ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS MATH 1131

NAME: SYEDA NIKHAT STUDENT NUMBER: 208990145

DUE DATE: JAN 20, 2011

1.14 (a) Education variable is measured in this table. (b) The variable is qualitative as it cannot be numerically represented. (c) The numbers represent the percentage of population of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal people who obtained education.

(d)
Pie Chart of Education
Category University degree Trades college, university Certificate/diploma Some post-secondary High school only Less than high school

6.0

12.0

42.3 12.2

12.1

(e)
Chart of education among Non-Aboriginal population
30 25 20

Count

15 10 5 0

Certificate/diploma

High school only

Less than high school

Some post-secondary University degree/ Trades college

Education

1.20 (a) Stem-and-Leaf Display: Data Stem-and-leaf of Data N = 24 Leaf Unit = 0.10

(13) 3 2345556679999 11 4 00223334458

1.20 (b) Stem-and-Leaf Display: Data Stem-and-leaf of Data N = 24 Leaf Unit = 0.10

3 3 234 (10) 3 5556679999 11 4 002233344 2 4 58 The presentation of data in part b is much better as it is easier to see the distribution of data. If the plot is turned sideways, the data distribution appears as mount-shaped. This gives an idea of where most of the data occurs. This cannot be observed from the stem and leaf plot in part a with only 2 lines. 1.58 (a)
Histogram of Index
6/6 5/6

Relative Frequency

4/6 3/6 2/6 1/6 0

40

60

80 Index

100

120

The unusual feature is that it doesnt appear as a mount shaped distribution and some frequencies are very large while some are very low. (b) Stem-and-Leaf Display: Index Stem-and-leaf of Index N = 26 Leaf Unit = 1.0

1 4 2 2 4 8 2 5 2 5 4 6 24 6 6 69 9 7 134 9 7 12 8 344 (3) 8 568 11 9 014 8 9 8 10 011 5 10 9 4 11 4 11 679 1 12 1 12 1 13 0 (c) The countries seem to have been selected randomly as you see a big range of measurements from large to small in the list. There is no pattern in the data.

2.12 (a) The average price of these ten LCD tvs is 812 as calculated by adding all the values, dividing by 10 and multiplying by 100. (b) The median price is 600. (700+500)/2 = 600

(C) As a consumer, I would not be interested in the average cost as the prices of some brands of TVs are high which brings the average cost up. The median price, however, is more appealing since it gives a better idea of the average price and a better estimate of the average cost of TVs.

2.18 (a) The range of bill is R = 312.40 165.12 = 147.28 (b) The mean monthly utility bill is 227.213. Mean = (1200 + 800 + 1050 + 750 + 700 + 500 + 600 + 670 + 1200 + 650) / 10 = 227.213 (c) The standard deviation can be calculated using variance: s2 = [(12x647830 - 7434129)/12]/11 = 2574.5 and s = 50.74 2.34 Results for: Ex0234.MTW Descriptive Statistics: Children Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum Children 22 0 3.136 0.611 2.867 0.000 0.000 3.000 4.250 9.000 (a)
Histogram of Children
6/6 5/6

Relative Frequency

4/6 3/6 2/6 1/6 0

4 Children

(b)The standard deviation is 2.92: S2 = ([(385 x 21) 4489]/21) /20 = 8.56 S = 2.92 And the mean of the measurements is 3.19 as calculated by adding all the values, dividing by 22 and multiplying by 100. Mean = (3+3+8+9+9+6+0+0+3+0+0+5+0+2+4+1+4+4+0+3+3+2)/22 = 69/22 = 3.19

(c) 1st Interval x + s = 3.135 + 2.867 = 0.268 to 6.002 2nd Interval x + 2s = 3.135 + 2(2.867)= -2.599 to 8.869 3rd Interval x + 3s = 3.135 + 3(2.867)= -5.2875 to 11.736 In the first interval, there are 54.5% of the values. In the second interval, there are 90.9 % of the values. In the third interval, there are 100% of the values. Therefore the empirical rule is satisfied for this data since for the empirical rule to work, first interval should have at least 68% of the values, the second interval should have at least 95% of the values, and the third interval should have at least 99.7% of the values. The percentages obtained above are close to the required percentages of the empirical rule. The Tschebysheffs theorem is also satisfied as at least of the measurements fall into the 2nd interval and at least 8/9 of the measurements fall into the third interval.

2.36 Results for: Ex0236.MTW

a) The standard deviation is 23.41. and can be calculated using formula

b) The range R is R = 18.3. Range approximation gives the standard deviation of 4.575

R/4 = S , S = 18.3/4 = 4.575 Yes it is a close observation as the standard deviation is 5.66 (c) (d) The variance for the old data is: S2= [(9x 97934.21) 879099.4 / 9] /8 = 32.062 The variance for the new data is: S2 = [( 9 x 32032.11) 285971.5)/9]/8 = 32.187

(e) Interval x + 3s = 104.178 + 3 x 5.66 = 87.198 to 121.158 100% of the values lie within three standard deviations of the overall mean. The results agree with Tschebysheffs theorem as this interval must contain atleast 8/9 of the measurements for the rule to be satisfied and that is the result observed for this data. (f) Interval x + 2s = 104.178 + 2 x 5.66 = 92.86 to 115.498 100% of the values fall into this category. This is close to the 95% required by the empirical rule. Therefore, this data satisfies the empirical rule Interval x + s =104.178 + 5.66 = 98.52 to 109.84 66% of the values fall into this category. This is close to the 65% of measurements required by the empricial rule. Therefore, this data satisfies the empirical rule. The shape of the distribution is skewed to the left. (g) Five provinces are stabilized as the average gas price is about the same in these provinces and is close to the mean and lie only one standard deviation away from the overall mean. These five provinces are New Brunswick, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan.

2.54 Descriptive Statistics: Price per litre Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Price per litre 13 0 103.54 2.34 8.42 93.00 97.50 104.00 106.50 Variable Maximum Price per litre 126.00 (a) Q1 = 0.25(n + 1) = 0.25(13+1) = 3.5 Q3 = 0.75(n+1) = 0.75(13+1) = 10.5 Q1= 97 + 0.5(98-97) = 97.5 Q3= 105 + 0.5(107-106) = 106.5
(b) IQR = 106.5 -97.5 = 9 (c) Lower fence: 97.5 (1.5 x 9) = 84 (d) Upper fence: 106.5 + (1.5 x 9) =120

Boxplot of Price per litre

130

120

Price per litre

110

100

90

(e) (f) Yes, 126th measurement is an outlier as shown by an asterisk. (g) Z-score for the lowest value: (93 -103.54)/8.42 =-1.257 Z-score for the highest value: (126-103.54)/8.42 = 2.667 2.667 is very close to 3.0 which makes this value unsual. Therefore, it is considered to be an outlier. (h) The score for price in Hamilton = (98 103.54)/8.42 = -0.658 -0.658 makes this value a common value and not an outlier. The gas price is not an unusual value because the Z-score for the price is -0.658 which is only slightly deviated from the mean. (i) As an environmentally conscious person, I would live in victoria that has high gas prices, which would lower gasoline consumption as people would be more careful about using their gas if its sold at a higher price.