SIMULINK MODEL FOR ECONOMIC

ANALYSIS & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF

A PHOTOVOLTAIC WITH DIESEL-BATTERY
SYSTEM FOR REMOTE VILLAGES

Funding Provided by Arctic Energy Technology and

Development Laboratories (AETDL)
In Co-operation with
Alaska Energy Authority (AEA)

Presented by Richard Wies AETDL

AEA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• Hybrid Power Systems
• Existing Models
• Model Development
• Model Application
• Results
• Conclusion
• Current status
• Future plans

2
What is a Hybrid Power System?
A system consisting of more than one
power source operating hand-in-hand to
supply the desired load.
PV Array DC Diesel
Generator
DC

Rectifier Inverter
AC
DC
Wind
Generator
DC AC

Transformer Load
Battery Bank

Remote
Terminal Unit
3
Advantages of Hybrid Power
Systems

• Increased system efficiency

• Reduced fuel consumption
• Reduced operating cost
• Increased reliability (RTU and controls)
• Reduced emissions

4
 Existing Models

• Hybrid2
• HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model
for Energy Renewals)
• PVFORM
• PVWATTS
• COMDALE/X with LINGO
and many others……
http://www.rsvp.nrel.gov/model.html
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 Model Development
• Use of MATLAB™ Simulink

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 Advantages of MATLAB™ Simulink
• Simulink can model, analyze and simulate dynamic
systems
• It supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in
continuous time, discrete time, or a hybrid of the two
• Graphical User Interface
• Capability of building new blocks with the use of S-
functions
• Use of Real Time Workshop can help to generate the
codes automatically
• Optimized codes generated by Real Time Workshop
guarantees faster execution

7
 Application of the Model
Data from Lime Village was used to test the model
Location of Lime Village, Alaska

Picture Courtesy: http://www.beringsea.com/communities/index.php?community=214

• Lime Village is located on the south bank of the Stony River

• The village is 185 miles west of Anchorage
–61.35639° North Latitude and 155.43556° West Longitude
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 Climate of Lime Village

• Continental climate
• Temperature extremes of -47 °F and 82 °F
• Average annual precipitation of 22 inches
• 85 inches of snowfall annually
• Large seasonal variations in daylight hours
–Approximately 5.5 hours of sunlight on Dec 21st,
19.5 hours on June 21st

9
 Lime Village Statistics

• 25 total housing units – 6 vacant (US 2000

Census)
• One school attended by 15 students
• One local hospital – Lime Village Health Clinic
• Electricity provided by McGrath Light and Power
• Hybrid Diesel-PV electric generation system
installed in July 2001

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 Lime Village
Power System Components
• 21 kW and 35 kW diesel generators
• 100 kW-hr lead acid battery bank
• 12 kW PV array
• 30 kVA bi-directional power converter
• No wind generation (low wind speeds)

3 cases studied were:

•Diesel-only system
•Diesel-battery system
•PV with diesel battery system
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 Diesel Generators

21 kW Diesel Generator 35 kW Diesel Generator

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Battery Bank and Power Converter

100 kW-hr Battery Bank 30 kVA Power Converter

13
 PV Array

8 kW Siemens and 4 kW British Petroleum solar panels

14
 Load Data for Lime Village

Summer load profile PV Power (kW)

(July 11th, 2001 from 06:38)

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 Results:
Electrical Efficiency of Diesel Generator

Diesel-Battery PV with Diesel-Battery

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 Results:
Battery Output
Diesel-Battery PV with Diesel-Battery

Battery Current Battery Current

Battery kW-hr Battery kW-hr 17

 Results:
Fuel Consumed by Diesel Engine

Diesel-Battery PV with Diesel-Battery

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 Results:
Error Power (kW) in Supplying Load

Diesel-Only

Diesel- Battery PV with Diesel-Battery

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 Results (Lime Village)
Diesel-only Diesel-battery PV with diesel-
Parameter
System system battery system
System cost $78,500 $132,288 $188,983
System efficiency (%) 26.22% 29.94% 29.96%
kW-hrs/gallon (kWh) 10.61 12.1 12.1
Fuel consumed
8410 7367 6583
(gallons)
Total cost of fuel ($) $33,640 $29,470 $26,340
CO2 emitted (tons) 81.05 70.93 63.64
PM emitted (pounds) 178.4 178.3 159.4
NOx emitted (pounds) 2007 2006 1793
Electrical
87.56 89.13 90.17
efficiency (%)
Energy supplied
(a) DEG (kWh) 101900 100100 85040
(b) PV (kWh) 0 0 9445
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 Results (Lime Village)
Avoided cost of CO2 Avoided cost of PM Avoided cost of NOx
(per ton) (per pound) (per pound)
$ 29.01 $ 11.16 $ 1.00

Embodied Energy E 70350 kWh

EPBT = = • = = 7.45 years
Energy Generation Rate E 9445 kWh/year

Cost of PV System $56,695

SPBT = = = 18.11 years
Rate of Saving $3130/year

Where EPBT is Energy Pay Back Time

and SPBT is Simple Economic Pay Back Time
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 Comparison of Results
Electrical Efficiency Comparison Fuel Efficiency Comparison

87.56 89.13 90.17 12.01 12.1

100 14 10.61
Electrical Efficiency

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Fuel Efficiency
80
10

(kWh/gal)
60 8
(%)

40 6
4
20 2
0 0
Diesel Only Diesel Battery PV Diesel Diesel Only Diesel Battery PV Diesel
Battery Battery

Fuel Consumption Comparison Fuel Cost Comparison*

(1 gallon = 3.78 liter) *Based on $4.00 per gallon fuel cost

8410 33640
10000 7367 35000
29470
6583 26340

Total Cost of Fuel

30000
Fuel Consumed

8000
25000
(gallons)

6000
(USD)
20000
4000 15000
10000
2000
5000
0 0
Diesel Only Diesel Battery PV Diesel Diesel Only Diesel Battery PV Diesel
Battery Battery

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 Comparison with HOMER
Parameter HOMER Simulink Model
System cost (USD) 188,983 188,983
Engine efficiency (%) 32.2 32.2
kWh per gallon for engine 12.79 12.79
Fuel consumed (gallons) 6,808 6,451
Total cost of fuel (USD) 27,058 25,802
Energy generated
(a) Diesel engine (kWh) 87,064 82,497
(b) PV (kWh) 9,444 9,445
Energy supplied to load (kWh) 89,224 89,220
Operational life
(a) Generator (years) 4.62 5.5
(b) Battery bank (years) 6.07 5.5
Net present value (NPV) (USD) 585,012 547,322
Emissions
(a) CO2 (Tons) *66.57 65.62
(b) NOx (Pounds) - 1600
(c) PM (Pounds) - 67.29
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 Conclusions
PV with Diesel-Battery System:
• Increased overall system efficiency from diesel-
only case (1.5% higher)
• Substantial savings in fuel consumption from
diesel-only case (22% less)
• Reduced operating cost due to fuel savings
• Simple payback for PV array about 18 years for
Lime Village with energy payback about 7.5
years
• Reduced emissions and avoided costs in range
with those predicted by researchers
• Results in close comparison with those
predicted by HOMER
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 Current Status
• Comparison of model results with
HOMER
• Test bench setup for RTU
communication, flow-meter, liquid level
meter
• Model utilization for Galena, Alaska
• Working with AETDL on Power Quality
Project
• Studying the system dynamics

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 Future Plans
• Installation of RTU and sensors for data
collection in isolated villages of Alaska
• Remote communication with RTU
• Develop a control system strategy
• Model system dynamics
• Integrate the control system strategy with
the long term performance model
developed in MATLAB™ Simulink

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 Acknowledgements

• AETDL & AEA

• Dr. Ron Johnson (UAF Mechanical Engineering)
• McGrath Light & Power
• Marathon Electric
• John Deere
• GNB Industrial Power

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Questions???

Aerial View of Lime Village