + salty

Formula: + food + snack - salty

Meaning Relation University Synonym College

Antonym Ignorant
Higher education + young people + knowledge Student Smart Education System

Hyponymy

Higher education + young people + knowledge Higher education + young people + knowledge

b. Identify and give an example of each one of the contrast meanings. (Oppositions) There are different short of opposites with different meaning relations. Antonyms denote two opposite extremes Example: Old / new Girl / boy

Directional opposites related to opposite directions on a common axis.

Example: Left / right Up / down

Complementaries denotes one out of the only two possibilities in some domain of cases. Example: Father / Mother Wake / sleep

Heteronyms more than two alternatives within a given domain. Example: January / March Eyes / Nose Converses the same with reversed roles (logical relations only). Example: Give / Receive Sell / Buy