krvavhE,
tejiSv navxI?tmStu ma iv?iÖ;avhEš?,
` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.
(s> = he; h = indeed; naE = us two; Avtu = may protect; s> = he; h =verily; ; naE = us two; Éun´… =
may nourish; sh = (we two) together; vIyRm! krvavhE = may acquire the capacity (to understand & study
the scriptures); AxItm! = what is studied; tejiSv = (be) brilliant; naE = for us; AStu = let it be; ma
iviÖ;avhE = may we not cavil at each other)
May He protect us both (the teacher & the taught) together (by revealing knowledge). May He nourish us both
(by vouchsafing the results of knowledge). May we (both) acquire the capacity (to understand the scriptures).
May our study be brilliant (and invigorating). May we not cavil at each other.
Oh Lord, may I have peace of the three types of obstacles – those centered around me, those arising from other
living beings and those from natural forces.
yena]rsmaçaymixgMy mheñrat!, k«Tõm! Vyakr[< àae´< tSmE pai[nye nm>.
vaKykar< vréic< Éa:ykar< ptÃilm!, pai[in< sUÇkar< c à[tae=iSm muinÇym!.
` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.
(yen = by whom or by which, because, since; A]r = alphabet; smaçaym! = handing down by tradition or
from memory, collection or compilation of sacred texts, the sacred texts in general; AixgMy = to study, to be
desirous of studying or reading; mheñrat! = by Lord Maheshavara; k«Tõm! = absolutely complete;
Vyakr[m! = grammar ; àae´m! = spoken of, addressed; tSmE = that; pai[nye = that Panini; nm> =
salutations; vaKykarm! = the author of vaKysvRdœ ; vréicm! = a grammarian [also a poet ,
lexicographer , and writer on medicine], sometimes identified with kaTyayn, [the reputed author of the
vaitRka or supplementary rules of pai[nI] - He is placed, by some, among the nine gems of the court of
Vikramaditya, and by others, among the ornaments of the court of Bhoja - He was the author of the àak«t!
grammar called àak«t!-àkaz, and is said to be the first grammarian who reduced the various dialects of
àak«t! to a system pÂt!-kwa> ; Éa:ym! = commentary; ptÃilm! = a celebrated grammarian, author of
the mhaÉa:ym! , also a philosopher (the propounder of the Yoga philosophy); pai[inm! = that Panini;
sUÇkarm! = the composer of the sUÇ (a short sentence or aphoristic rule, and any work or manual
consisting of strings of such rules hanging together like threads) - these sUÇ form manuals of teaching in
ritual, philosophy, grammar etc.); à[m! = to bend or bow down before, make obeisance to, to cause a person
to bow before; AiSm = I; muin> = a saint, sage, seer, ascetic, monk, devotee, hermit; Çym! = a triad).
Unto pai[in, by whom, having understood the A]r and by the grace of Bhagvan, the entire Vyakr[<
zaôm! was told, my salutation unto pai[in.
The Legend
The Vedas came with creation and were in Samskrit, hence the language is called dev va[I. Brahmaji
himself taught the Vyakr[ to Lord Indra for a thousand years, word-by-word (pdm!-àit-pdm!). Panini, a
student & scholar of Samskrit, prayed to Lord Shiva for a System by which this grammar could be presented -
to be understood and remembered easily. Lord Shiva came down playing his fmé. Sounding the fmé 14
times – gave the following maheñrai[ sUÇai[ -
A#%[! \¤kœ @Aae'œ @AaEc! hyrvqœ
aiuë åÿk eoì eauc hayaravaö
l~[! |m'[nm! HÉ|! "fx;! jbgfz!
laðë ñamaìaëanam jhabhañ ghaòadhaña jabagaòaś
o)DQwcqtv! kpy! z;sr! hl!,
khaphachaöhathacaöatav kapay śañasar hal
Taking the above as the basis and having gained the knowledge from Lord Shiva, Panini wrote the mUlm!
which consisted of about 4000 sutras.
Another scholar, kaTyayn! , who had also been working on a system of grammar, but could not ‘publish’ his
work before Panini did, then ‘corrected’ Panini’s work by commenting on the errors of omission &
commission by writing about 8000 %´m! & Êé´m! in his vaitRka. Jealous of Panini and hurt by not
getting enough recognition for his works, kaTyayn! cursed Panini – that he would die within a day. Angered
by this curse, Panini too cursed kaTyayn! that if the curse took effect, kaTyayn! should die within a day.
Both curses took effect and this world lost two great scholars of Samskrit and there was none of equal caliber
to spread the knowledge. Lord izv then approached Lord iv:[u to resolve this issue. Lord Vishnu then asked
Aaid;ez to be born as a human being to write the Éa:ym! (Commentary) & spread the knowledge.
Before being born, Aaid;ez wanted to introduce himself to his (would be) mother. So he dropped into the
hands of gaei[ka, who herself was Samskrit scholar, in the water she held in her open palm (AÃil), while
performing her morning prayers, in the form of a small snake. gaei[ka asked the little snake ‘kaeÉRvn’
(instead of ‘kaeÉvn’, adding a ‘r!’ – by mistake). Aaidze; replied ‘spaehm!’ (instead of ‘spaeRhm!’ –
purposely dropping the ‘r!’). gaei[ka realized her mistake and asked ‘%that TVy re)a’ (where is your
‘re)a’). ‘Tvy Apùt’ (you have taken away), replied Aaid;ez, Then he took the permission and her blessings
to be born as her son. Having fallen in the water held in her open palm, he was called - ptÃil,
He mastered the Vedas and had 1000 disciples. In/near the present city of Chinambaram, before imparting the
knowledge of Samskrit to them he laid down two conditions before them – No one should leave before the
entire Éa:ym! is written down. He would impart the knowledge staying behind a curtain, which no one
should lift till the entire Éa:ym! was written down. Aaidze; then hid behind a curtain and assumed his 1000
headed snake form and started teaching, non-stop. Towards the end, an impatient & curious student lifted the
curtain, revealing the 1000 headed form of the guru. Exposed to the fire and venom of the 1000 hooded
Aaidze; all the students & everything around was burnt and reduced to ashes. However, one student (cNÔ
zmaR) who had broken the first rule and wandered away for a while – was saved from the tragedy. ptÃil was
happy that at least one student of his had the knowledge. He was also angered for breaking the first rule and
Vowels - Svr
There are five simple vowels and four diphthongs in the Samskrit Language. They are -
Simple Vowels A # % \ ¤
Diphthongs @ @e Aae AaE
The vowels are the sounds, which can be pronounced independently. Based on the length of the pronunciation,
they are classified as -
1. ÿSv> (short)- one maÇa
2. dI"R> (long)- two maÇa
3. Plut> - three maÇa
The Plut> shall be ignored, for the time being only
Of the simple vowels, first four have both the short & the long forms. The fifth one, ¤ does not have a long
form. The diphthongs are all long. Therefore, for all practical purposes, there are 13 vowels in the Samskrit
Language. They are –
A l l Vo w e l s
Simple Vowels Diphthongs
A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaE
a ā i ī u ū å è ÿ e ai a au
They are further classified into groups based on the type of effort used. When we classify the consonants and
vowels according to the effort, it again involves two types of classifications. The first one is based on how the
articular surfaces come in contact with each other. This is called internal effort. Based on the internal effort the
consonants and vowels are divided into five groups as follows –
k, o, g, ", '.
c, D, j, H, |.
Hard & Soft Mutes
Sp&òa> VyÃn q, Q, f, F, [.
(The 25 class consonants)
t, w, d, x, n.
p, ), b, É, m.
$;TSp&ò ANtSwa
Semi-vowels y, r, l, v.
> >
$;iÖv&t ^:ma[>
Sibilants ;, z, s.
>
ivv&t> Vowels A, Aa, #, $, \, §, ¤, %, ^.
s<v&t> Short A **
** This A is s<v&t> only for enunciation but for all grammatical purposes it is taken as ivv&ta>.
The second kind of effort is called the external effort. Based on this the 25 mutes are divided into soft
consonants and hard consonants.
The First & Second of each class of mutes are the hard consonants – the surds.
The Third & Fourth are the soft consonants – the sonants.
The Fifth of the class are the nasals and are soft consonants.
Other S ymbols
a is the dot above the vowel and originates from a m! or a n!
AnuSvr
< This shall be discussed in detail in the siNx rules
a is the aspirate sound that originates from a s! or r! at the end of the word
ivsgR
>
AxRivsg is the modification of the ivsgR under certain conditions
R
is not strictly a symbol of the Samskrit language.
Av¢h =
It is used to represent an elided/omitted A
Rule 1 – In a conjunct consonant, the letter that corresponds to the last sound is generally represented in full,
because it has a vowel, and the letters corresponding to the previous sound(s) are represented by their vertical
half or a part of the whole. The exceptions to this rule are – ', D, q, f, F, r, h,
The order of writing is the same as the order of pronunciation, barring a few exceptions
Rule 2 – When in a conjunct consonant, the consonants – ', D, q, f, F, r, h come in any position other than
the last, they are represented in full and the lower halves of the letters of the sound that follows is placed
above the letters
Rule 3 – When the sound corresponding to r! is part of a conjunct consonant, the following conventions are
followed –
If the consonant r! is preceded by a consonant, i.e. it is the second member of the conjunct, then it is
represented as a stroke on the body of the preceding consonant. In case the preceding consonant is – ', D,
q, f, F, it is represented as a double stroke below
If the consonant r! is followed by a consonant, i.e. it is the first member of the conjunct and is preceded
by a vowel then it is represented as a hook on top of the next Svr-VyÃn , consonant that is followed by a
vowel, crossing over the consonant(s) that may intervene
Sa mskrit Numerals
The Samskrit numerals are written as follows-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Apadanm! Is the point of origin of action. When the action involves movement, the point of origin of this
movement is called Apadanm! e.g. pÇm! v&]at! ptit the leaf falls from the tree. The action is ‘falls’ as it
involves movement, which originated at the tree. Hence the tree is considered to be Apadanm!,
Aixkr[m! is the locus of action i.e. where the actions is located. Locus can be both in time and space e.g. ‘the
children eat in the dining hall, at night’. Here – ‘in the dining hall’ is the Aixkr[m!
of space and ‘at night’ is the Aixkr[m! of time.
There is a third thing which can be Aixkr[m! – which is iv;y (subject or topic).
Samskrit is a declensional language, unlike English, i.e. each noun has a declensional suffix. These
declensional suffixes are known as ivÉi´ or sup!-àTyy. There are seven ivÉi´, each a set of three (singular,
dual & plural). The ivÉi´ are known as ‘cases’ in English. The six will be assigned a particular ‘case’ as
follows –
the first case denotes the ktaR in ktRir-àyaeg (active voice) and also kmR in kmRi[-àyaeg,
the second case denotes the kmR in ktRir-àyaeg
the third case denotes the instrument – kr[m!
the fourth case denotes the recipient - sMàdanm!
the fifth case denotes the Apadanm!
the seventh case denotes the Aixkr[m!
Note: the above cases denote other things apart from the kark
Note: The sixth case does not denote any kark but denotes sMbNx = connection.
siNx> = s<ihta
dI"R siNx>
dI"R siNx> When two similar vowels – long or short, come together, the preceding and the following are
together replaced by a single long similar vowel
A or Aa + A or Aa → Aa ⇒ iv*a + Aaly> → iv*aly>
# or $ + # or $ → $ ⇒ Aix + $z> → AxIz>
% or ^ + % or ^ → ^ ⇒ Éanu + %dy> → ÉanUdy>
\ or § + \ or § → § ⇒ ipt& + \[m! → ipt¨[m!
Note -
When ‘A’ of one ‘maÇa’ and ‘Aa’ of two maÇa come together, the replacement is dI"R i.e. two maÇa
NEVER three maÇa,
dI"R siNx applies only for simple vowels i.e. A, Aa, #, $, %, ^, \,
Exception
When short ‘A’, not at the end of a pdm! , is followed by a gu[ letter, then the preceding and the following
are together replaced by the following letter. Sūtra - Atae gu[e 6.1.97.
e.g. Év + AiNt → ÉviNt .
gu[ siNx>
gu[ is the name Panini gives to the three vowels – A, @, Aae. This is just a name given, perhaps it is a name
which comes in the tradition. The name is given so that these letters can be referred to, in the sutras by the
name. [Ade'œ gu[> 1.1.2 ]
gu[ siNx> When A or Aa are followed by #, $, %, ^, \, §, ¤ the preceding and the following are
together replaced by a gu[ letter i.e. A or @ or Aae . e.g. sur + $z> ⇒ surez> .
Here the A is followed by $. By the gu[ siNx rule the A and $ should be replaced by a single gu[ letter (A,
@ , Aae). We have to choose the one that would be the closest match. If we analyze the criteria of closeness,
in order of importance, they are –
Swanm! or AaSym! = point of articulation
Aa_yNtr-àyÆm! = internal effort
baý-àyÆm! = external effort
Any other
In the example – sur + $z> → surez>
for ‘A’ – k{Q is the Swanm! And for ‘$’ – talu is the Swanm!. Therefore, the perfect match would be
the gu[ letter ‘@’ which is k{Qtalu. Thus we have - sur + $z> → surez>.
In the situation of –
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1. A or Aa + \ or § And A or Aa + ¤ when the preceding or the following have to be replaced by a gu[ letter
as though there is a poor match, then we can choose only A. But when \ , § & ¤ are analyzed, it is observed
that these are different from other vowels by having a (small) ‘r!’, ‘r!’ or ‘l!’ components, respectively, added
to the component ‘V’ which is k{Q(. Then the A which is a k{Q( is the match. But because the consonant
component cannot be ignored, Panini writes a special sutra (%r[! rpr>,1.1.51 ) and makes the gu[
replacement of \ & § as ‘Ar!’ and of ‘¤’ as ‘Al!’.
A or Aa + # or $ → @ %p + #NÔ> → %peNÔ>
→ → sUyaeRdy
A or Aa + % or ^ Aae sUyR + %dy>
>
A or Aa + \ or § → Ar! ¢I:m + \tu> → ¢I:mtuR>
A or Aa + ¤ → Al! tv + ¤v[R> → tvLv[R>
v&iœ siNx>
v&iœ siNx> When A or Aa is followed by a @ , Aae, @e or AaE then the preceding and the following
vowels will be together replaced by a single v&iœ letter.
v&iœ s<}a (s<}a = definition) the letters Aa , @e and AaE are called v&iœ letters (v&iœ radEc!
1.1.2). in the situation of v&iœ siNx for eg. k«:[ + @kTvm! = k«:[EkTvm! . Here A is k{Qy, @ is
k{Qtalu.
Therefore @e which is a k{Qtalu is the best match.
e.g. g¼a + @eñyRm! = g¼EñyRm! .
jl + Aaex> = jlaEx>. (Flow of water)
k«:[ + AaETsuKym! = k«:[aEsuKym!. (Curiosity about Krishna)
A or Aa + @ or @e → @e ⇒ k«:[ + @kTvm! → k«:[EkTvm!
ÉaegEñyRm
A or Aa + @ or @e → @e ⇒ Éaeg + @eñyRm! →
!
Aa Aa Aa
A or Aa + or → ⇒ Év + AaE;xm! → ÉvaE;xm!
e E E
Aa Aa Aa
A or Aa + or → ⇒ tv + AaEÚTym! → tvaEÚTym!
e E E
y[! siNx>
y[! siNx> When #, $, %, ^, \ or §, (long or short), is followed by a dissimilar vowel, then the
replacements are as follows -
that
# or $ + any dissimilar vowel → y! + ⇒ #it + Aip → #Tyip
vowel
that nn
% or ^ + any dissimilar vowel → v! + ⇒ + @v → nNvev
vowel u
that i
\ or § + any dissimilar vowel → r! + ⇒ + Aa}a → ipÇa}a
vowel pt&
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that Aak«it
¤ + any dissimilar vowel → l! + ⇒ ¤ → lak«it>
vowel >
Here -
# or $ is replaced by y!
% or ^ is replaced by v!
\ or § is replaced by r!
¤ is replaced by l!
Ayav siNx>
Ayav siNx> is so called because Ay! , Av! , Aay! and Aav! are the replacements. When @, Aae, @e,
AaE are followed by any vowels i.e. –
@ is replaced by Ay!
Aa
is replaced by Av!
e
@
is replaced by Aay!
e
Aa
is replaced by Aav!
E
8. AazIilR
Benedictive Mood
b 'œ
samaNy
9 Simple Past Tense l~u'œ General past tense
ÉUtkal>
Conditional Past Mood
10 General / Second / Simple Future l&~'œ
Tense
In kmRi[ àyaeg> the verb denotes the kmR (the object). This is true for any language
e.g. the ApUp is eaten by the boy.
Here the verb has changed to ‘is eaten’. This verb will change whenever the object changes and Not when the
agent changes. e.g. -
Two ApUp are eaten by the boys. Two ApUp are eaten by two boys
ApUp> 1/1
balen 3/1
oa*te III/1
.
ApUp> 1/1
bala_yam! oa*te1/1.
3/2
2. The m! or n! that is Not the end of a pdm! will Also be replaced by an AnuSvar when followed by a
consonant, other than a nasal ('œ , |! , [! , n! , m!) or a semi-vowel (y! , r! , l! , v!) follows.
e.g. pyan!s! + # = pya<is milks / waters nouns
Aa³m! + Sy + te = Aa³<Syte
3. The AnuSvar that is followed by any consonant, other than h! , z! , ;! , s! is replaced by the nasal
belonging to the class of the following consonant.
e.g. 1 ¢amm! + gCDit = ¢am< gCDit ⇒ ¢am¼CDit ⇒ ¢am< gCDit .
e.g. 2 isNc + Ait ⇒ is<cit ⇒ isÂit.
In the above e.g.1 the pronunciation will always be ¢am¼CDit i.e. the AnuSvar takes the phonetic
corresponding to the consonant that follows it.
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4. The above rule #3 is optional when the AnuSvar is at the end of a pdm!.
Note: All vowels have a nasal form. Even the following three semi-vowels have a nasal form as denoted
below –
Semi-Vowel Nasal Form Vowel Nasal Form
y! y~ A A~
l! l~ # #~
v! v~ % %~
An AnuSvar followed by z! , ;! , s! , h! , r! is pronounced as ‘gm’ and written as ‘‡’ (the cNÔ ibNÊ
denotes the vowel and the hlNt denotes that there is no consonant in that place) or ‘ ’. This is used mainly in
the vedas – mainly in the k«:[ yjuveRd, only for Vedic Chanting. There is no rule by Panini for the same.
An AnuSvar followed by z! , ;! , s! , h! , r! which is the first element of the conjunct consonant becomes a
‘Gg!’ (gg). This is also used in the Vedas for Vedic Chanting only. There is no rule by Panini for the same.
curaidg[ – X Conjugation
The roots of the X conjugation get a àTyy ‘i[c!’ added to them as soon as they come out of any àTyy. This
i[c! is called curaidg[ or SvaweRi[c! – and has no special meaning.
e.g. cur! to steal => cur! + i[c! – to steal
i[c! Rules
1. A i[c! or i|t! àTyy is an AaxRxatuk as it is neither a izt! nor a it'œ àTyy
2. The actual àTyy is ‘#’ ; ‘[!’ & ‘c!’ are #t! letters.
A àTyy ending in a |! or [! will cause v&iœ because it is a i[t! i.e. it has an #t! letter.
v&iœ Rules
1. A i[c! or i|t! àTyy causes v&iœ substitution of the final (ANTym!) vowel of the A¼.
2. A i[c! or i|t! àTyy causes v&iœ substitution of the penultimate short A of the A¼.
v&iœ substitution is an Apvad of the gu[! substitution.
Therefore, i[c! being an AaxRxatuk àTyy can also cause gu[ substitution of the final #kœ vowel and
penultimate short #kœ vowel, as seen earlier
Because v&iœ is an Apvad of gu[ it will take precedence
Therefore, i[c! will cause v&iœ where it can – over-riding the possibility of gu[, and when no v&iœ is
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possible then the gu[ or penultimate short #kœ will take places
Prototype of the X Conjugation (v&iœ Of Final Vowel)
x& to owe
⇒ x& + i[c!
Note: Specialty of X Conjugation is that the above results in a new root called snaid xatu.
⇒ xar! + #
⇒ xair + it (xair is the new root)
⇒ xair! + zp! + it ⇒ xare + A + it
⇒ xary! + A + it (Ayav siNx)
⇒ xaryit
Apvad> Among the savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk only i[c! or i|t! cause v&iœ.
%TsgR> When it'œ àTyy denoting the ktaR follows a root the àTyy ‘zp!’ is immediately added after
the root. Sutra ktRir zp! 3.1.68
Apvad> When a it'œ àTyy denoting the ktaR follows a root of the idvaidg[ the àTyy ‘Zyn!’ is added
immediately after the root.
<diagram to be done>
3. The A¼ of the l'œ lkar gets an augment Aaqœ which has ‘qœ’ as its #t letter. Therefore it is placed at
the beginning of the A¼.
. ⇒ Aqœ + Évt! (adding the Aqœ augment)
. ⇒ AÉvt! (here Év is the A¼ )
similarly –
. ⇒ Aqœ + Évt! (adding the Aqœ augment)
. ⇒ AÉvt! (here Év is the A¼ )
4. Exception: All roots beginning with a vowel take the Aaqœ augment, instead of Aqœ .
5. When the Aaqœ augment is followed by any vowel, the preceding and the following are together
replaced by a letter v&iœ letter. This is an exception to any other siNx rule possible. e.g. –
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#;! to desire
⇒ #;!! + t!
⇒ #CD! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + t! (g[ ivkr[m! )
⇒ #CD! + A + t!
⇒ Aa + #CD + t! (Ayav siNx has taken place)
⇒ @eCDt!
The following are the 20 %psgaR> prefixed to the roots & their me anings –
Meaning of the Meaning of the Verbs with Meaning of the
%psgaR> xatu
%psgaR> xatu %psgaR> Verb
Ait beyond, over ³m to go Ait³amit goes beyond
Aix over, above gm! to go AixgCDit goes up
Anu after, behind k« to do Anukraeit imitates
Ap away from nI to lead Apnyit takes away
Aip / pI war to xa to hold Aipdxait covers
AiÉ towards gm! to go AiÉgCDit comes
Av away, down mn! to think AvmNyte disrespects
Aa up to gm! to go AagCDit comes
%t! / %dœ upon gm! to go %ÌDit goes up
%p towards k« to do %pkaeit obliges
bad, hard to be
Ês / Êr cr! to move Êracrit acts badly
done
in, into, great
in idz! to go inidRzit commands
etc.
out of, away
ins! / inr! gm! to go ingRCDit goes out
from
pra opposed to ij to conquer prajyte defeats
places all
pir all around xa to hold pirdxait
around
à much, forth ù to take away àhrit strikes
àit in opposition to k« to do àitkraeit acts in opposite
reverse to,
iv ³I to buy iv³I[it sells
separate from
together with,
sm! ù to take away s<hrit destroys
full
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su well k« to do sukraeit does well
[Tvm!
‘n!’ is changed to ‘[’ when –
1. In the same word a ‘n!’ is immediately preceded by –
1.1. ‘r!’ e.g. v[R
1.2. ‘;!’ e.g. k«:[
1.3. ‘\’ / ‘§’ e.g. ipt¨[am!
2. A ‘n!’ is immediately preceded by ‘r!’ ,‘;!’, ‘\’ or ‘§’, in the same word when the following letters
intervene -
2.1. All vowels
2.2. y! , r! , m! , h! , k-vgR , p-vgR and Aa'œ & num! augments
3. A n at the end of a pdm! will Not take [Tvm! , as stated in the rules above.
sMàsar[m! (Vocalization)
(sm! = well, properly àsar[m! = expansion. The replacement of a consonant by a vowel is vocalization)
1. The process in which y! , r! , l! , v! are replaced (only Sv will be the replacement) by # , % , \ , ¤
respectively, is called sMàsar[m!.
1.1. This is brought about by a ikt! or i't! àTyy
1.2. Only some specific roots will undergo sMàsar[m!.
e.g. àCD! to ask for
àCD! (p! + r! + A + c! + D! + A) +it
àCD! + z + it
àCD! + A + it
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(p! + \ + A + c! + D! + A) + Ait
p&CDit ( y[ siNx )
2. The #kœ vowel that has come by the process of sMàsar[m! is also sMàsar[m!. Only the short #, %
, \ , ¤ will be the sMàsar[m! replacement.
e.g. Vyx! to pierce – IV.C.A.
Vyx! + it
Vyx! + Zyn! +it
ivx!
3. If a root can undergo sMàsar[m! has two y[! letters, then only the second will undergo sMàsar[m!.
4. The mucaid roots belonging to the IV Conjugation will get a n~um! (= n! + %~ + m!) augment
when followed by z. While conjugating the n! (n~um!) will become AnuSvar and then the AnuSvar
will be replaced by the nasal of the class of the letter, except in ip<zit where the AnuSvar remains.
Derivation of †
† - IV.C.A.
It is always preceded by the %psgR - “Aa”
Aa + † + te
g[ivkr[m! → Aa + † + z + te
Aa + † + z + te here z does not cause any gu[
Whenever the affix z follows a \kar> the \ is replaced by ir (r! + #)
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Aa + iÔ + z + te
The # is replaced by #y'œ = #y! (Sutra #y~'œ Aadez>). This is an exception to y[ siNx.
Aa + iÔy! + A + te → Aa + iÔyte → AaiÔyte
ivixil'œ
Sūtra - ivix-inmÙ[-AxIò-sMàî-àawRne;u-il'œ 3.3.161.
The ivixil'œ lkar> is used when the following AwR i.e. moods / expressions / senses are meant –
1. ivix = direct order. e.g. –
kq< k…yaRt!
- he should make the mat Éaejnm! k…yaRt! - he should eat
2. inmÙ[ = appointing someone to a particular job. Here the appointment is also an invitation and not an
order. Here the one being invited is a functionary in the process. For e.g. inviting someone to be the chief
guest for a function. e.g. –
#h Évan! ÉuÃIt
- may your honor eat here (today) Note: One has to be explicit about this being a inmÙ[ in a separate
sentence.
3. AamÙ[ = an invitation which is not compulsory. e.g. –
#h Évan! ÉuÃIt
- may your honor eat here (today) Note: One has to be explicit about this being a AamÙ[ in a separate
sentence.
4. AxIò = special request that a father makes to a teacher requesting to accept his child as a student, or any
such respectful request. e.g. –
AxICDamae ÉvNt< ma[vk< Évan! %pnyet!.
- we very respectfully wish of your honor that you should take this student with you (to teach) after doing
his %pnynm!.
5. sMàî = a respectful request in the form of a question. e.g. -
ik< nu klu Vyakr[m! AxIyIy ?
if it indeed pleases your honor, may I study grammar with you? (this is the same for ‘today’ or any
particular day or at the beginning of a course)
6. àawRna = a very very respectful prayer e.g. -
Évit àawRna Vyakr[m! AxIyIy. – it is my prayer to His Honor that I should study grammar with you.
à ANtam
tu tam! ANtu tam! $tam!
!
laeqœ m ih tm! t Sv $wam! Xvm!
% Aamh
Ain Aav Aam @e AavhE
E
Gender - il¼
In the Samskrit language, gender is assigned primarily to words. As a general understanding in the world goes,
surely animate beings have gender that is recognizable physically. That has representation in the language. e.g.
puÇ (son), puÇI (daughter)
But words have gender of their own, irrespective of the physical gender of the object they denote. e.g.
imÇm! friend is always Neuter, irrespective of the friend being a male or female
ram> mm imÇm! – Rama is my friend. Also sIta mm imÇm! – Sitaa is my friend
Wife = ÉayaR -,ôI,. dara> -,pu0,. klÇm! -,n0,.
Note: dara> (though plural means only one wife) and Aapa> (water/s) – decline only in plural.
\karNt-zBda>
t&c!-àTyaNt zBda> - All agent nouns formed by adding the agent àTyy (ktRir-zp! ) t&c! which is a
k«t-àTyy, to all the 2000 roots will take this t&c! and form agent nouns. for e.g.-ktaR, Éae´a,
àmata etc. They will decline like net&. In feminine, these will add a feminine affix $ and will decline
like ndI.e.g. net& - $ #kaey[ic 6.1.77 neÇI.
Derived from %[aid-àTyy .
By adding %[aid, t&c!, t&n!
List of \karNt-zBda>
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Declines
# zBd AwR àTyy
Like
a particular \iTvg! , a poet who sings in praise of the king in
1 zSt& ipt&
his court
2 zaSt& one who rules, King, $ñr , \iTvg! ipt&
a charioteer, a doorkeeper, a man born of a Vaishya man &
3 ]Ä& net&
Shudra woman
4 ]aeÄ& musl>, pestle (the big one used to pound grain etc.) ipt&
5 àzaSt& a particular \iTvg! , King, $ñr net&
6 %Úet& a particular \iTvg! ipt&
7 àithtR& a particular \iTvg! ipt&
8 %Ìat& a particular \iTvg! who sings/recites samved in the ritual net&
9 hNt& a thief, bandit ipt& t&c!
10 mNt& a learned man ipt& t&c!
The following words are inpaittm! (placed as such)
11 nÝ& grandson net&
12 neò& a particular \iTvg! net&
13 Tvò& ivñkmaR net&
14 haet& a particular \iTvg! net&
15 paet& a particular \iTvg! net&
16 æat& brother ipt&
17 jmat& son-in-law ipt&
18 mat& mother ipt&
19 ipt& father ipt&
20 Êiht& daughter ipt&
21 Svs& sister net&
22 yat& the relationship between the wives of brothers ipt&
àitàSwat
23 a particular \iTvg! ipt&
&
24 àStaet& a particular \iTvg! ipt&
25 z<St& a particular \iTvg! ipt&
26 nnaNÎ sister of husband (both elder or younger) ipt&
27 dev& younger brother of husband ipt&
28 sVyeò& charioteer ipt&
The following two have not been defined by Panini
29 dSt& one who causes destruction ipt&
30 AÝ& a y} i.e. a vedic ritual ipt&