1

LIDIA VIANU
Director CTITC (Centrul pentru Traducerea i Intrepretarea Textului Contemporan) Catedra de Englez Facultatea de Limbi i Literaturi Strine Universitatea din Bucureti

Tabele de gramatic folosite n: English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice (toate la Editura Teora: 252-1431, 0724-821.361)

PROF. DR. LIDIA VIANU Director CTITC (Centrul pentru Traducerea i Interpretarea Textului Contemporan) Director MTTLC (Masetratul pentru Traducerea Textului Literar Contemporan) Profesor de Literatur Contemporan Britanic Universitatea Bucureti, Facultatea de Limbi i Literaturi Straine, Catedra de Englez Email: lidiavianu@yahoo.com Internet site: http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com http://www.lidiavianu.go.ro

2 SPELLING (The Verb)

INFINITIVE

-ING

-ED

-S

to dine (e final cade) [excepie: to dye (a vopsi) to die to stay (y dup vocal nu se schimb) to cry (y dup consoan devine i, pentru ed, -s) to stop (consoan precedat de vocal scurt i accentuat) [excepie: to develop [to kidnap to travel to focus to refer (r final se dubleaz) to panic

dining dyeing

dined dyed

dines dyes]

dying staying

died stayed

dies stays

crying

cried

cries

stopping

stopped

stops

developing kidnapping travel(l)ing focus(s)ing referring

developed kidnapped travel(l)ed focus(s)ed referred

develops] kidnaps] travels focus(s)es refers

panicking

panicked

panics

3 PLURAL OF NOUNS

SINGULAR

PLURAL

car class way sky potato

wife, thief

cars classes ways skies potatoes Exceptions: cantos, dynamos, concertos, curios, embryos, halos, magnetos, scenarios, studios, solos, photos, pianos, archipelagos, radios wives, thieves Exceptions: roofs, gulfs, chiefs, griefs, muffs, proofs, cliffs, safes, handkerchief Double: scarfs, scarves; wharfs, wharves; calfs, calves; hoofs, hooves FOREIGN PLURALS

thesis crisis basis analysis datum addendum medium erratum candelabrum phenomenon criterion alga dogma opus

theses crises bases analyses data addenda media errata candelabra phenomena criteria algae dogmata opera IRREGULAR PLURALS

man woman child ox brother goose tooth foot mouse louse (pduche) die (zar)

men women children oxen brethren (frai de credin) geese teeth feet mice lice dice

4 AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY

Form of the verb to be conjugated short Infinitive

Tense/Mood formed

1. to do, did

2. shall, will

short Infinitive

Present Past Tense (interrogative, negative) Future Future Perfect Future-in-the-Past Conditional Present Conditional Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Perfect Infinitive Perfect -ing 1. Continuous Aspect 2. Passive Voice

3. should, would

short Infinitive

4. to have

Past Participle

5. to be

1. ing 2. Past Participle

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

PRESENT PERFECT aciune nceput n trecut i continuat sau cu consecine n prezent PRESENT aciune prezent (general sau n desfurare) FUTURE PERFECT aciune viitoare, naintea unui alt moment viitor FUTURE aciune viitoare

PAST PERFECT aciune trecut, naintea unui alt moment trecut PAST TENSE aciune nceput i terminat n trecut

FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST aciune viitoare fa de un moment trecut (numai n subordonate cu timp trecut n principal)

5 FORMATION OF TENSES/MOODS/VOICES TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE (To Be + Past Participle) Common VOICE

Common

Continuous (To Be+ -ing)

Continuous

1. Present

2. Past Tense

3. Present Perfect 4. Past Perfect

5. Future 6. Future Perfect

7. Conditional Present (Futurein-the-Past) 8. Conditional Past 9. Infinitive 10. Perfect Infinitive 11. ing 12. Perfect -ing

Infinitive + s (3rd person in the singular) do/does; do not + Infinitive Infinitive + ed; second form (irregular verbs) did/did not + Infinitive to Have (Present) + Past Participle to Have (Past Tense) + Past Participle shall/will + Infinitive shall/will + Perfect Infinitive should/would + Infinitive should/would + Perfect Infinitive to ask to Have (Infinitive) + Past Participle Infinitive + -ing to Have (-ing) + Past Participle Infinitive + -ed

to Be (Present) + to Be (Present) + -ing Past Participle

to Be (Present continuous) + Past Participle

to Be (Past Tense) + -ing

to Be (Past Tense) + Past Participle

to Be (Past Tense continuous) + Past Participle

to Be (Present Perfect) + -ing to Be (Past Perfect) + -ing to Be (Future) + -ing to Be (Future Perfect) + -ing

to Be (Present Perfect) + Past Participle to Be (Past Perfect) + Past Participle

to Be (Future) + Past Participle to Be (Future Perfect) + Past Participle to Be to Be (Conditional (Conditional Present) + Past Present) + -ing Participle to Be to Be (Conditional (Conditional Past) + Past Past) + -ing Participle to Be (Infinitive) to Be (Infinitive) + + -ing Past Participle to Be (Perfect to Be (Perfect Infinitive) + - Infinitive) + Past ing Participle to Be (-ing) + Past Participle to Be (Perfect ing) + Past Participle

13. Past Participle

6 PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT PAST TENSE PAST PERFECT (common, continuous) I read every day Citesc zilnic. I am reading at this moment Citesc acum. I have been reading for an hour Citesc de o or . I have been reading since you came Citesc de cnd ai venit. He never sang when he lived in Paris Nu cnta cnd locuia la Paris. When you came he was singing Cnta cnd ai venit. He had been singing for two hours when you came Cnta de dou ore cnd ai venit.

7 TENSES TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE (To Be + Past Participle) Continuous I am being asked

Common 1. Present I ask, do I ask he asks, does he ask I asked did I ask I have asked I had asked I shall/will ask I shall/will have asked I should/would ask

Continuous (To Be+ -ing) I am asking

Common I am asked

2. Past Tense 3. Present Perfect 4. Past Perfect 5. Future 6. Future Perfect 7. Conditional Present (Future-in-thePast) 8. Conditional Past 9. Infinitive 10. Perfect Infinitive 11. ing 12. Perfect -ing 13. Past Participle

I was asking I have been asking I had been asking I shall be asking

I was asked I have been asked I had been asked I shall be asked

I was being asked

I shall have been I shall have asking been asked I should be I should be asking asked

I should/would have asked to ask to have asked asking having asked asked

I should have been asking to be asking to have been asking

I should have been asked to be asked to have been asked being asked having been asked

8 CONTINUOUS ASPECT NOT USED

VERBS

EXCEPTIONS (change of meaning)

1. to be

temporary state He is being noisy (he is usually quiet). only colloquial I am loving it. voluntary action The manager is seeing him now. colloquial I cant believe what I am hearing.

2. feelings, attitudes (to love, like, hate)

3. perception (to see, hear, feel)

4. wish (to desire, want) 5. mental activities (to understand, know, believe, think a crede...) 6. auxiliaries link verbs (verbe copulative) modal verbs 7. repeated actions voluntary action I am thinking of him.

to show irritation He is always buying sweets (and I hate it).

9 PRONOUNS

PERSONAL Nominative I you he she it we you they thou (tu; vechi)

Dative, Accusative me you him her it us you them thee

POSSESSIVE Adjective my your his her its our your their thy

REFLEXIVE Pronoun mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs thine myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves thyself

10 IMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVE let me go go let him/her/it go let us go go let them go ORDER OF WORDS subject predicate direct object indirect object manner place time

NEGATIVE let me not go do not let me go do not go dont yu worry (accentuat)

EMPHATIC do let me see you home (please) do go

n propoziii afirmative, de obicei pe primul loc de obicei nu se separ de verb

1. definite: sfritul propoziiei (dup verb) sau nceputul ei (accentuat). [He came yesterday.] 2. indefinite (i alte adverbe) [ever, never, always, often, usually; only, first, last, already, just]: ntre subiect i predicat sau ntre auxiliar i verbul de conjugat (dup primul auxiliar). [He never laughs. He has already forgotten. I should never have guessed what it was.]

11 ARTICLE

COMPULSORY DEFINITE ARTICLE

1. rivers 2. mountains 3. oceans, seas 4. islands in the plural 5. channels, canals 6. parks 7. shops 8. institutions 9. hotels 10. ships 11. newspapers 12. family names in the plural 13. nouns with attributes

the Thames the Alps the Pacific, the Mediterranean the Hebrides the Channel (Canalul Mnecii) the Zoo the bakers the British Museum the Ritz the Hope the Times the Eliots the England he knows

NO (ZERO) ARTICLE USED

1. proper names 2. countries, continents, towns 3. languages 4. nouns of material 5. abstractions 6. individual nouns in the plural (generic)

Jack England, Europe, London [Exceptions: the Congo, the Hague] English water friendship merchants

12 WHO: Cases NOMINATIVE who GENITIVE whose DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE whom

13 mi se... (reflexiv impersonal, n romn) mi se spune mi se d mi se arat mi se ofer mi se pred mi se promite mi se ordon ni se recomdad mi se decerneaz

Passive I am told I am given I am shown I am offered I am taught I am promised I am ordered I am recommended I am awarded

14 INVERSION

I have never done this before. I realized only later that he had been fishing.

Inversion (when the sentence begins with a negative or restrictive adverb) Never have I done this before. Only later did I realize that he had been fishing. Hardly had I opened my eyes when I saw a hare. No sooner had they set out than the car broke down.

I had hardly opened my eyes when I saw a hare. They had no sooner set out than the car broke down.

HARDLY (Past Perfect) Hardly had he bought the gun He had hardly found the coin NO SOONER (Past Perfect) No sooner had the film started The baby had no sooner fallen asleep

WHEN (Past Tense) when the rabbit attacked him. when the beggar stole it from him. THAN (Past Tense) when the dwarf walked out. than the dog began barking.

15 SEQUENCE OF TENSES

I. PAST TENSE in the main clause (or any other past tenses)

in the subordinate 1. PAST TENSE 2. PAST PERFECT 3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST Changes from direct to indirect speech: 1. PRESENT -----------------> 2. PRESENT PERFECT, PAST TENSE ----------------> 3. FUTURE -------------------> II. Temporal Clause replace Future by 1. PRESENT 2. PRESENT PERFECT (dup ce...) 1. PAST TENSE

2. PAST PERFECT 3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

III. Conditional Clause replace Future by replace Conditional Present by replace Conditional Past by (Subjunctive) PRESENT (Subjunctive) PAST TENSE (Subjunctive) PAST PERFECT

16 Examples I. Past Tense in the main clause He said he knew, he was reading he had finished, he had been reading for hours he would come back soon II. Temporal Clauses 1. when I am free. 2. after I have finished. when he was free. after he had finished. Direct object clause when you will come. when you would come.

I shall come He said he would come

He asks He asked When will you come? (adverb) Do not come

till I ask you. (pn nu te rog) III. Conditional Clauses if I buy the house. if he had time. if he knew. if he had known. if you had brought me the book yesterday. if you did not always beat him Use only past tenses (see the Subjunctive) what you wanted. (ce vrei) what you had done. (ce ai fcut) what you would do. (ce vei face) what you wanted. where you had been. who would help him. Direct object clause if/whether you would have come.

I shall come He said he would come He would come He would have come I should be reading now He would not have run away

He would understand

if you told him

He would have come

if he had known.

He asks/asked I should have come (Veneam if I had known. dac tiam.)

17 Traducerea frazelor cu SEQUENCE OF TENSES n romnete Principal cu Past Tense/Past Perfect Completiv direct Temporal Traducere (n romn nu exist Sequence of Tenses) c o va face c a neles c se plimb de o or c va reveni c va cumpra cartea cnd o va gsi c va scrie romanul dup ce-i va publica poemele.

He said/had said

he would do it. he had understood. he had been walking for an hour. he would come back. he would buy the book he would write the novel Condiional cu Past Tense/Past Perfect (Subjunctive) if you told him

when he found it . after he had published his poems. Orice subordonat

Principal

He would stay with you

a witch was following you. you had lost your key and could not go in. you would tell everyone the truth.

if he had been told

who you were. what you had decided. when you would go to the Congo.

dac i-ai spune c te urmrete o vrjitoare dac i-ai spune c iai pierdut cheia i nu poi intra dac i-ai spune c vei spune tuturor adevrul dac i s-ar fi spus cine eti dac i s-ar fi spus ce ai hotrt dac i s-ar fi spus cnd o s te duci n Congo

Cteva fraze complexe: 1. If you told him when you came back from Venice that you did not want him to phone you, he would stop calling you up every five minutes. [Dac i-ai spune cnd te ntorci de la Veneia c nu mai vrei s te sune, nu te-ar mai chema la telefon din cinci n cinci minute.] 2. He stated he would come back home when I had finished painting it and if I told him whom I had been working with and when I would do it again, if this ever happened. [A declarat c se va ntoarce acas dup ce voi termina s-o zugrvesc i dac-i voi spune cu cine am lucrat i cnd o s-o fac din nou, dac aceasta se va ntmpla vreodat.]

18 Forms of THE SUBJUNCTIVE

I. Synthetical Present (=Infinitive) (old English, exclamatory) I suggest that he go now. Suffice it to say that he was wrong. Long live England! Past (=Past Tense) simultaneity He is speaking as if he did not know the truth. He was looking at me as if I had all the answers. Past Perfect (=Past Perfect) anteriority He is speaking as if he had not been told anything. He was looking at me as if I had stolen his golden watch.

II. Analytical MODAL VERB simultaneity Indefinite Infinitive come today be reading now anteriority Perfect Infinitive have come yesterday have been reading at 7

may, might can, could should will, would EXAMPLES It is strange It is natural I suggest I shall give him the book I came last night He did not ask anything that he should that he should that you should so that he may read it tonight. so that the witch might lest you should

arrive tonight be asking this question forget about the party.

have arrived last night have been dancing at seven

give me the broom.

shout at him.

19 SITUATIONS in which the Subjunctive is used

Main clause 1. It is (natural, advisable...) Conjunction that [subiective introduse cu it impersonal] that Subjunctive form used he SHOULD go, be reading, have finished, have been reading at seven oclock (he go) he SHOULD go (he go) he may/might see me he should see me he can/could see me he will/would see me he SHOULD forget he did not know he had already finished I knew I had known Poetic; condiionala pe primul loc; inversiune: Should I know, I should tell him. Had I known, I should have told him. you came now you had come before you would come (ce n-a da s vii) he left now he had finished before

2. I suggest, insist, urge, demand, order... [dorina vorbitorului] 3. (I shall come I came yesterday...)

so that (final clauses)

lest (ca s nu) 4. (He is/was walking) as if/as though (ca i cum) if unless (dac nu) omiterea conjunciei if 6. I wish (a vrea) I wished (a fi vrut)

5. (I should tell you I should have told you)

7. I would rather/sooner (a prefera) If only (mcar dac) Suppose (dac cumva) It is (high/about) time (e vremea s)

8. Exclamatory sentences

[To Be use were in all persons I/he were here] Long live... (lozinci) Long live the King! May you... (urri) May you live to be a hundred. So be it. (aa s fie) Suffice it to say... (ajunge dac spun c...) he may/might do, be doing, have done, have been doing Whatever he may be doing, you must not disturb him. Whoever he may have been, you should have told him the truth.

[9. ...ever (whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever)

20 After the SUBJUNCTIVE Past and Past Perfect, in the following situations, use only past tenses (Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future-in-the-Past):
Subjunctive form which requires the change 1. Subjunctive Past 2. Subjunctive Past Perfect Subjunctive situation which requires the change Tenses changed into Traducere n romn

PRESENT----> PRESENT PERFECT, PAST TENSE FUTURE------>

PAST TENSE PAST PERFECT

FUTURE-IN-THEPAST

for clauses in a sentence with conditional clauses which use Subjunctive Past or Past Perfect as if/as though I wish/wished if only I would rather suppose it is time Examples I should tell you if I knew you wanted to go there now. you had already found the key. you would not scold her. what he wanted to do. where he had lost the book. why he would be leaving so soon. where the money was. why he had shouted. what would happen. why he had been punished! c vrei s te duci c ai gsit deja cheia c n-o vei certa ce vrea s fac unde a pierdut cartea de ce va pleca att de curnd unde sunt banii de ce a strigat ce se va ntmpla de ce a fost pedepsit

I should have listened if he had explained

I wish he knew If only he had told us I would rather you told me Suppose he never found out

21 Cteva fraze complexe: 1. If I knew you would not tell him what I was telling you, I might explain to you that he was not going to pay his debt because he had not yet found a means of making money while sleeping. [Dac a ti c nu-i vei spune ce-i spun, poate i-a explica cum c n-are de gnd s-i plteasc datoria fiindc nu a descoperit nc un mijloc de a face bani n vreme ce doarme.] 2. If you had announced him when you would come back and how much you would be willing to pay for his monkey, he would certainly be waiting for you now. [Dac-l anunai cnd te vei ntoarce i ct vei fi dispus s-i dai pe maimu, acum precis c te-ar atepta.] 3. I wish he had told us when he wanted to sell the house he had bought in Norway. [A vrea s ne fi spus cnd vrea s vnd casa pe care a cumprat-o n Norvegia.] 4. I would rather he did not tell everyone he met that he had pawned his shirt because I refused to give him any money and he would hang himself unless I paid all his debts by the end of the week. [A prefera s nu spun tuturor celor cu care se ntlnete c i-a amanetat cmaa fiindc refuz s-i dau bani i c se va spnzura dac n-am s-i pltesc toate datoriile pn la sfritul sptmnii.]

22 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Comparative (C) longer/better more expensive

Traducere Intensified Comparative much/far + C C and C ever + C mult mai

Examples

din ce n ce mai

the C 1, the C2

cu ct... , cu att

even + C C + by far

i mai cu mult mai

much better far shorter much more expensive better and better more and more unbelievable ever larger ever more scared The more, the merrier. The more interesting, the better. The sooner he arrives, the less time you will have to spend without him. even farther even more attractive cheaper by far

IRREGULAR COMPARISON

good, well bad, ill much, many little (puin) far near old

better worse more less farther further (suplimentar) nearer older elder (our/your... elders = cei vrstnici) later the latter (al doilea din doi; the former primul din doi)

the best the worst the most the least the farthest the furthest the nearest the next (urmtorul) the oldest the eldest (numai atributiv; pentru frai) the latest (cel mai recent) the last (ultimul)

late

23 AGREEMENT OF NOUNS (Acordul substantivelor) PLURAL: THEY ARE

Substantiv

Traducere

Acord

1, 2, 3...

Exemple

THEY pair(s) of ARE I. clothes trousers

haine pantalon(i)

His trousers are dirty and they are on the bed.

shorts ort overalls salopet glasses/spectacles ochelari compasses compas (compass busol) cntar binoclu clete clete foarfec foarfec mare pijama penset lenjerie de flanel pantalon strns bretele letopise arhiv cenu (ash scrum) vam za periferie salariu economii foale

I only need a pair of glasses. Have you seen my glasses?

scales binoculars tongs pliers scissors shears pyjamas pincers/tweezers flannels tights braces annals archives ashes

I have three pairs of scissors in the house.

customs dregs outskirts wages savings bellows

24 II. poliia clerul cei bogai IT IS; THEY ARE (membri) How long have your family lived here? Are they at home? (unitate) How many members does your crew have? Is it large? are THEY ARE The Police are looking for a thief. The rich have much more than the poor.

the Police the clergy the rich (articol + adjectiv) III.

family crew team IV. (Nouns of material in the plural) butters coals oils... SINGULAR: IT IS Substantiv I. news information knowledge luggage furniture money advice fruit homework veti informaii cunotine bagaje mobil/mobil e bani sfaturi fructe teme Traducere Acord IT IS echipaj echip sorturi de

How many butters have you bought?

1, 2, 3... piece(s) of

Exemple

No news is good news. I need two pieces of information.

25 II. politics mumps measles rickets billiards draughts cards skittles, ninepins physics IT IS

oreion pojar rahitism biliard joc de dame joc de cri popice

Mumps is a dangerous disease.

SINGULAR = PLURAL Au aceeai form pentru singular i plural. Forma de singular are i sens de plural.

Substantiv

Traducere

Acord IS, ARE

Exemple

series species means works fish deer carp trout sheep

serie, serii specie, specii mijloc, intermediu uzin, uzine pete, peti cprioar, cprioare crap, crapi pstrv, pstrvi oaie, oi

How many fish have you got? A deer was running across the street.

He had five sheep when he started fishing carp and trout.

26 MODAL VERBS 1. SHALL (trebuie) 1. For the second and third person only: Modal Future of promise, command and determination (Old English) 2. For the first person, interrogative He shall come. (Va trebui s vin/ Garantez c va veni) You shall not go. (i interzic, n-ai voie)

Shall I go? (Vrei s m duc? S m duc?) What shall I do? (Ce m fac?) 1. He asked me what he should do. (ce s fac)

2. SHOULD (ar trebui)

2. You should come today/be reading now. (Ar trebui) You should have come yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia s) 3. I think he should be there. (Presupun) iritare, surpriz dac s-ar ntmpla (n condiionale) omiterea conjunciei if 1. First person: Modal Future (nvechit) 4. Why should I do it? (De ce tocmai eu?) 5. If I should find him, I should beat him. (Dac s-ar ntmpla s-l gsesc) 6. Should he know, he would come. [poetic] (De-ar ti el...) I will not forget you. (Promit c nu te voi uita)

3. WILL (vrea)

2. Will you help me? (Te rog) Help me, will you? (Fii bun i...) Go away, will you! (F bine i pleac de aici!) 3. Let him go if he will go. (dac vrea/ine s se duc) pentru obiecte: opune rezisten 4. The door will not open. (nu vrea s se deschid) 5. That boy over there will be his son. (o fi, cred c este) Frequentative Mood (n general) 6. He will always read when he has breakfast. (Mereu citete)

27 4. WOULD (voia) 1. Frequentative Mood He will do that. (Mereu face aa) n general He would/used to come here of old. (Obinuia s vin) n trecut 2. He wouldnt even see us. (Nici n-a vrut) 3. I wouldnt know. (N-am de unde s tiu) 4. You wouldnt do that to me! (Nu-mi faci tu mie una ca asta!) 5. You could go if you would. (Dac ai vrea, te-ai duce) 6. You would not (do not) want to know. (Nu te intereseaz...) 5. OUGHT TO (ar trebui) 1. You ought to come today/be reading now. (Ar trebui) You ought to have finished yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia) 2. I think he ought to be there. (Presupun) 1. You must go now. (Trebuie) nu se schimb dup Past Tense neaprat precis, trebuie c He said you must go. 2. You must pay me a visit. 3. He must be reading now. (Precis c citete) He must have come yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Se vede c, trebuie c a venit/citea) 4. You must not come in. (Nu ai voie, e interzis) You will have to go soon. He said I would have to go to the States. I realized he had had to walk all the way to the Sahara. I have (got) to go. Have you got to go?/Do you have to go? I do not have to go yet.

6. MUST (trebuie)

e interzis

nlocuitor modal: TO HAVE TO

7. TO HAVE TO (trebuie)

28 8. TO BE TO (urmeaz s, e parte dintr-un plan stabilit) 1. He is to come today. (Urmeaz s vin)

2. He was to come today. (Urma s vin azi.) He was to have come yesterday. (Urma s fi venit ieri.) e interzis de-ar fi s 3. You are not to go in there. (E interzis s intri) 4. If he were to come, I should tell him. (De-ar fi s vin) 1. Can you read? (tii s citeti?) Can you lift a chair? (Poi ridica un scaun?) 2. You cant go in. (N-ai dreptul) 3. He cant be your brother. (Nu e cu putin) He cant be reading now. (Nu se poate s, nu e cu putin) He cannot have finished yesterday. (E imposibil s fi terminat, nu putea s termine) Can he have been reading at seven? (Nu-mi vine s cred c, nu se poate, cum s cred c..?) 4. Can I go now? (Am voie?)

9. CAN (poate, tie, e n stare s)

tii s, poi

n-ai dreptul nu e cu putin

familiar, pentru MAY nlocuitor modal: TO BE ABLE TO

You will be able to read next year. He had been able to speak Japanese for years when we met. He said he could read. (poate, tie) You could go if you would. (Ai putea)

10. COULD

1. Past Tense (could) 2. Conditional Present (could) 3. Conditional Past (could + Perfect Infinitive)

You could have gone if you had been free. (Ai fi putut, puteai) 4. It could be true. (S-ar putea, cred eu c...)

29 11. MAY (Am voie; POATE, habar n-am) Am voie 1. May I come in? (Am voie s)

nlocuitor modal: TO BE ALLOWED TO 2. POATE, nu tiu, n-am idee (nu-mi exprim nici o prere)

He confessed he had never been allowed to eat raspberries.

He may come today, tomorrow. He may be reading now. He may have come yesterday. He may have been reading at seven. He may have finished by then. (Va fi terminat pn la zece.) 3. He may as well be a thief, for all I know. (O fi i ho, habar n-am.)

12. MIGHT

1. Past Tense

He said I might go. (am voie) He said it might rain. (se poate s, poate o s...) a) It might be true. (S-ar putea, nu tiu) b) You might send me a letter. (Ai putea, i sugerez, a vrea s-o faci) You might have helped him. (Ai fi putut, puteai, de ce nu l-ai ajutat? repro) [To need (verb regulat) a avea nevoie (personal): He needs a book. Are nevoie de o carte. Will he need this book? Va avea nevoie de carte? He does not need to be warned about this. Nu are nevoie s fie prevenit.] 1. Need you go? (E nevoie s te duci?) He need not go. I do not think he need come. (de obicei nu are afirmativ, ca verb modal; excepie fac verbele care vin dup o negaie n propoziia anterioar)

2. Conditional Present (might)

3. Conditional Past (might + Perfect Infintive) 13. NEED (E nevoie impersonal)

nu se schimb dup un timp trecut

2. He said you need not go. 3. You need not have come so soon. (Nu era nevoie)

30 14. DARE (ndrznete) How dare you steal my apples? (Cum ndrzneti s-mi furi merele?)

DEGREES OF PROBABILITY (precis, probabil, posibil, poate, s-ar putea)

precis

1. He must be reading.

cred, probabil m gndesc c e posibil poate, nu tiu s-ar putea, chiar nu tiu 1. Nu era nevoie

2. He should/ought to be reading. 3. He could be reading/He will be reading. 4. He may come. 5. He might come. You need not have come.(Nu trebuia s vii, nu era nevoie)

TREBUIA... (nu trebuia, nu era nevoie, trebuia, ar fi fost cazul, trebuie, a trebuit)

2. Ar fi trebuit /trebuia, era cazul 3. Repro 4. Era mai bine 5. Trebuie s 6. A trebuit 1. HAD BETTER (urmat numai de infinitiv scurt) 2. would rather

MAI BINE...

3. should

4. need

You should have come. (Trebuia s vii, ar fi trebuit) You might have come. (Trebuia s vii, de ce nai venit?) You had better have come. (Trebuia s vii, mai bine veneai) He said I must go. (trebuie s) Did he have to go? (a trebuit) You had better go tomorrow/be reading now. (Mai bine ai pleca) You had better have finished yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Mai bine terminai) I would rather you left now. (Mai bine ai pleca, a prefera s pleci) I would rather you had left yesterday. (Mai bine plecai, mai bine ai fi plecat, a prefera) You should go tomorrow/be reading now. (Mai bine ai pleca, ar trebui s) You should have come yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Mai bine citeai, trebuia s) You need not go. (Mai bine nu pleci, nu e nevoie) You need not have finished/have been reading. (Mai bine nu terminai, nu era nevoie)

31 S ?... may 1. May I help you? (mi permii s te ajut? Nu in neaprat.) 2. Can I help you? (Cu ce pot s te ajut? Ce pot face pentru tine? Vreau s te ajut) 3. Shall I help you? (Vrei s/S te ajut?)

can

shall

32 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE VERB I. ACCUSATIVE INFINITIVE I. Long Infinitive

1. I want/should like 2. I allow, order, expect 3. I think, suppose, know, suspect, imagine, believe 4. I wait for (verbs with compulsory prepositions) II.

him you her them

to go to stay to be intelligent to come

II. Short Infinitive

1. I see, hear 2. I make, let (help) Causative Have (l pun s): I shall have

him her

go in eat the orange

Examples I know her to be in town. I expect them to be running now. I imagined you to have finished before he arrived. I suppose him to have been reading before the storm began. THERE IS se transform n THERE TO BE: I should not like there to be another war. I do not want there to be any argument. I did not expect there to be so many obstacles.

33 NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE

NOMINATIVE

VERB I. Passive

LONG INFINITIVE

He He He He He

1. is allowed, ordered 2. is known, supposed (se tie c, se presupune c) 3. is seen, heard 4. is made, let 5. is said, reported (se spune c) II. Active

to stay to be abroad to run down the street to sweep the floor to have finished

He

seems (pare) happens (din ntmplare) appears (se pare c) proves, turns out (se dovedete) is likely (e posibil) is unlikely (e puin probabil)

to be a thief to be snoring to have stolen the diamond to have been sleeping at 7

Examples He is made to buy a broom. He is said to be reading. He happens to have left town. He is likely to have been laughing while you sang.

34 NUMERALS

1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty

22 twenty-two 33 thirty-three 44 forty-four 55 fifty-five 66 sixty-six 77 seventy-seven 88 eighty-eight 99 ninety-nine hundred, thousand, million, billion one hundred and one

ROMANIAN al (numeral) lea o (numeral) ime n (numeral) it cte (numeral) de (numeral) ori

ENGLISH the (numeral) th a (ordinal numeral) (numeral) fold by (numeral) s (numeral) times

ORDINAL NUMERAL the fifth al cincilea (the first, second, third) a fifth o cincime fivefold ncincit by fives cte cinci (one by one) five times de cinci ori (once, twice)

VRSTA He is in his teens (e adolescent) He is in his early twenties (are puin peste douzeci de ani) He is in his middle twenties (are n jur de douzeci i cinci de ani, e trecut bine de douzeci) He is in his late twenties (n-a mplinit nc treizeci de ani, mai are puin i face treizeci) He is in his prime (e n floarea vrstei) He is middle-aged (e ntre dou vrste) He turned 27 yesterday (a mplinit) He is under age (nu e major) He came of age last year (a devenit major) Come back on Monday week. (de luni ntr-o sptmn) I swim in the pool every two days/ every other day. (din dou n dou zile) I used to read that novel every three years. (din trei n trei ani)

35 DE...

Since-for-agobefore SINCE

DE

Examples, in one sentence I have been reading since seven oclock, for two hours, since he came back, long /two hours ago, and told me he had arrived a week before. (nu se traduce n englez)

Traducere

DE la (din momentul)

Citesc DE la ora apte, DE dou ore, DE cnd s-a ntors el, DEmult/ acum dou ore i mi-a zis c a sosit DE o sptmn. A venit de ieri/de asear. He came yesterday/last night.

FOR AGO

(timp) DE (durata) DEmult (n urm/ acum cinci ani) (fa de un moment trecut) nainte/DE DE (fr sens real)

BEFORE

36 MAI

1. longer than the most interesting

2. most people, almost everyone, nearly all of them 3. else 4. another, other 5. more 6. still 7. again 8. longer 9. before 10. ever/never 11. especially 12. other

The street is longer than the highway. It is the most interesting play I have ever read. Most people sleep at night. Almost everyone had left. Who else is there? I want another book/other books. I want (some) more milk/two more loaves of bread. Is he still here? Come again. Stay a little longer. Have you seen her before? Have you ever seen her? I have never been there. especially now What other novelists do you know?

mai lung cea mai interesant mai toi Cine mai e? mai vreau mai vreau Mai este acolo? Mai vino. Mai stai. Ai mai vzut-o? Ai mai vzut-o pn acum? N-am mai fost acolo. mai ales acum Ce romancieri mai tii?

37 CAUSATIVE HAVE

HAVE I shall have I must have

Accusative my hair

1. Past Participle cut pun pe cineva s, dau la fcut... She has her dresses made in Paris.

2. short Infinitive I had them buy the dwarf i-am pus s Have him translate the sentence into English.

3. ing I cannot have him smoking nu permit I shall not have you talking to your grandfather like this.

38 EMPHATIC IT It It It was the president will not be you had been the monk who who who broke a leg. will win the race. had taught him how to pray. Preedintele a fost cel care Nu tu vei fi cel care va ctiga. Clugrul fusese cel care l-a nvat s se roage. Se vede c primarul e cel care a construit. O vrea chiar azi. Acolo te-a vzut n iulie trebuie s revii. Vntul a fost cel care l-a mpins s fug aa iute. Cu autobuzul trebuie s te duci la Haga.

It

must have been the mayor is today was there is in July was the wind

who

built the school.

It It It It

that that that that

he wants it. he first saw you. you must come back. made him run so fast. you must go to the Hague.

It

is by bus

that

39 -ING

His Jacks Your What do you think of his I dislike his Have you heard of their On While

being

finding having bought losing having left stealing entering waiting Having already seen the house posting [to post

rude to you amazed everyone. the treasure was sheer luck. the novel impressed him. his passport? without me. the painting? the garden I noticed a lion. for the plumber I fell asleep. he waited for her outside. the letter. the letter.] the letter. the letter.]

Faptul c a fost nepoliticos cu tine i-a uimit pe toi. Faptul c Jack a gsit comoara a fost doar un noroc. Faptul c ai cumprat romanul l-a impresionat. Ce crezi despre faptul c i-a pierdut paaportul? Nu-mi place c a plecat fr mine. Ai auzit c a furat tabloul? Cnd am intrat n grdin am zrit un leu. Pe cnd l ateptam pe instalator am adormit. Fiindc vzuse deja casa, a ateptat-o afar. A inut minte c a pus scrisoarea la cutie (n trecut). A inut minte s pun scrisoarea la cutie (n viitor). Se vede c ai uitat c ai pus deja scrisoarea la cutie. Se vede c ai uitat s pui scrisoarea la cutie. A cntat mai departe. A trecut la un dans nou pe care-l nvase. ncearc s cumperi cartea dac n-o poi lua cu mprumut. (printre alte posibiliti) Cumpr cartea acum.

He remembered

You must have forgotten

posting [to post

He went on

Try

singing the same song. [to dance a new dance he had learnt.] buying the book, if you cannot borrow it. [to buy the book now.]

40 ROMANIAN TENSES translated into English Timp n romn 1. PREZENT Timp n englez 1. Present, common 2. Present, continuous 3. Present Perfect, common 4. Present Perfect, continuous 5. Past Perfect, common 6. Past Perfect, continuous 7. Past Tense, common 8. Past Tense, continuous 9. Future Exemple n romn Traducere n englez Vine adesea s ne vad. He often comes to see us. Acum citete i nu poate veni. M cunoti demult? M atepi demult? A zis c vine dup ce termin. A zis c citete demult. A zis c tie. A zis c citete. Vine mine. He is reading now and cannot come. Have you known me for a long time? Have you been waiting for me for a long time? He said he would come after he had finished. He said he had been reading for a long time. He said he knew. He said he was reading. He will come tomorrow. He said he would come whenever he wanted to. Go to bed. Children will be children. It is strange that you should leave right now. He expected you to know about this.

10. Future-in-the- A zis c vine cnd Past vrea. 11. Imperative 12. Frequentative 13. Subjunctive Te duci i te culci. Aa fac copiii. E ciudat c pleci chiar acum. Se atepta c tii de asta.

14. Infinitive

41 2. IMPERFECT 1. Past Tense, common 2. Past Tense, continuous 3. Frequentative Simea c e adevrat. Citea. Venea adesea pe la noi. He felt it was true. He was reading.

4. Future 5. Near Future 6. Past Perfect, common 7. Past Perfect, continuous 8. Conditional Present 9. Conditional Past 10. Subjunctive 11. Perfect Infinitive 12. Modal verbs

He would often/often used to come to see us. Tu erai tata i eu eram You will be father mama. and I will be mother. Nu tia ce am de gnd He had no idea what I s fac. was going to do. A zis c merge acolo He said he had gone zilnic de un an. there daily for a year. Ploua de dou ore. It had been raining for two hours. Dac ai fi srac, nu If you were poor, you aveai bani. would not have any money. Dac voiai veneai. If you had wanted to, you would have come. Mcar dac veneai i tu If only you had come ieri. yesterday, too. Mai bine veneai cu noi. You had better have come with us. Trebuia s vii. Urma s vin. Aveam ceva s te rog. You should have come. He was to come. I want to ask you a favour.

13. Present

42 3. PERFECT COMPUS 1. Past Tense, common 2. Past Perfect, common 3. Present Perfect, common 4. Present, common 5. Present, continuous 6. Frequentative 7. Subjunctive Ai venit ieri? Zicea c a uitat. Ai citit ultima lui carte? Am auzit c tii. Did you come yesterday? He was saying he had forgotten. Have you read his latest book? I hear you know about it. I am going now.

Ei gata, am plecat!

Ani de zile nici nu l-a bgat n seam. E ciudat c a plecat deja.

For years he would not even notice him. It is odd that he should already have left.

4. CONDIIONAL PREZENT 1. Indefinite Infinitive Cic ar fi ho. Cic ar citi acum. 2. Past Tense 3. Present 4. Conditional Present 5. Future 6. Modals Dac ai vrea ai veni. Se pare c ar fi ocupat. A veni i eu dar nu pot. Cic ar pleca mine. N-ar trebui s pleci. He is said to be a thief. He is said to be reading now. If you wanted to, you would come. It seems he is busy. I should come, too, but I cannot. They say he will leave tomorrow. You should not go away.

43 5. CONDIIONAL TRECUT 1. Past Tense Cic ar fi venit ieri. Nu c n-ar fi tiut, dar n-a vrut. Dac ar fi vrut, ar fi venit. Ar fi venit dac-i spuneai. Mcar dac ai fi venit ieri. Ar fi fost cazul s vii. Se zice c ar fi terminat. Sosi i se culc. Nici nu sosi bine, c i auzi pianul. They say he came yesterday. He knew all right, but he would not. If he had wanted to, he would have come. He would have come if you had told him. If only you had come yesterday. You should have come. He is said to have finished. He arrived and went to bed. Hardly had he arrived when he heard the piano.

2. Past Perfect 3. Conditional Past 4. Subjunctive 5. Modals 6. Perfect Infinitive 6. PERFECTUL SIMPLU 1. Past Tense 2. Hardly...when

44 INTRANSITIVE-TRANSITIVE VERBS

1. to rise, rose, risen (a se ridica) 2. to lie, lay, lain (a zcea) 3. to sit, sat, sat (a sta jos) 4. to fall, fell, fallen ( a cdea)

to raise, raised, raised (a ridica ceva) to rouse, roused, roused (a strni) to lay, laid, laid (a culca, a aeza culcat) to set, set, set ( a pune, a aeza) to fell, felled, felled (a abate, a dobor) 5. to hang, hung, hung (a atrna) to hang, hanged, hanged (a spnzura)

45 ADJECTIVE-NOUN-VERB

ADJECTIVE strong long high wide broad deep

NOUN strength length height width breadth depth

VERB strengthen lengthen heighten widen broaden deepen

46 DO and MAKE

DO good harm right/wrong homework ones duty a favour a service the room ones hair the house sums problems wonders a job business honour/credit damage repairs

MAKE tea/coffee the bed the fire a noise friends/enemies peace/war laws/rules the distinction the difference money a living a fortune faces a bow a journey/voyage/travel a trip a start an attempt a blunder mistakes an excuse a choice room a mess

47 VERBS AND ADJECTIVES WITH COMPULSORY PREPOSITIONS used in English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice

VERBS the land abounds in game he abstains from drink you must account for your behaviour he was accused of robbery are you acquainted with T.S. Eliot? add this money to the sum I agree with you on this I agree to this what are you aiming at what does he allude to the dance alternates with concerts what does the sum amount to did you apologize to him for breaking the vase? it does not appeal to me apply to your boss for a rise do you approve of the plan? dont argue with me for the price when did you arrive at the shop? ask him for a loaf of bread what does he aspire to? he associates with thieves I can assure you of my good intentions he must atone for his crime he will attend to your problem whom was the play attributed to whom is the dog barking at? what is the book based on he is basking in the sun he beckoned to me to go away I shall begin by saying who I am whom does it belong to? he was bereft of his money a large fortune was bestowed on her beware of dogs dont blame me for not going dont blame this on me he kept blinking at me

48 he blushed at her words what is he boasting of? what does England border on? whom did you borrow the book from? what is he brooding on? whom do you care for? he was changed into a dwarf he was charged with murder she is chatting with a friend he cheered me up it coincides with your birthday he collaborates with us the plane collided with another plane what is he commenting on? I compared him to/with her do you compete with us? what are you complaining of? I concealed it from her concentrate on your homework he concluded with a few English words he was condemned to ten years of jail do you confide in her? it is confined to this space it has been confiscated from smugglers (contrabanditi) you must conform to the rules dont confound him with me confront me with her I congratulate you on your birthday I consent to the marriage what does the book consist in? how many chapters does it consist of? they conspired against the king he is consulted on various matters it contrasts with the walls he has converted to Catholicism how much can you contribute to the sum? he was convicted of murder are you convinced of his guilt? I shall cooperate with you in writing it can you cope with everything? it culminated in a quarrel he was cured of measles he darted/dashed at the door it dawned on me that I had seen him before what does the book deal with? have you decided on the punishment?

49 whom is it dedicated to? whom did you defend him from? he was deferred to the police she was delivered from the wizard can I depend on it? he was deprived of everything he is devoted to his friends he died of/from pneumonia does this differ from your result? he was dipped into water I disagree with you he disappeared from town I disapprove of your idea can you dispense with it? it was divided into seven shares he was divested of all his glory he was doomed to prison he dotes on his daughter what are you dreaming of? he is endowed with a musical ear he enlarged on the subject he escaped from goal he excels in physics I exchanged the book for a pen this horse feeds on wheat he fired at the fox he flung a stone at her it floated on water what are you fussing about? he is gazing at the lake he glanced at my hands he grieves for his friend he was grinning at me she is harping on the same subject hide it from her he was hindered from going there what did he hint at? let us hope for the best he hungered for her sight is he implicated in this? this rule was imposed on us they incited him to action he indulged in his work I infer from your words that you dont know the air was infested with the smell dont inflict injuries on your friends I informed him of what was going on

50 he inquired into her affairs I insist on your going home the book inspired him with faith they instigated him to action she is intended for him are you interested in this? dont interfere in/with what she is doing have you introduced him to her? I dont want to intrude on you he was isolated from his fellows will you join in the talk? he jumped at her he knocked at the door dont laugh at me lean on my arm lean against the wall he left for Ireland the pipe is linked to the wash basin can you listen to me? he lives on tea and bread she longs for news from him look at it he marvelled at the sight the bag doesnt match with your dress dont mistake me for a coward whom are you mocking at? multiply 6 by 7 dont nag at him can I negotiate with her? note down the word what do you object to? has it ever occurred to you that I am busy? when will he be operated on? what does it originate in? I parted with/from her they participated in the show what did he pay for? what is he peering at? the raven is perched on a branch dont persevere/persist in your error I persuaded her of my sincerity exiles pine for home he pleaded for his friend the diver plunged into the sea dont point to the door dont point your forefinger at me he pounced on the gold

51 he was praised for his hard work I prefer this book to that are you prepared for the exam? he presided over the assembly dont prevent him from going dont pride yourself on your achievement he proceeded to town you will not profit by his advice he was promoted to a higher rank I protected her from the witch the stick protrudes from your bag he provided for her he provided her with food dont pry into other peoples affairs he was punished for his crime I tried to reason with him he recoiled from the touch has he recovered from his illness? do you refer to him? I refrained from any comment he reigned over the whole country this does not relate to what I was saying can I rely on you? your face reminds me of someone he was remunerated for his work he repented of/for his deed what did you reply to him? he reproached me with extravagance/ for being late he reproved me for being late what do you require of/from us? I have reserved this table for you what does it reside in? he resorted to force she will not respond to force he retired from business what will it result in? he was rewarded for his courage he rushed at the door he searches for truth she saved him from destruction he was separated from his friends the clerk was sent for dont shoot at birds she never shrinks from duty whom do you side with? she smiled at those words the dog sniffed at him

52 speak to me about it dont spend money on sweets he spies on you dont stare at people stick to what you are doing he stumbled on a stone he substituted his book for another subtract 5 pounds from the sum he succeeded in finishing they supply us with sugar we surround him with care we suspect him of lying he suffers from rheumatism she swore at me I sympathise with you can you thank him for it? he theorizes on beauty what are you thinking of? he threatened us with a fine they throw stones at your dog I thrust the stick into the ground translate it into English I travel by plane dont tread on that plank he trembles with fear dont trespass on his property she triumphed over everyone dont tumble over the chair turn to him and see wait for me I warned her against the danger what do you wish for? dont worry about that he yelled at me she yielded to the thief

53 ADJECTIVES
he is absent from school is it necessary to you? I am not accustomed to reading aloud he is active in politics his means are not adequate to his aim he is adverse to progress dont be afraid of me he is ahead of his fellows are you akin to her? he is alert to changes this is alien to my way of thinking he is aloof from everyone dont be angry with me for doing that my book is anterior to hers my opinions are antithetic to yours dont be anxious about the result apart from all this, you are right it is apparent to all of us he is apt for sports what are you ashamed of? are you aware of what it means? he is away from home he is bent on spending money he is blind to all her defects the ship is bound for India he is busy with his work is he capable of murder? I am certain of success he is clever at games she was charmed with him the house is close to the park this feature is common to all of us he is competent at his job my work is complementary to his is this compatible with your ideas? he is conscious of the implications your lecture was conspicuous for its originality I am consistent with my decision you are contemporary with me one must be content with ones fate it is contrary to my expectations is it convenient for you to stay? are you conversant with Arabic? he is crazy about music he is dear to her you are deficient in mathematics he is delighted with the idea the idea is detrimental to our plans he is diffident about strangers his attitude is discrepant with his slogans this part is distinct from the others

54
the village is distant from the sea the prospect is distasteful to me the error is due to hurry he is eager for new friends you are early for tea it lies east of China is it easy for you? he is entangled in something complicated he is engaged in work he is engaged to her he is enthusiastic about the idea you are envious of her luck is it equivalent to the sum? I am even with you he is exempt from attendance he is expert in astronomy she is faithful to you she is false to her friends are you familiar with the idea? he is famous for his poetry the house is far from the bakers it can be fatal to anyone it is favourable to them he is fit for nothing she is fond of cocoa it is full of people he is good at drawing I am grateful to you for helping me dont be hard on her the idea is harmful to everyone be honest about it he is hostile to us this is identical with mine I am ignorant of the circumstances it is imperative for her to go he was impressed with your knowledge the path is inaccessible to travellers I am indebted to you she was indignant at the news he is inferior to none you are inseparable from me he is intent on his study are you interested in this? dont get involved in that take them, irrespective of the price she is jealous of you be kind to us he is lucky at cards/in love be merciful to them he is native to India the street is near to the station it is not necessary to me

55
sit next to me is he obedient to the rules? you are oblivious of what is going on it is obvious to me I am opposed to any change he sits opposite to me he is overcome with joy be patient with her it is peculiar to his country she is pleased with her dress be polite to your elders he is popular with kids I am positive of success this is preliminary to the test the book is previous to the film you are prejudiced against foreigners he is prone to various moods is she qualified for the job? he is ready for the test regardless of consequences, you must go the house is remote from the park you are responsible for all the mistakes the land is rich in game you are being rude to me who is sad about the loss? he is safe from his pursuers the same as that one he is sensitive to kind treatment she is short of money they are sick of sweets your boat is similar to mine he is sorry for being late this is subject to improvement are you sure of that? it is useful to us he is not used to waiting it is vital to us to go you are welcome to our town he is wrong about many things

56 IRREGULAR VERBS
arise awake arose awoke awaked was / were bore arisen awoken awaked been borne born beaten become begun bent bet betted bid bidden bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast broadcasted browbeaten browbeat a se ridica a se trezi

be bear

a fi a purta a se nate a bate a deveni a ncepe a se ndoi a paria

beat become begin bend bet

beat became began bent bet betted bid bade bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast broadcasted browbeat

bid

a licita, a porunci

bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast browbeat

a lega a musca a sngera a sufla, a bate a sparge a creste, a educa a aduce a difuza a intimida

57
build burn built burned burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamed dreamt drank drove dwelt dwelled built burned burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamed dreamt drunk driven dwelt dwelled a construi a arde

burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream

a exploda a cumpra a arunca a prinde a alege a se agta a veni a costa a se tr, a se furisa a tia a trata, a se ocupa de a spa a face a trage, a desena a visa

drink drive dwell

a bea a ofa, a mna a locui

58
eat fall feed feel fight find fit ate fell fed felt fought found fitted fit fled flung flew forbade forecast forecasted foresaw foretold forgot forgave forsook froze frostbit got gave went eaten fallen fed felt fought found fitted fit fled flung flown forbidden forecast forecasted foreseen foretold forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen frostbitten got given gone a mnca a cdea a hrni a (se) simi a (se) lupta a gsi a se potrivi

flee fling fly forbid forecast foresee foretell forget forgive forsake freeze frostbite get give go

a fugi, a se refugia a arunca a zbura a interzice a prevedea a prevedea a prezice a uita a ierta a prsi a nghea a degera a primi, a obine a da a merge

59
grind grow hang have hear hew ground grew hung had heard hewed ground grown hung had heard hewn hewed hidden hit held hurt interwoven interweaved kept knelt kneeled knitted knit known laid led leaned leant leaped leapt a mcina a crete a atrna a avea a auzi a despica

hide hit hold hurt interweave

hid hit held hurt interwove interweaved kept knelt kneeled knitted knit knew laid led leaned leant leaped leapt

a (se) ascunde a lovi a ine a lovi, a rni, a durea a (se) ntreese

keep kneel

a ine, a pstra a ngenunchia

knit

a tricota

know lay lead lean

a ti, a cunoate a pune, a aeza a conduce a se apleca, a se sprijini

leap

a sri

60
learn learned learnt left lent let lay lit lighted lip-read lost made meant met miscast mislaid misled misread misspelled misspelt mistook learned learnt left lent let lain lit lighted lip-read lost made meant met miscast mislaid misled misread misspelled misspelt mistaken a nva

leave lend let lie light

a pleca, a lsa a da cu mprumut a lsa, a permite a zcea, a se afla a aprinde

lip-read lose make mean meet miscast mislay mislead misread misspell mistake

a citi pe buze a pierde a face a nsemna a (se) ntlni a distribui ntr-un rol nepotrivit a pierde a ndruma greit a citi greit a ortografia greit a confunda

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood a nelege greit mow mowed mowed mown outbid outdone outgrown outshone outshined outspoken a cosi

outbid outdo outgrow outshine outspeak

outbid outdid outgrew outshone outshined outspoke

a licita mai mult ca a ntrece a (se) face prea mare a eclipsa a vorbi tare

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overcome overdo overdraw overdrink overeat overfeed overhang overhear overlay overpay override overrun oversee oversell oversleep overtake overthrow overwrite partake pay preset proofread prove overcame overdid overdrew overdrank overate overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overrode overran oversaw oversold overslept overtook overthrew overwrote partook paid preset proofread proved overcome overdone overdrawn overdrunk overeaten overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overridden overrun overseen oversold overslept overtaken overthrown overwritten partaken paid preset proofread proven proved put quick-frozen quit quitted read rebuilt recast a covri a exagera a depi a bea n exces a mnca n exces a (se) supraalimenta a atrna peste a auzi din ntmplare a pune peste a plti prea mult a nclca a depi a supraveghea a supraevalua a dormi prea mult a depi a rsturna a suprascrie a mprti a plti a preconfigura a corecta a (se) dovedi

put quick-freeze quit

put quick-froze quit quitted read rebuilt recast

a pune a nghea rapid a abandona

read rebuild recast

a citi a reconstrui a remodela

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remake repay reread rerun resell resend reset retell rethink rewind rewrite rid ride ring rise run saw remade repaid reread reran resold resent reset retold rethought rewound rewrote rid rode rang rose ran sawed remade repaid reread rerun resold resent reset retold rethought rewound rewritten rid ridden rung risen run sawn sawed said seen sought sold sent set sewn sewed a reface a recompensa a reciti a relua a revinde a retrimite a reaeza a repovesti a regndi a derula napoi a rescrie a scpa de, a se descotorosi a clri a suna a rsri, a se ridica a fugi a tia cu fierstrul

say see seek sell send set sew

said saw sought sold sent set sewed

a spune a vedea a cuta a vinde a trimite a pune a coase

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shake shave shook shaved shaken shaved shaven sheared shorn shed shone shined shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk a scutura, a tremura a (se) rade

shear

sheared

a tunde oi

shed shine

shed shone shined shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sunk sat slew slayed slept slid slung slunk slit smelled smelt

a vrsa (lacrimi, snge) a strluci

shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink

a potcovi a mpuca a arta a se strnge a nchide a cnta a (se) scufunda

sit slay

sat slain slayed slept slid slung slunk slit smelled smelt

a sedea a ucide

sleep slide sling slink slit smell

a dormi a aluneca a arunca a se furisa a (se) crpa a mirosi

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sneak sneaked snuck sowed sneaked snuck sown sowed spoken sped speeded spelled spelt spellbound spent spilled spilt spun spat spit split spoiled spoilt spoon-fed spread sprung a se furia

sow

a semna (ceva)

speak speed

spoke sped speeded spelled spelt spellbound spent spilled spilt spun spat spit split spoiled spolit spoon-fed spread sprang sprung stood stole stuck stung

a vorbi a grbi, a accelera

spell

a ortografia

spellbind spend spill

a fermeca a cheltui, a petrece a vrsa

spin spit

a toarce a scuipa

split spoil

a despica a rsfa

spoon-feed spread spring

a hrni cu lingurita a (se) ntinde a izvor, a sri

stand steal stick sting

stood stolen stuck stung

a sta (n picioare) a fura, a se furia a lipi a nepa

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stink stunk stank strewed stunk a mirosi urt

strew

strewn strewed stridden struck stricken strung striven strived sublet sunburned sunburnt sworn sweat sweated swept swollen swelled swum swung taken taught torn telecast told test-driven

a presra

stride strike

strode struck

a merge cu pai mari a lovi

string strive

strung strove strived sublet sunburned sunburnt swore sweat sweated swept swelled

a nira a nzui

sublet sunburn

a subnchiria a se arde de soare

swear sweat

a jura, a njura a transpira

sweep swell

a mtura a se umfla

swim swing take teach tear telecast tell test-drive

swam swung took taught tore telecast told test-drove

a nota a legna a lua a preda a rupe a teledifuza a spune, a povesti a testa o main

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test-fly think thrive throw thrust tread test-flew thought throve threw thrust trod test-flown thought thriven thrown thrust trodden trod typecast typeset typewritten unbent unbound underbid undercut underfed undergone underlain undersold understood undertaken underwritten undone unfrozen unwound upheld upset woken waked waylaid a testa un avion a (se) gndi a prospera a arunca a nfige a clca

typecast typeset typewrite unbend unbind underbid undercut underfeed undergo underlie undersell understand undertake underwrite undo unfreeze unwind uphold upset wake

typecast typeset typewrote unbent unbound underbid undercut underfed underwent underlay undersold understood undertook underwrote undid unfroze unwound upheld upset woke waked waylaid

a distribui ntr-un rol tipic a culege pentru tipar a dactilografia a (se) dezdoi a dezlega a oferi un pre prea mic a submina a subalimenta a trece prin a sta la baza a vinde mai ieftin a nelege a lua asupra sa a scrie sub a anula a dezghea a desfura a susine a tulbura a se trezi

waylay

a ntinde o curs

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wear weave wore wove weaved wed wedded wept wet wetted won wound withdrew withheld withstood wrung wrote worn woven weaved wed wedded wept wet wetted won wound withdrawn withheld withstood wrung written a purta a ese

wed

a (se) cununa

weep wet

a plnge a uda

win wind withdraw withhold withstand wring write

a ctiga a rsuci a (se) retrage a reine a rezista la a stoarce a scrie

Ediie revizuit i adugit LIDIA VIANU Martie 2006