INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS What is intellectual property or IP?

Intellectual property, often known as IP, allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. The owner of IP can control and be rewarded for its use, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all. In some cases IP gives rise to protection for ideas but in other areas there will have to be more elaboration of an idea before protection can arise. It will often not be possible to protect IP and gain IP rights (or IPRs) unless they have been applied for and granted, but some IP protection such as copyright arises automatically, without any registration, as soon as there is a record in some form of what has been created. Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories:

1.

Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and

2.

Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Infringement of intellectual property rights

A publisher may own copyright in a book, which has been reproduced and sold without his or her consent, at a cut price. A sound producer, who has invested large amounts of money, in terms of talent and technical skill, in producing a record, sees that copies of it are sold on the market, at cheap prices, without his authorization, hence jeopardising his investment. Someone elses trade mark may have been used by a company on similar or identical goods of lesser quality, harming thus the reputation of the legitimate owner, and inflicting on him or her serious financial loss, let alone exposing customers health to danger. Somebody may be using the geographical denomination of Roquefort on cheese manufactured elsewhere than in the region of Roquefort in France, thus deceiving the consumers as well as taking away business from legitimate producers. In all such cases intellectual property rights (i.e. copyright, related rights, trademarks, geographical indications) have been infringed. It is important that in such cases enforcement mechanisms be called into play to protect not only the legitimate interests of the rights of the owners, but also of the public

Enforcement Measures

Enforcement is an essential component of intellectual property laws. It may seem trite, but nevertheless so true, to state that laws that are not enforced or implemented are like tigers without teeth. This is why the TRIPS Agreement, as well as national laws, provide for a variety of methods designed to ensure that rights are enforced in an efficient manner. These methods include:

1.

Provisional measures, such as search of premises and seizure of suspected infringing goods as well as equipment used to

manufacture them; 2. 3. 4. 5. Civil remedies, such as monetary compensation and destruction of infringing goods; Court orders to stop the violation that has taken place or prevent it from happening; Criminal sanctions, such as imposition of fines and imprisonment; and Border measures, designated to stop the release into circulation of suspected imported infringing good

Should you suspect that your intellectual property rights have been violated, it would be advisable to seek professional help form a lawyer or specialized institutions in your country.

PATENT LAW AND PROCEDURE Definition of a patent

A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem.

Functions of a patent

A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent. The protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Kind of Protection offered by a Patent

Patent protection means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed or sold without the patent owner's consent. These patentrights are usually enforced in a court, which, in most systems, holds the authority to stop patent infringement. Conversely, a court can also declare a patent invalid upon a successful challenge by a third party.

Rights of a Patent Owner

A patent owner has the right to decide who may - or may not - use the patented invention for the period in which the invention is protected. The patent ownermay give permission to, or license, other parties to use the invention on mutually agreed terms. The owner may also sell the right to the invention to someone else, who will then become the new owner of the patent. Once a patent expires, the protection ends, and an invention enters the public domain, that is, the owner no longer holds exclusive rights to the invention, which becomes available to commercial exploitation by others.

Need of Patents

Patents provide incentives to individuals by offering them recognition for their creativity and material reward for their marketable inventions. These incentives encourage innovation, which assures that the quality of human life is continuously enhanced.

Role of Patents in Everyday Life

Patented inventions have, in fact, pervaded every aspect of human life, from electric lighting (patents held by Edison and Swan) and plastic (patents held by Baekeland), to ballpoint pens (patents held by Biro) and microprocessors (patents held by Intel, for example). All patent owners are obliged, in return for patent protection, to publicly disclose information on their invention in order to enrich the total body of technical knowledge in the world. Such an ever-increasing body of public knowledge promotes further creativity and innovation in others. In this way, patents provide not only protection for the owner but valuable information and inspiration for future generations of researchers and inventors.

Grant of a Patent

The first step in securing a patent is the filing of a patent application. The patent application generally contains the title of the invention, as well as an indication of its technical field; it must include the background and a description of the invention, in clear language and enough detail that an individual with an average understanding of the field could use or reproduce the invention. Visual materials such as drawings, plans, or diagrams to better describe the invention usually accompany such descriptions. The application also contains various "claims", that is, information which determines the extent of protection granted by the patent.

Kinds of Inventions that can be protected

An invention must, in general, fulfill the following conditions to be protected by a patent. It must be of practical use; it must show an element of novelty, that is, some new characteristic that is not known in the body of existing knowledge in its technical field. This body of existing knowledge is called "prior art". The invention must show aninventive step, which could not be deduced by a person with average knowledge of the technical field. Finally, its subject matter must be accepted as "patentable" under law. In many countries, scientific theories, mathematical methods, plant or animal varieties, discoveries of natural substances, commercial methods, or methods for medical treatment (as opposed to medical products) are generally not patentable.

Who grants Patents?

Patent is granted by a national patent office or by a regional office that does the work for a number of countries, such as the European Patent Office and the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization. Under such regional systems, an applicant requests protection for the invention in one or more countries, and each country decides as to whether to offer patent protection within its borders. The WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)provides for the filing of a single international patent application, which has the same effect as national applications filed in the designated countries. An applicant seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory states as needed

How can a patent be obtained worldwide? At present, no world patents or international patents exist. In general, an application for a patent must be filed, and a patent shall be granted and enforced, in each country in which you seek patent protection for your invention, in accordance with the law of that country. In some regions, a regional patent office, for example, the European Patent Office (EPO) and the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), accepts regional patent applications, or grants patents, which have the

same effect as applications filed, or patents granted, in the member States of that region.

Further, any resident or national of a Contracting State of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) may file an international application under the PCT. A single international patent application has the same effect as national applications filed in each designated Contracting State of the PCT. However, under the PCT system, in order to obtain patent protection in the designated States, a patent shall be granted by each designated State to the claimed invention contained in the international application.

Territorial Jurisdiction of Patent Offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata

An applicant or first mentioned applicant in case of joint applicants can file application for patent at the appropriate Patent Office under whose jurisdiction he normally resides or has his domicile or has a place of business or the place from where the invention actually originated. For the applicant, who is non-resident or has no domicile or has no place of business in India, the address for service in India or place of business of his patent agent determines the appropriate patent office where applications for patent can be filed.

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from The States of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Delhi and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Patent Office,New Delhi.

The Controller of Patents, Intellectual Property Office Building, Plot No. 32, Sector 14, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from The States of Maharashtra, Gujarat, MadhyaPradesh, Goa and Chhattisgarh and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu & Dadar and Nagar Haveli Patent Office, Mumbai.

The Controller of Patents, Boudhik Sampada Bhawan, S.M.Road, Near Antop Hill Post Office, Antop Hill, MumbaiI - 400 037.

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from The States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territories of Pondicherry and Laksha dweep . Patent Office,Chennai.

The Controller of Patents, Intellectual Property Office Building, G.S.T. Road, Guindy, Chennai-600032,

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from State of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Sikkim , Tripura and Union Territory of Nagaland, Andaman &Nicobar Island. Patent Office,Kolkata

The Controller of Patents, Intellectual Property Office Building, CP-2 Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091,

COPYRIGHT LAW & PROCEDURE Copyright aims at providing protection to authors (writers, artists, music composers, etc.) on their creations. Such creations are usually designated as works.

Topics covered under Copyright

Works covered by copyright include, but are not limited to, literary works such as novels, poems and plays; reference works such as encyclopedias and dictionaries; databases; newspaper articles; films and TV programs; musical compositions; choreography; artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs and sculptures; architecture; and advertisements, maps and technical drawings. Copyright also protects computer programs. Copyright does not however extend to ideas, but only to the expression of thoughts. For example, the idea of taking a picture of a sunset is not protected by copyright. Therefore, anyone may take such a picture. But a particular picture of a sunset taken by a photographer may be protected by copyright. In such a case, if someone else makes copies of the photograph, and starts selling them without the consent of the photographer, that person would be violating the photographers rights.

Protection accomplished automatically

Copyright protection is obtained automatically without any need for registration or other formalities. A work enjoys protection by copyright as soon as it is created.

However, many countries provide for a national system of optional registration and deposit of works. These systems facilitate, for example, questions involving disputes over ownership or creation, financing transactions, sales, assignments and transfers of rights.

Types of rights provided by Copyright

There are two types of rights under copyright:

(a) Economic rights, which allow the owner to derive financial reward from the use and exploitation of the work; and

(b) Moral rights, which highlight the personal link existing between the author and the work.

Economic rights covered by copyright

Under economic rights, the creators of a work can use their work as they see fit. They can also authorize or prohibit the following actsin relation to a work:

- Reproduction in various forms, for example in a printed publication or by recording the work in cassettes, compact disks or videodiscs, or by storing it in computer memories;

- Distribution, for example through sale to the public of copies of the work;

- Public performance, for example by performing music during a concert, or a play on stage;

- Broadcasting and communication to the public, by radio or T.V, cable or satellite;

- Translation into other languages;

- Adaptation, for example by converting a novel or a play into a screenplay for a film;

Recent international developments also allow for works to be protected in the context of the Internet. The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), concluded in 1996, addresses the challenges posed by todays digital technology, thus ensuring that copyright owners will be adequately and effectively protected when their works are disseminated through new technology and communications systems such as the Internet.

Moral rights covered by copyright

Under moral rights, the author may claim:

- The right to have authorship recognized on the work. That is basically the right of the creator to have his or her name mentioned as the author, in particular when the work is used.

- The right to integrity of the work, that is the right to object to the work being modified, or being used in contexts that may cause harm to the reputation or honor of the author.

Exploitation of economic rights

Many creative works protected by copyright require financial investment and professional skills for their production and further dissemination and mass distribution. Activities such as book publishing, sound recording or film producing are usually undertaken by specialized business organizations or companies, and not directly by the authors. Usually, authors and creators transfer their rights to these companies by way of contractual agreements, in return for compensation. The compensation may take different forms, such as lump sum payments, or royalties based on a percentage of revenues generated by the work.

Many authors do not have the ability or the means to manage their rights themselves. They often resort to collective management organizations or societies which provide for their members, the benefits of the organizations administrative and legal expertise and efficiency in collecting, managing and disbursing royalties. These royalties are obtained from the national and international use of a members work on a large scale, by, for example, broadcasting organizations, discotheques, restaurants, libraries, universities and schools.

Term of copyright

Copyright has a time limit: it usually lasts for the life of the author and 50 years after his death. The Berne Convention has established this rule, which is shared by the majority of countries, for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Once the term has expired, the work is in the public domain. Thereafter, everybody will be free to use the work, without obtaining a specific authorization from the copyright owner. However, the Berne Convention allows providing for a longer period. In order to know what period of protection applies to a work in a particular country, it is advisable to read the national copyright legislation of that country.

Extent to which someone elses work can be used without getting permission

Copyright is subject to limitations and exceptions, which take into account social, educational and other public policy considerations. International treaties, as well as national laws, allow to freely use limited portions of a work for certain purposes, such as news reporting, or making quotations in a way compatible with fair practices, or by way of illustration for teaching. Such cases of free use may vary from country to country and it is advisable to revert to the national law of that country, in order to verify whether advantage can be taken of such a possibility.

Need to protect copyright

Copyright contributes to human creativity by giving creators incentives in the form of recognition and fair economic rewards. Under this system of rights, creators are assured that their works can be disseminated without fear of unauthorized copying or piracy. This in turn helps increase access to the works and enhances the enjoyment of culture, knowledge, and entertainment all over the world.

RELATED RIGHTS

Related rights provide protection to the following persons or organizations:

- Performers (actors, musicians, singers, dancers, or generally people who perform), in their performances;

- Producers of sound recordings (for example, cassette recordings and compact discs) in their recordings; and

- Broadcasting organizations, in their radio and television programs.

Sometimes, these rights are also referred to as neighboring rights.

Distinction between related rights and copyright

Copyright and related rights protect different people. Copyright protects authors of works. For example, in the case of a song, copyright protects the composer of the music and the writer of the words.

In the same example, related rights would apply to:

- The musicians and the singer, who performs the song,

- The producer of the sound recording (called also phonogram) in which the song is included, and

- The organization that broadcasts a program containing the song.

Rights granted to the beneficiaries of related rights

National laws differ as to the extent of rights that are provided to performers, producers of sound recordings or broadcasting organizations. Different international treaties address this issue, such as the Rome Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, as well as the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT). Performers, in general, enjoy economic rights to prevent fixation, broadcasting and communication to the public of their live performances. Some national laws as well as the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) grant them also rights of reproduction, distribution and rental of their performances fixed in phonograms, as well as moral rights to prevent unreasonable omission of their name, or to object to modifications to their performances included in a sound recording, if such modifications are likely to harm their reputation. Producers of sound recordings (also called phonograms) enjoy mainly the right to authorize or prohibit the reproduction and distribution of their sound recordings by others. Furthermore, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) ensures that producers of phonograms, as well as performers of works contained therein, are adequately and effectively protected when the sound recordings are disseminated through new technology and communications systems, such as the Internet. Broadcasting organizations are provided the rights to authorize or prohibit re-broadcasting, fixation and reproduction of their broadcasts. Related rights are subject to the same exceptions as for copyright, which would allow anyone to make free use of the performances, sound recordings or broadcasts for certain specific purposes, such as quotations, and news reporting.

Need to protect related rights

Performers are protected by reason of their creative contribution.Producers of sound recordings deserve protection because of the creative input as well as technical and financial resources needed to bring the recording to the public. Likewise broadcasting organizations have a justified interest in protecting their technical and organizational skill in programs from acts of piracy.

TRADE MARKS LAWS & PROCEDURE A trademark is a distinctive sign, which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. Its origin dates back to ancient times, when craftsmen reproduced their signatures, or "marks" on their artistic or utilitarian products. Over the years these marks evolved into today's system of trademark registration and protection. The system helps consumers identify and purchase a product or service because its nature and quality, indicated by its unique trademark, meets their needs. For example, DELL is a trademark that identifies goods (computers and computer related objects). CITY BANK is a trademark that relates to services (banking and financial services).

Functions of Trademarks

Trademarks may perform different functions. In particular they : - Help consumers identify and distinguish products or services; - Enable companies to differentiate between their products; - Are a marketing tool and the basis for building a brand image and reputation. - May be licensed and provide a direct source of revenue through royalties; - Are a crucial component of business assets. - Encourage companies to invest in maintaining or improving quality products; and - May be useful for obtaining finance.

A trademark provides protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment. The period of protection varies, but a trademark can be renewed indefinitely beyond the time limit on payment of additional fees. Trademark protection is enforced by the courts, which in most systems have the authority to block trademark infringement. In a larger sense, trademarks promote initiative and enterprise worldwide by rewarding the owners of trademarks with recognition and financial profit. Trademark protection also hinders the efforts of unfair competitors, such as counterfeiters, to use similar distinctive signs to market inferior or different products or services. The system enables people with skill and enterprise to produce and market goods and services in the fairest possible conditions, thereby facilitating international trade.

Kind of signs that can be used as Trademarks

Trademarks may consist of a word (e.g Kodak) or a combination of words (Coca-Cola), letters and abbreviations (e.g. EMI, MGM, AOL, BMW, IBM), numerals (e.g.7/11) and names (e.g. Ford, or Dior) or abbreviations of names (e.g. YSL, for Yves St-Laurent). They may consist of drawings (like the logo of the Shell oil company, or the Penguin drawing for Penguin books), or three-dimensional signs such as the shape and packaging of goods (e.g. the shape of the Coca-Cola bottle or the packaging for the Toblerone chocolate). They may also consist of a combination of colors or single colors (e.g. the orange color used for ORANGE telephone company). Even nonvisible signs, such as music and fragrances, may constitute trademarks. In all cases, the trademark must be distinctive: it must be capable of distinguishing the goods or services with which it is used. A name, which is purely descriptive of the nature of the goods and services that are offered, may not constitute a valid trademark. For example, Apple may serve as a trademark for computers but not for actual apples. However, a given trademark may not be distinctive from the outset, but may have acquired distinctive character or secondary meaning through long and extensive use.

Kinds of Trademarks That Can Be Registered

The possibilities are almost limitless. Trademarks may be one or a combination of words, letters, and numerals. They may consist of drawings, symbols, three- dimensional signs such as the shape and packaging of goods, audible signs such as music or vocal sounds, fragrances, or colors used as distinguishing features. In addition to trademarks identifying the commercial source of goods or services, several other categories of marks exist. An association whose members use them to identify them with a level of quality owns collective marks and other requirements set by the association. Examples of such associations would be those representing accountants, engineers, or architects. Certification marks are given for compliance with defined standards, but are not confined to any membership. They may be granted to anyone who can certify that the products involved meet certain established standards. The internationally accepted "ISO 9000" quality standards are an

example of such widely recognized certifications.

Types of Trademarks

In addition to trademarks identifying the commercial source of goods or services, several other categories of marks exist. Collective marks are marks used to distinguish goods or services produced or provided by members of an association. Collective marks are marks used to identify the services provided by members of an organization (e.g. UAW for United Auto Workers).

Certification marks are marks used to distinguish goods or services that comply with a set of standards and have been certified as such (e.g. The Woolmark symbol to show that products are made from 100% wool and comply with performance specifications set down by the Woolmark Company. It is registered in 140 countries and is licensed to manufacturers who are able to meet these quality standards in 67 countries). Procedure for registration of Trademark

First, an application for registration of a trademark must be filed with the appropriate national or regional trademark office. The application must contain a clear reproduction of the sign filed for registration, including any colors, forms, or three-dimensional features. The application must also contain a list of goods or services to which the sign would apply.

The sign must fulfill certain conditions in order to be protected as a trademark or another type of mark: - It must be distinctive, so that consumers can distinguish it as identifying a particular product, as well as from other trademarks identifying other products; - It must not be deceptive, that is, it should not be likely to mislead the consumers as to the nature or quality of the product; - It should not be contrary to public order or morality; - It should not be identical or confusingly similar to an existing trademark. This may be determined through search and examination by the national office, or by the opposition of third parties who claim similar or identical rights.

Extensiveness of Trademark Protection

Almost all countries in the world register and protect trademarks. Each national or regional office maintains a Register of Trademarks, which contains full application information on all registrations and renewals, facilitating examination, search, and potential opposition by third parties. The effects of such a registration are, however, limited to the country (or, in the case of a regional registration, countries) concerned. In order to avoid the need to register separately with each national or regional office, WIPO administers a system of international registration of marks. Two treaties, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Madrid Protocol, govern this system. A person who has a link (through nationality, domicile or establishment) with a country party to one or both of these treaties may, on the basis of a registration or application with the trademark office of that country, obtain an international registration having effect in some or all of the other countries of the Madrid Union. At present, more than 60 countries are party to one or both of the agreements. Well-known marks and their protection

Well- known marks are marks that are considered to be well known by the relevant sector of the public in the country in which protection is sought. Well-known marks benefit from stronger protection than marks in general:

- They may be protected even if they are not registered in a given territory, and - They may be protected against confusingly similar marks that are used on dissimilar goods or services, whereas marks are generally protected against confusingly similar marks if used for identical or similar products.

For example, let us consider a trademark such as Mercedes Benz. Normally the company that owns the trademark would be protected against unauthorized use of the mark by third parties with respect to the products for which the mark has been registered. To the extent that Mercedes Benz is a well-known trademark, protection would also be available for unrelated goods. So that if another company decides to use the trademark in relation to other goods such as, say, mens underwear, it may be prevented from doing so. A domain name and its relation to trademarks Domain names are Internet addresses, and are commonly used to find websites. For example, the domain name yahoo.com is used to locate the YAHOO website at www.yahoo.com. Domain names may be made up, sometimes, of a trademark. In such case, it may happen that the person who has registered the domain name has done it in bad faith, as he is not the owner of the trademark under which the domain name has been registered. This activity is referred to as cybersquatting. It is important to know that many national laws, or courts, treat as trademark infringement the registration of the trademark of another company or person as a domain name. If this happens, the person who has chosen the trademark of another as a domain name may not only have to transfer or cancel the domain name, but may also have to pay damages or a heavy fine. It may be interesting for you to know that if another individual or company is using the trademark of your company as a domain name, you may take action to stop such misuse of the rights of your company. In such a case, an option would be to use WIPOs online procedure for domain name dispute resolution at: www.arbiter.wipo.int/domains. The WIPO website includes a model complaint as well as legal index to the thousands of WIPO domain name cases that have already been decided.

Need to protect Trademarks

The basic rationale for protecting trademarks, whether through registration or not, is twofold. First, it provides business people with a remedy against unfair practices of competitors, which aim at causing confusion in the consumers minds by leading them to believe that they are acquiring the goods or services of the legitimate owner of the trademark, whereas in fact they are acquiring an imitated product, which furthermore may be of lesser quality. The legitimate owner may hence suffer from loss of potential customers, as well as harm to his own reputation. The second rationale flows from the first, namely to protect consumers from those unfair and misleading business practices. In addition to those two arguments, a further one is gaining more and more prominence. This is that a trademark is often the only tangible asset that represents the investments made in the building of a brand. Where, for example, a business is sold, or companies merge, the question of brand evaluation becomes an important issue. The value of companies may depend to a large extent on the value of their trademarks.

Territorial Jurisdiction of Trademark Offices in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,Kolkata and Ahmedabad

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from The States of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Delhi and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Trade Mark Office, New Delhi

The Registrar of Trade Marks Intellectual Property Office Building, Plot No. 32, Sector 14, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from The States of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Goa Trade Marks Office, Mumbai.

The Registrar of Trade Marks Boudhik Sampada Bhawan, S.M.Road, Near Antop Hill Post Office, Antop Hill, Mumbai - 400 037.

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from The States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territories of Pondicherry and Laksha dweep . Trade Marks Office,Chennai.

The Registrar of Trade Marks Intellectual Property Office Building, G.S.T. Road, Guindy, Chennai-600032,

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from State of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Sikkim , Tripura and Nagaland, Andaman&Nicobar Island. Trade Marks Office, Kolkata

The Registrar of Trade Marks Intellectual Property Office Building, CP-2 Sector V, Salt Lake City,Kolkata-700091,

Territorial Jurisdiction of Appropriate Office for the Applicants from Gujarat,Rajasthan,Damman and Diu,Dadra Nagar and Haveli Trade Marks Office, Ahmedabad

The Registrar of Trade Marks Trade Marks Registry, Ahmedabad, 15/27 National Chambers, 1st floor, Ashram road, Ahmedabad-380 009.