Various forms of alternative energy sources are solar, wind, biogas/biomass, tidal, geothermal, fuel cell, hydrogen energy,

small hydropower etc. Solution to long-term energy problem will come only through Research and Development in the field of alternative energy sources. Many rural communities consume little electricity, and extending electricity grids to meet their energy needs may prove more costly and take longer than harnessing new and alternative sources of energy already available in these communities wind, solar, and biomass through Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs). The attraction of these sources lies primarily in their abundance and ready access. The RETs for exploiting these sources include biogas plants, solar lanterns, solar home lighting systems, improved cook stoves, improved kerosene lanterns, solar water pumping systems, solar water heating systems and water mills. Solar energy panels are little costly considering our average economic standard. Studies indicate that cooking with biogas (a highly combustible fuel comprising methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide produced through anaerobic fermentation of organic matter) can be cheaper than cooking with any commercial fuel.xv Due to limited oil reserves, India has to depend on substantial imports for meeting its present and future requirement. The bulk of demand for oil is from transport sector and in order to reduce the pressure from this sector it is necessary to explore possibilities of developing substitute

fuels like biomass and producer gas. Wind power has also proved to be a viable energy alternative. In India, more than 1.3 giga watts of wind energy capacity has been added over the past six years exclusively in the private sector, which either sells electricity to the electric utilities or wheels it over the utility grid for selfconsumption

http://www.vpmthane.org/publication-aenergysource/alternate_energy_ebook.pdf http://elmhcx9.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/brfout.html

The Effects on Business The effects of the energy crisis and the attempts at governmental relief were myriad. The automobile industry bore the brunt of the change, being affected not only as a user of energy but also as the provider of gasoline-guzzling automobiles. Detroit lost a significant share of the domestic market to smaller, morefuel-efficient imports in the wake of the 1973 embargo. Other manufacturers were faced with continual shortages of fuel oil, forcing many either to shut down or undergo expensive and time-consuming conversion to natural gas. Conversion called for capital expenditures, which were much more expensive given the high rates of interest from investors, concerned in part over the risk involved in oil investments and fueldependent industries. Risk also presented opportunities, and around the globe oil exploration expanded, particularly in Alaska, the North Sea, and Mexico. Oil companies, fearing projections that suggested inevitable depletion of their oil reserves, began to diversify their interests. Mobil Oil bought the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores, ARCO invested in copper, Exxon inaugurated an officeautomation division, and Gulf Oil put in a bid for Ringling Bros, and Barnum & Bailey Circus. All told, however, the main effects of the energy crisis were higher costs, lower profitability, and sometimes, eventually, layoffs and bankruptcy.

http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/challenge/energy/nuclear/p-necess-e.html http://www.visualinformation.info/proved-fossil-fuel-reserves-all-fossil-fuel-energy-reserves/ http://ecology.com/features/fossilvsrenewable/fossilvsrenewable.html 1. CHEMISTRY IB DP, 2ND EDITION,john green ,sadru dammji 2. Chemistry in context By graham hill and john Holman,fifth edition 2000