TUGAS PERKULIAHAN

F022100001–English
for Engineering 1
Judul Tugas
Tugas 2. Grammar Writing Structure and Tenses
Abstrak
Jenis Tugas
Kelompok, maksimum 4 orang mahasiswa perkelompok

Nama Mahasiswa & NIM

1. Hendro Prastyo ( 41317120050 ) 3. Amirul Mu’minin ( 41320120043 )
2. Ahmad Reynaldi ( 41320120023 ) 4. Nama Lengkap (NIM)

Capaian Pembelajaran (CPMK)

3. Students are able to improve grammatical and conversational skills (CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11)
4. Students are able to understand and analyze reading passage in Engineering readings(CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11)
5. Students are able to review academic journal and analyze the paper in academic purpose (CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11)
Durasi/Tempo (Minggu)
Diberikan: 4 Februari 2023
6 hari
Batas Akhir Pengumpulan: 10 Februari 2023

Penilaian
Bobot Persentase Tugas
30%

Instruksi Pengumpulan Tugas
Pernyataan
 Laporan soft copy yang diketik ukuran A4, font 12, Times New Roman, spasi 1.5 dan ditulis rata kiri dan kanan (justified).
 Lembar soal ini halaman 1 sd 4 langsung digunakan langsung sebagai cover dalam pengerjaan tugas. Tugas dibuat dalam
satu file saja, Selanjutnya, Nama file Tugas harus diberi nama dengan format sbb: T2 EFE1 kode R1/R2 kelompokX, (X
diganti dengan nomor kelompoknya, 1,2 atau 3) kemudian di save as menjadi file PDF agar tidak berubah ketika file
dibuka dalam versi yang berbeda. Tugas yang tidak dibuat dalam PDF tetap akan diterima, akan tetapi bila terjadi
perubahan susunan file akan menjadi resiko mahasiswa karena tugas akan dilnilai apa adanya tanpa alasan apapun.
Contoh Untuk kelompok 2 dari mahasiswa regular 2 maka File PDF Tugas Besar 2 harus diberi nama: T2EFE1 R2
Kelompok2
 Tugas di Up load di Assignment oleh masing masing mahasiswa Elearning (semua mahasiswa meng up loadnya agar nilai
bisa diinput). Ketua kelompok wajib mengirimkan juga via email ke muhamad.fitri@mercubuana.ac.id Mahasiswa yang
tidak mengupload jawaban pada “Assignment system POST hanya akan diberikan nilai separuh dari nilai yang diperoleh
kelompok tersebut karena dianggap tidak ikut andil dalam pembuatan tugas tersebut.
 Tugas wajib ditandatangani oleh semua anggota kelompok. Anggota yang tidak menandatangani Tugas dianggap
tidak memberikan kontribusinya dalam pembuatan tugas sehingga nilainya hanya diberikan 50% dari nilai kawan kawan
lainnya dalam kelompok tersebut.
 jawaban yang tidak mengikuti Instruksi soal, akan dikurangi 10 untuk tiap satu instruksi yang tidak diikuti (total ada 4
Instruksi). Bagi yang bisa mengumpulkan tugas dalam waktu maksimum 1 minggu (sampai dengan tanggal 10 Februari
2023 akan mendapat bonus 5. Bagi yang bisa mengerjakan dalam waktu 3 hari (sampai 7 Februari 2023) mendapat
bonus 10. Cut of time jam 12 malam.
Saya/ kami yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini memahami bahwa saya/ kami telah membaca dan setuju untuk mematuhi peraturan UMB
tentang plagiarisme dan penjiplakan dan kebijakan dan prosedur di Program Studi. Saya/ kami menyetujui proses pengecekan laporan
sehingga tidak ada unsur plagiarisme atau penjiplakan akademik.

Tanda tangan Tanda tangan Tanda tangan Tanda tangan

................................... ............................... ................................... ...................................

Hendro Prastyo Ahmad Reynaldi Amirul Mu’minin Nama Lengkap

Disusun Oleh
Fakultas Program Studi
 Teknik Teknik Mesin Muhamad Fitri, ST, MSi, PhD

Capaian Pembelajaran (CPMK):

3. Students are able to improve grammatical and conversational skills (CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11)
4. Students are able to understand and analyze reading passage in Engineering readings(CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11)
5. Students are able to review academic journal and analyze the paper in academic purpose (CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11)
Komponen Penilaian Nilai Maksimal Nilai Diberikan

1. Gramatical and conversational 40

2. Analyze and reading passage in engineering 30
3. Review Academic Journal and analyze It 30
Pengumpulan Total Total

Tanda tangan Tanggal 100 XX

Apakah ada penambahan waktu? Pengurangan keterlambatan Pengurangan: Nilai Akhir:

Kesepakatan pengumpulan: pengumpulan:

Tanda tangan

Koordinator Mata Kuliah/ Kelompok Bidang

Ilmu : Ya / Tidak

Bagian ini digunakan untuk memberi umpan balik atau informasi lain:
 KRITERIA DAN SKALA PENILAIAN
PROGRAM SARJANA (S1)

No Nilai Skala Kriteria

Istimewa. Isi laporan (jawaban) menunjukkan orisinalitas

ide/argumen dan analisis yang baik. Jawaban komprehensif
A 80 - 100 dan lengkap yang dengan jelas menunjukkan pemahaman
yang mendalam tentang topik yang ditanyakan. Koherensi
ide dan struktur yang bagus dalam paragraf, penggunaan
1 sitasi sesuai dan relevan terhadap topik.
Sangat Baik. Penulisan baik disertai bukti (gambar,
diagram, tabel) yang relevan. Pengetahuan topik dan logika
B+ 74 - 79,99 pemahaman yang baik. Beberapa ide kurang dijelaskan
2 dengan tepat tapi kemampuan penggunaan bukti cukup,
didukung dengan sumber bacaan yang sesuai.
Baik. Menunjukkan kemampuan untuk memahami
isu/pertanyaan, didukung materi yang baik dari hasil bacaan
yang relevan. Isi disertai bukti (gambar, diagram, tabel) yang
B 68 - 73,99
relevan dengan pengetahuan aplikatif. Sekitar 50% isi tidak
3 dijelaskan secara detail atau pernyataan tidak didukung bukti
yang relevan dan kurangnya sitasi.

Cukup Baik. Kualitas isi dan pemahaman tentang

isu/pertanyaan masih dalam level bisa diterima. Jawaban
C+ 62 - 67,99 menunjukkan pengetahuan mendasar dengan didukung bukti
4 (gambar, diagram, tabel) yang sesuai. Orisinalitas isi kurang
baik, susunan, struktur dan format laporan cukup baik.

Cukup. Pemahaman dan penguasaan materi yang ditulis

masuk akal sesuai isu/pertanyaan, tetapi kurang didukung
C 56 - 61,99 argumen yang relevan. Bukti material yang ditunjukkan ada
5 tapi sitasi tidak ditulis secara baik. Isi laporan berisi
penjelasan yang bersifat deskriptif dan kurang relevan.

Kurang. Struktur isi kurang baik dan beberapa bukti

D 45 - 55,99 (gambar, diagram, tabel) tidak relevan. Sebagian besar isi
diperoleh hanya dari bahan kuliah dan kurang dari sumber
6 bacaan lain. Sitasi tidak ditulis dengan baik.
Tidak Lulus. Kualitas isi pada level yang tidak bisa diterima.
Kurangnya kemampuan dalam menjelaskan topik/isu yang
ditanyakan. Struktur isi tidak terorganisasi dengan baik.
7 E < 45
Gambar, diagram dan tabel tidak relevan. Orisinalitas isi
sangat diragukan. Kemampuan komunikasi dan presentasi
yang tidak baik.
Scenario
The questions in this Assignment 2 are related to “grammatical and conversational, Engineering
readings review academic journal and analyze the paper in academic purpose that has been
studied at class 8 to 12.

Direction
In this assignment, you should answer each question in group. Please do It correctly,
thoroughly and clearly in easy-to-understand language, and your answer could be
handwritten or typed.

QUESTIONS OF ASSIGNMENT 2

Question 1. Gramatical and conversational ((CPMK 3) (CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11) ) (Nilai 40)

1. a. Down load an article from link below: (Nilai 40%)

Group 1: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/160/1/012030
Group 2: https://www.nveo.org/index.php/journal/article/view/4160

b. Please Find and write down 5 sentences from the article which use Present
Future Tense or Present Perfect Tense, give the explanation what tenses
is used for every sentence you found. (Nilai 60%)

Question 2. Engineering Reading ((CPMK 4) (CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11)) (Nilai 30)

Read the Abstract of the journal, then find and write down the summary of:
a. The background of the research (Nilai 30%)
b. The research objective / purpose (Nilai 30%)
c. The methodology of the research (Nilai 40%)

Question 3. Review academic journal and analyze ((CPMK 3) (CPL 6, 7, 8, 9, 11) ) (Nilai 30)

a. Read the conclusion of article and check whether the result of the study in line with the
previous result descibed in the article (Nilai 60%)
b. Please Translate the conclusion of the article into Bahasa (Indonesian) (Nilai 40%)
Question 1. Gramatical and conversational ((CPMK 3) (CPL 6, 7, 8, dan 11) )

a. Download an article from link below:

Group 1: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/160/1/012030
Group 2: https://www.nveo.org/index.php/journal/article/view/4160

b. Please Find and write down 5 sentences from the article which use Present Future Tense
or Present Perfect Tense, give the explanation what tenses is used for every sentence
you found.

Answer:

1) Therefore studies related to the mechanical properties of composite materials have been
widely studied by researchers around the world, such as an investigation related to
mechanical performance of matrix natural
- This sentence uses the present perfect tense because in this sentence it describes an
event that has been experienced by the researcher and the incident is still recurring at
this time.
- Present perfect tense S + Has/Have + Been + Complement

2) The effect of coconut coir fiber powder content and hardener weight fractions on
mechanical properties of an epr-174 epoxy resin composite has been investigated.
- This sentence uses the present perfect tense because in this sentence it describes
research events that have been carried out in the past but are still ongoing today.
- Present perfect tense S + Has/Have + Been + Complement
3) There were many studies have been carried out by researchers to improve the
mechanical properties of composite materials. Among them, a study of using the
alkali treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches [10][11], and also henequen fibers
[12] have been conducted. From those studies, different results have been obtained.
- This sentence uses the present perfect tense because in this sentence it describes
research events that have been carried out in the past but are still ongoing today
- Present perfect tense S + Has/Have + Been + Complement
4) The residual stress on the material within a certain limit will result in the material
becoming stronger. but if the residual stress is too high, it will result in the material
becoming more brittle as a result of which it breaks easily.
- This sentence uses the present future tense because in this sentence it describes an
event that might happen in the future but has not happened at this time.
- Present Future Tense S + Will/Shall + V1 + O
5) Many studies have been carried out on composite materials related to the impact
strength of the material, including research on the effect of fiber content on the
mechanical properties of composite materials [15][16].
 - This sentence uses the present perfect tense because in this sentence it describes an
event that has been experienced by the researcher and the incident is still recurring at
this time.
- Present perfect tense S + Has/Have + Been + Complement

Question 2. Engineering Reading

Read the Abstract of the journal, then find and write down the summary of:
A. The background of the research
B. The research objective / purpose
C. The methodology of the research

Answer:
A. The background of writing this journal is that the author wants to convey about the
testing of composite materials in the form of particles (powder), short fibers, or
charcoal ash that affect the mechanical properties of composite materials. The author
would like to present the results of research with a regression model where this model
is rarely used by other researchers in determining the mechanical properties of
composite materials.
B. This study was intended to examine the effect of the percentage of second phase content
on the epoxy resin matrix composite that was displayed by the regression model for
different morphology.
C. The research methodology carried out by the author in this journal is to carry out impact
testing, which then the results will be analyzed using SPSS to obtain aregression model
of the relationship between phase morphology and the percentage content of the second
phase on the impact strength of the test object The regression model is a model in the
form of a mathematical equation obtained from the results of research data processing.
This model consists of independent variables and dependent variables. With this model,
it is possible to simulate the value of the independent variable to get the value of a
certain dependent variable. In this study, the independent variable is the percentage
weight of the content of the second phase for each morphology of the second phase,
while the dependent variable is the impact strength. So by using a regression model it
can be simulated how much fiber content must be made to get a certain value of the
impact strength of the composite material for eachof the second phase morphology.
Question 3. Review academic journal and analyze

A. Read the conclusion of article and check whether the result of the study in line
with the previous result descibed in the article
B. Please Translate the conclusion of the article into Bahasa (Indonesian)

Answer:

A. the results of the study are not in line with the previous results which were removed
in the article. However there is a slight difference in the results where. From the results
of research conducted by several researchers, many factors affect the mechanical
properties of composite materials. The effect of coconut coir fiber powder content and
hardener weight fractions on mechanical properties of an epr-174 epoxy resin
composite has been investigated [9]. From the results of these studies it is found that
pure resin has the lowest impact strength of 1.37 kJ/m2 . The fiber content of 6 wt.%
powder produces the highest impact strength, which is 4.92 kJ/m2 . Meanwhile, the
ratio of the best resin and hardener composition, which produces the highest impact
strength of 4.55kJ/m2 is 1:1, which mean 50% resin and 50% hardener. The content of
fiber powder that produces the highest shear strength of 1 MPa is 8%[9].

While the actual results obtained by using the research results in the form of a
regression model are The content of coconut fiber in the resin matrix composite
material in the form of short fibers, charcoal ash, and coconut coir powder has been
shown to increase its impact strength compared to pure resin between 200% to 400%,
from 1.37 kJ/m2 to 4.65 kJ/m2 to 7.07 kJ/m2.

This happened because, The above studies have not examined the effect of second
phase morphology on the mechanical properties of resin composite materials. There
are several types of the morphology of the second phase used as reinforcement in
composite materials, i.e.: particle form, short fiber form continuous fiber form and so
on Composites that are reinforced with natural fibers are likely to be influenced by
the shape (morphology) of the second phase even though the second phase comes from
thesame material because when the morphology of the fibers has changed, the adhesion
to the matrix will be different. Apart from that, the morphology of the second phase
also affects the stress concentration that occurs. The second phase, which is spherical,
has almost no stress concentration on its surface. On the other hand, in the second
phase, which has a sharp surface, there will be a stress concentration on the sharp part.
These will all result in internal residual stresses. The residual stress on the material
within a certain limit will result in the material becoming stronger. but if the residual
stress is too high, it will result in the material becoming more brittle as a result of which
it breaks easily. For this reason, it is necessary to study the morphological form and the
percentage of the second phase (coconut coir) which has the most optimum mechanical
properties.
B. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah:

1. Kandungan serabut kelapa pada bahan komposit matriks resin berupa serat pendek,
abu arang, dan serbuk sabut kelapa telah terbukti meningkatkan kekuatan impaknya
dibandingkan dengan resin murni antara 200% hingga 400%, dari 1,37 kJ/m2
hingga 4,65 kJ/m2 hingga 7,07 kJ/m2.
2. Morfologi Fase kedua terbukti mempengaruhi kekuatan tumbukan spesimen dalam
penelitian ini. Morfologi terbaik adalah serat pendek, diikuti oleh bubuk serat dan
abu arang sabut kelapa, masing-masing.
3. Persentase kandungan fase kedua juga memiliki efek yang kuat terhadap kekuatan
tumbukan material komposit. Dalam penelitian ini, pengaruh persentase
kandungan bobot fase kedua dinyatakan dalam model regresi, dimana x adalah
persentase konten, sedangkan Y adalah kekuatan impak, maka model regresi
adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Fase kedua adalah dalam bentuk serat pendek:
Y = 0,0969x3-1,2367x2+ 4,8216x + 1,3705b.
b. Fase kedua adalah abu arang sabut kelapa:
Y = 0,1471x3-1,6467x2+ 5,1311x + 1,3705c.
c. Tahap kedua berupa bubuk sabut kelapa:
Plaksana & Essent. Minyak, 2021; 8(6): 3880-38943893
Y = 0,0757x3-0,9789x2+ 3,7955x + 1,3705
Spesimen yang paling optimal dalam penelitian ini adalah spesimen dengan tahap
kedua berupa serat pendek dengan persentase kandungan 4 wt.%.
Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2021; 8(6): 3880-3894

Effect Of Morphology And Percentage Of Second Phase Content

Of Coconut Coir On The Impact Strength Of Epoxy Resin
Composites

Muhamad Fitri1 , Trisno Susilo2 , Dafit Feriyanto3 , Dagaci Muhammad Zago4

1,3Faculty of Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia,

2Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Karimun University, Riau Islands 29661, Indonesia,
4Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria

Abstract
The morphology of the second phase used as reinforcement in the composite material can be in the form of particles
(powder), short fibers, or charcoal ash which affects the mechanical properties of the composite material. There have
been many studies conducted on the mechanical properties of composite materials. However, it is still rare to present
research results in the form of a regression model. This study was intended to examine the effect of the percentage of
second phase content on the epoxy resin matrix composite that was displayed by the regression model for different
morphology. From this study, it was found that the content of coconut coir in the resin matrix composite material was
proven increased the impact strength 200% to 400% compared to pure resin. The percentage content (x) of the
second phase has been shown to affect the impact strength (Y) of the specimen for every second phase morphology,
which are expressed in the regression models. The regression model for short fiber is: Y=0.0969x3-
1.2367x2+4.8216x+1.3705, for charcoal ash is: Y=0.14789x3-1.6467x2+5.1311x+1.3705, and coconut coir powder is:
Y=0.0757x3- 0 .9789x2+3.7955x+1.3705. The most optimum specimen in this study was a specimen with a second phase
of 4 wt.% short fiber.

Keywords: Morphology, the second phase, impact strength, epoxy resin

Introduction
The use of composite materials as a substitute for metal materials is increasingly widespread. Along with
these developments, it is necessary to improve the mechanical properties of composite materials,
considering that their use is widespread in load-bearing structural materials. The use of charcoal composite
materials also for structural materials that withstand various types of loading on automotive components
[1], ship components, or even aircraft components [2]. Types of loads on structural materials can be static
loads, dynamic (fluctuating) loads, or shock loads, where the assessment of the material's ability to withstand
these loads can be carried out in the laboratory by testing its mechanical properties. The ability of the
material to static loads is usually done by testing the tensile strength of the material. To determine the ability
of a material to withstand dynamic loads, it is carried out by using a fatigue test, while to determine the
ability of the material to impact load, it is carried out by an impact test.
Therefore studies related to the mechanical properties of composite materials have been widely studied by
researchers around the world, such as an investigation related to mechanical performance of matrix natural

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fiber composites [3], study on the structure and performance of composite polylactic reinforced with oil palm
empty fruit bunches with alkaline and ultrasonic treatments has also [4], investigation on the mechanical,
damping, and chemical resistance properties of banana fiber hybrid composites [5], and investigation on the
mechanical performance and resistance of castings reinforced with treated fibers [6]. Other researchers, a
study on the mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites for engineering applications [7].
A study on the Effect of percentage of oil Palm Fiber on fatigue cycle of Axial Load on Resin Matrix Composites
also has been conducted [8].
Composite materials whose utilization has recently increased sharply and dramatically are mainly polymer
matrices. This is because the polymer has its own advantages despite its disadvantages. The second phase
(reinforce) which is currently being widely studied by world researchers is from natural fiber materials. It is
said that natural fiber comes from natural materials which are usually not used or underutilized and even
tend to become waste. Among them are palm fiber, coconut coir fiber, water hyacinth fiber, oil palm fiber,
and so on. By utilizing these natural fibers as reinforcement in composite materials, it will not only increase
income but also reduce organic waste, so that the environment will be cleaner.
Coconut coir is one type of natural fiber that is underutilized so it tends to become waste. Even though its
availability is abundant due to the use of coconut for various needs of the community every day and
continuously, especially for cooking needs.
In rural areas, coconut coir waste may not be a problem, because some rural people use it for various
purposes such as making brooms, cooking as a substitute for firewood, and so on. However, in urban
communities, this coconut coir is almost of no use. So that this coconut fiber becomes one of the sources of
waste problems in big cities. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efforts to expand the use of coconut coir as
reinforcement for composite materials, to assist the government in reducing the volume of waste, especially
in urban areas.
From the results of research conducted by several researchers, many factors affect the mechanical properties
of composite materials. The effect of coconut coir fiber powder content and hardener weight fractions on
mechanical properties of an epr-174 epoxy resin composite has been investigated [9]. From the results of
these studies it is found that pure resin has the lowest impact strength of 1.37 kJ/m 2 . The fiber content of 6
wt.% powder produces the highest impact strength, which is 4.92 kJ/m 2. Meanwhile, the ratio of the best
resin and hardener composition, which produces the highest impact strength of 4.55kJ/m 2 is 1:1, which mean
50% resin and 50% hardener. The content of fiber powder that produces the highest shear strength of 1 MPa
is 8%[9].
There were many studies have been carried out by researchers to improve the mechanical properties of
composite materials. Among them, a study of using the alkali treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches
[10][11], and also henequen fibers [12] have been conducted. From those studies, different results have been
obtained. Alkali treatment of certain fibers can improve their mechanical properties significantly, but on the
other fibers, the effect is not significant, or even reduce the mechanical properties of the composite material.
It can be concluded that the effect of the alkali treatment on the fiber during manufacturing the composite
materials on each type of fiber is different.
The above studies have not examined the effect of second phase morphology on the mechanical properties
of resin composite materials. There are several types of the morphology of the second phase used as
reinforcement in composite materials, i.e.: particle form, short fiber form continuous fiber form and so on
[13].

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Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2021; 8(6): 3880-3894

Composites that are reinforced with natural fibers are likely to be influenced by the shape (morphology) of
the second phase even though the second phase comes from the same material because when the
morphology of the fibers has changed, the adhesion to the matrix will be different. Apart from that, the
morphology of the second phase also affects the stress concentration that occurs. The second phase, which
is spherical, has almost no stress concentration on its surface. On the other hand, in the second phase, which
has a sharp surface, there will be a stress concentration on the sharp part. These will all result in internal
residual stresses. The residual stress on the material within a certain limit will result in the material becoming
stronger. but if the residual stress is too high, it will result in the material becoming more brittle as a result
of which it breaks easily. For this reason, it is necessary to study the morphological form and the percentage
of the second phase (coconut coir) which has the most optimum mechanical properties.
Utilization of composite materials for structural materials
Among the types of loading experienced by the structural material in terms of its loading rate, among others,
static load, dynamic load, shock load (impact), They could be compressive or sliding.
For the metallic materials, the nature of the load (tensile, compressive, and shear) may have almost no effect
on the failure of the material, because metallic materials are relatively homogeneous. However, in composite
materials, due to the presence of the second phase as a reinforcement, the effect of load properties on
material failure can be very different. This could be due to either the influence of the size, or the
concentration or the morphology (shape) of the second phase.
Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
Tests that are included in the category of destructive testing in the laboratory can determine the mechanical
properties of the composite material by testing the response of the material to a given loading. The
categories for the classification of damaging tests on polymer materials [14] are as follows:
1. Classification based on the rate of testing: Static, Quasi-Static, and dynamic.
2. Classification based on the type of load:
a. Compressive tension, bending, torsion, and shear loads.
b. Uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial loads.
3. Type of material studied: Polymer and fiber composite materials.
4. Types of physical properties: thermal, optical, and electrical.

Impact testing, as well as fatigue testing, fall under the classification of dynamic load testing. Many studies
have been carried out on composite materials related to the impact strength of the material, including
research on the effect of fiber content on the mechanical properties of composite materials [15][16]. This
study found that, when the fiber content is too low, the composite material will not improve the mechanical
properties of the material.
The fiber length of the composite material also affects the mechanical properties of the resulting composite
material. If the fiber length is too short, the fiber does not function as reinforcement, but only as a filler [17].
Research on the mechanical properties of materials, especially the impact strength of composite materials,
was also carried out who researched the impact strength of coconut fiber reinforced resin composite

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Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2021; 8(6): 3880-3894

materials to then create a regression model from the results of this study [18]. However, this study has not
examined the morphological effect of coconut coir fibers.
The purpose of this study was to obtain the impact strength value of the fiber-reinforced epoxy resin
composite material with different coconut coir morphological shapes, to determine the effect of morphology
and the percentage of the second phase content on the impact strength, and also to determine the
morphological shape and the percentage content of the second phase (coconut coir) which has the most
optimum mechanical properties.
In this study, Epoxy resin type EPR174 and hardener V-140 were used as the matrix. The morphology of the
second phase (coconut coir) used is in the form of fiber (10mm length), particles (powder) coconut fiber, and
ash from coconut coir charcoal, the percentage content of the second phase consists of 3 levels, i.e.: 2 wt.%,
4 wt.%, and 6 wt.%. From the test results, the regression models were generated which is the relationship
between the content of the second phase and the resulting impact strength for each morphology. Then the
optimum morphology and percentage of the content of the second phase was determined, which had the
highest impact strength.
Materials and Methods
Review Stage
The flow of the implementation of this research is as shown by the flow diagram in Figure 1.
Figure 2: Research Flowchart

Start

Material & Equipment

Preparation

Samples preparation: Short fibre (10mm), Powder

and Charcoal ash, each type consists of three level
of content: 2 wt.%, 4 wt.% dan 6 wt.%

Impact Testing & Optical

Impact strength calculation

Generating regression model

Increase
the degrees
R2 > 0.95? No

Yes

Conclusion

STOP

The research began with the preparation of tools and materials for specimens preparation. Then proceed
with the impact test and OM (Optical Microscopy). The Impact test results were used to calculate the impact
strength of the specimen and then analyzed for generating the impact strength regression model. The
variable in the regression model is the weight percentage of each morphology of the second phase.

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Then it was determined what percentage of the optimum weight content of the second phase for each type
of morphology, and also determined which morphology of the second phase (coconut coir) had the highest
average impact strength
Specimen Preparation
Coconut coir is washed with water, then dried under the sun until it is completely dry. Then the clean coconut
coir are divided into 3 groups. The first group of fibers is cut into 10mm lengths. The second group of fiber is
crushed in a blender so that it becomes a powder. Then the third group of fibers is burned to ashes.
Specimen manufacturing is carried out to obtain specimen sizes according to ISO 179-1: 2000 standards.
There are 2 factors studied, namely the form of the second phase which consists of 3 levels of fiber, particles,
and ash, and the content of each second phase which consists of 3 levels as follows:
1. Fiber (10mm long) with a percentage content of 2 wt.%, 4 wt.%, and 6 wt.%.
2. Particles (powder) of coconut coir with a porosity of content of 2 wt.%, 4 wt.%, and 6 wt.%.
3. Particles of coconut coir charcoal ash with a percentage content of 2 wt.%, 4 wt.%, and 6 wt.%.
The study was designed to use the full factorial design method, therefore the number of sample type
combinations that must be prepared is: 3 X 3 = 9 type combinations. Each type was made of 5 samples. So
that the total number of samples is 45 samples.
Figure 2: Dimensions of the Charpy impact specimen according to ISO 179 standard, type no.1 type B notch
[19].

Based on the ISO 179 standard, the shape of the Charpy impact test specimen is as shown in Figure 2. This
study used Type number 1, notch (notch) B [19]. Furthermore, the specimens were made with the following
procedure:
The resin is poured into a mold and then mixed with coconut coir according to the size and content that has
been determined. The mixture is stirred to ensure that the fibers are evenly distributed throughout the mold,
then add Hardener according to the instructions on the material and stir until evenly, then poured into the
mold and allowed to harden the material, then removed from the mold with specimen size according to ISO
179-1: 2000 standard.
Testing and Characterization
The specimen impact testing is carried out using an impact test tool specifically for polymer and composite
materials at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of the University of Mercu Buana. Likewise, OM

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observation also be carried out using the OM tool in the Mechanical Engineering Lab at Mercu Buana
University.
The result of the impact test is the impact energy of each specimen. This data is then used to calculate the
impact strength of each specimen and the average impact strength for each condition. Furthermore, the test
results are displayed in graphical form and then analyzed using SPSS to obtain a regression model for the
relationship between phase morphology and the percentage content of the second phase to the impact
strength of the specimen.
The regression model is a model in the form of a mathematical equation obtained from the results of research
data processing. This model consists of independent variables and dependent variables. With this model, it
is possible to simulate the value of the independent variable to get the value of a certaindependent variable.
In this study, the independent variable is the percentage weight of the content of the second phase for each
morphology of the second phase, while the dependent variable is the impact strength. So by using a
regression model it can be simulated how much fiber content must be made to get a certain value of the
impact strength of the composite material for each of the second phase morphology.
Results and Discussion
Specimens preparation were carried out to obtain specimen sizes according to ISO 179-1: 2000 standards for
impact testing. The results of making specimens are as follows:
Figure 3 Impact test specimen.

As mentioned before, the study was designed to use the full factorial design method, where the number of
samples combinations prepared were: 3 X 3 = 9 combination types. Each type/condition was made of 5
samples. So that the total number of samples is 45 samples for the impact test.
Impact Testing and The Impact strength
From the results of the Charpy impact test, the impact energy value of each sample is obtained which is then
used to calculate the impact strength of each sample. then the average impact strength is made for each
condition. As a comparison, the impact test and the calculation of the impact strength were also carried out
for pure resin. A summary of the results of the impact test and The Impact strength are shownin Table 1

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Table 1 Recapitulation of Impact testing results

ContentImpact EnergyImpact Strength

NoSample codeSecond phase morphology
(%) (J) (kJ/m2)

1 SF2 2 0.28 6.4

2 SF4 Short Fiber 4 0.27 7.07
3 SF6 6 0.26 6.71
4 AB2 2 0.25 6.22
5 AB4 4 0.20 4.96
Charcoal Ash
6 AB6 6 0.19 4.65
7 PD2 2 0.22 5.65
8 PD4 Powder 4 0.23 5.74
9 PD6 6 0.21 5.26
10 Pure - 0 0.06 1.37
Resin

From Table 1, it can be seen that the impact strength of the material reinforced with coconut coir short fibers,
coconut coir charcoal ash, and also coconut coir powder dramatically increases its impact strength above
200% to 500% compared to pure resin. Which for composite materials the impact strength varies from 4.65
kJ/m2 to 7.07 kJ/m2. While the impact strength of pure resin was only 1.37 kJ/m2. The highest impact strength
value was obtained from the second phase sample in the form of short fibers with a content of 4 wt.%, which
was 7.07 kJ/m2. Overall, short fibers have the highest impact strength, which is above 6.4 kJ/m2 when
compared to the second phase in the form of coir charcoal ash, where the impact strength is below 5. While
the impact strength of the powder is relatively stable, all on average between 5 kJ/m2 and 6 kJ/m2.
Furthermore, from data table 1 using Microsoft Excel graphs and 3rd order polynomial regression models for
each second phase morphology complete with the coefficient of determination (R2) as shown in Figures 4, 5,
and 6. The consideration of using polynomial order 3 is due to the regression model. This order 3 polynomial
is the most accurate proven coefficient of determination 1. Previously, I was tried linear regression and
second-order polynomial regression but the efficiency of determination was very low, only ranging from 0.3
to 0.8. Therefore, it was decided to use polynomial regression of order 3.

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Figure 4 the impact strength regression model for the second phase in the form of coconut coir short fibers

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00
y = 0.0969x3 - 1.2367x2 + 4.8216x +
2.00 1.3705
R² = 1
1.00

0.00
0 2 4 6 8
SHORT FIBER
WEIGHT CONTENT(%)

From Figure 4, it appears that the regression model for the morphology of the second phase in the form of
short fibers is:

Y = 0.0969x3 - 1.2367x2 + 4.8216x + 1.3705 (1)

Where: y = impact strength (kJ/m2)

x = percentage of content (%)

The coefficient of determination (R2) of the regression model is = 1. This indicates that the percentage of
short fiber content 100% affects the impact strength of the resulting composite material. Or in other words,
the variation in the percentage of short fiber content in the composite material in this research is 100%
able to explain variations in impact strength.
From Figure 5 it appears that the regression model for the second phase morphology in the form of coconut
coir charcoal ash is:

Y = 0.1471x3 - 1.6467x2 + 5.1311x + 1.3705 (2)

Where: y = impact strength (kJ/m2)

x = percentage of content (%)

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Figure 5 the impact strength regression model for the second phase in the form of coconut coir charcoal
ash.

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00 y = 0.1471x3 - 1.6467x2 + 5.1311x +

1.3705
R² = 1
0.00
0 2 4 6 8
CHARCOAL ASH WEIGHT CONTENT(%)

The coefficient of determination (R2) of the regression model is = 1. This indicates that the percentage of
coconut coir charcoal ash content 100% affects the impact strength of the resulting composite material. Or
in other words, the variation in the percentage of coconut coir charcoal ash content in the composite material
in this study is 100% able to explain variations in impact strength.
The regression model for the impact strength for the second phase in the form of coconut coir powder is
shown in Figure 6. From Figure 6 it can be seen that the regression model for the second phase morphology
in the form of coconut coir powder is:

Y = 0.0757x3 - 0.9789x2 + 3.7955x + 1.3705 (3)

Where: y = impact strength (kJ/m2)

x = percentage of content (%)
Figure 6 The regression model for the impact strength for the second phase in the form of coconut coir
powder.
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
y = 0.0757x3 - 0.9789x2 + 3.7955x +
2.00 1.3705
1.00 R² = 1

0.00
0 2 4 6 8
POWDER WEIGHT CONTENT(%)

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The coefficient of determination (R2) of the regression model is = 1. This indicates that the percentage of
coconut coir powder content 100% affects the impact strength of the resulting composite material. Or in
other words, the variation in the percentage of coir powder content in the composite material in this study
is 100% able to explain variations in impact strength.
For further ensure the validity of the regression model, it will be tested manually by comparing the material
impact strength calculated using the regression models (1), (2), and (3) with the impact strength of the test
results. The results of this validity test are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Test the validity of the regression model

Impac Impact Impact

Sample Conten t Strength Strength Deviati

No t Energ
code (kJ/m2) (kJ/m2) on
y
(%) (Experime (regressi
(J) nt) on)
1 SF2 2 0.28 6.4 6.4 0.00
2 SF4 4 0.27 7.07 7.07 0.00
3 SF6 6 0.26 6.71 6.71 0.00
4 AB2 2 0.25 6.22 6.22 0.00
5 AB4 4 0.20 4.96 4.96 0.00
6 AB6 6 0.19 4.65 4.63 0.02
7 PD2 2 0.22 5.65 5.65 0.00
8 PD4 4 0.23 5.74 5.73 0.01
9 PD6 6 0.21 5.26 5.25 0.01
10 Pure 0 0.06 1.37 1.37 0.00
Resin

From table 2 it appears that almost all the points tested are the same between the impact strength of the
test results and the impact strength of the results calculated using the regression model, there are only 3
points where the difference is very small, namely 0.01 and 0.02. With so clearly it is clear that the regression
model generated from this study is truly valid.
Furthermore, the fracture morphology of the impact test specimens was also observed using optical
microscopy (OM). The results of these observations are shown in Figure 7 an increase of more than 200%.
However, too high a fiber content also does not result in higher impact strength. A proven sample that has
impact strength. the highest is the fiber content of 2 wt.% compared to 4 wt.% and 6 wt.%.
Figure 7 shows the fracture surface of 3 samples of specimens containing 2 wt.% (SF2), 4 wt.% (SF4, and 6
wt.% (SF6) samples. The highest impact strength was obtained in specimens with 4 wt.% fiber content, which
was the impact strength of this specimen is also the highest compared to all specimens in this study.

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When viewed from the figure, it appears that on the fracture surface of the SF4 specimen with a fiber content
of 4 wt.%, the fibers are evenly distributed, so that the bond between the fibers and the matrix is also
uniform, resulting in high impact strength. When compared with the surface of the SF2 specimen with2 wt.%
fiber content, it appears that certain parts of the fracture surface are less fibrous so that the impact strength
is lower than that of the SF4 specimen.
Figure 7 The fracture surface morphology of the impact test specimen of the composite resin material with
the second phase in the form of coconut coir short fibers which function as reinforcement. Observations
were made using Optical Microscopy with a magnification of 100x.

Likewise specimen SF6 with 6 wt.% fiber content, it appears that the fiber distribution is not evenly
distributed. This is not due to the uneven distribution of the fibers, but it could be because the fiber content
has exceeded the limit so that some fibers lack a matrix and gather in certain parts of thespecimen. As a
result, the fiber lacks a matrix, so that the bond between the fibers and the matrix is less than perfect. As a
result, the impact strength of the SF6 specimen is lower than that of the SF4 specimen.
Figure 8 shows the fracture surface of 3 sample specimens that contain coconut coir charcoal ash content of
2 wt.% (code AB2), 4 wt.% (code AB4, and 6 wt.% (code AB6). The highest impact strength was obtained in
specimens with a fiber content of 2 wt.%, namely amounting to 6.22 kJ/m2 where the impact strength of this
specimen is almost equal to the specimen with the second phase in the form of short fibers. However, for
higher content AB4 (4 wt.%) and AB6 (6 wt.%), the impact strength fell by more than 20% to 4, 96 kJ/m2and
4.65 kJ/m2.
Actually, the bond between the charcoal ash and the matrix can produce a high impact strength, but it seems
that because the solubility limit of coconut coir charcoal ash in the resin matrix is low, so even the 2 wt.%
content is already excess as a result of the accumulation of charcoal ash in several places in the

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specimen. Therefore, for specimens containing 4 wt.% (AB4) and 6 wt.% (AB6), the impact strength is lower,
because the accumulation of charcoal occurs more
Figure 8 The fracture surface morphology of the impact test specimen of the composite resin material with
the second phase in the form of coconut coir charcoal ash which serves as reinforcement. Observations were
made using Optical Microscopy with a magnification of 100x

Figure 9 shows the fracture surface of 3 specimen samples containing coconut coir powder of 2 wt.% (PD2
code), 4 wt.% (PD4 code, and 6 wt.% (PD6 code). The highest impact strength was obtained in specimens
with 4 wt.% fiber content.
When viewed from the figure, it appears that on the fracture surface of the PD4 specimen with 4 wt.% fiber
content, the powder is evenly distributed, so that the bond between the fibers and the matrix is evenly
distributed, resulting in high impact strength. When compared with the surface of the PD2 specimen with 2
wt.% fiber content, it appears that certain parts of the fracture surface are less fibrous so that the impact
strength is lower than that of the PD4 specimen.
Likewise, the PD6 specimen with 6 wt.% fiber content, it appears as if the fiber distribution is not evenly
distributed. This is not due to the uneven distribution of the fibers, but it could be because the fiber content
has exceeded the limit so that some fibers lack a matrix and gather in certain parts of thespecimen. As a
result, the fiber lacks a matrix, so the bond between the fiber and the matrix is less than perfect. As a result,
the impact strength of the PD6 specimen is lower than that of the PD4 specimen.
Figure 9 The fracture surface morphology of the impact test specimen of the composite resin material with
the second phase in the form of coconut coir powder which serves as reinforcement. Observations were
made using Optical Microscopy with a magnification of 100x

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Conclusion
The conclusions obtained from this study are:
1. The content of coconut fiber in the resin matrix composite material in the form of short fibers, charcoal
ash, and coconut coir powder has been shown to increase its impact strength compared to pure resin
between 200% to 400%, from 1.37 kJ/m2 to 4.65 kJ/m2 to 7.07 kJ/m2.
2. Morphology The second phase is proven to affect the impact strength of the specimens in this study.
The best morphology is short fiber, followed by fiber powder and coconut coir charcoal ash,
respectively.
3. The percentage content of the second phase also has a strong effect on the impact strength of the
composite material. In this study, the effect of the weight content percentage of the second phase is
expressed in the regression model, where x is the percentage of content, while Y is the impact strength,
then the regression model is as follows:
a. The second phase is in the form of short fibers:

Y = 0.0969x3 - 1.2367x2 + 4.8216x + 1.3705

b. The second phase is coconut coir charcoal ash:

Y = 0.1471x3 - 1.6467x2 + 5.1311x + 1.3705

c. The second phase is in the form of coconut coir powder:

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Y = 0.0757x3 - 0.9789x2 + 3.7955x + 1.3705

The most optimum specimen in this study is the specimen with the second phase in the form of short fibers
with a percentage content of 4 wt.%.

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