Issue 67 May/June 2011

Contents Wisconsins Experience with HPC Bridge Decks HPC for Route 22 Bridge over the Kentucky River Benefits of Metakaolin in HPC Curing, Shrinkage and Cracking of Ternary Concrete Mixtures HPC Bridge Views is published jointly by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Concrete Bridge Council. Reproduction and distribution of this newsletter is encouraged provided that FHWA and NCBC are acknowledged. Your opinions and contributions are welcome. Please contact the Editor: Henry G. Russell 847.998.9137 847.998.0292 fax email: henry@hgrconcrete.com This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Highway Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. "DTFH61-07-H00041". Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Federal Highway Administration.

ThethirdgenerationofHPCspecificationswasusedonI94

WisconsinsExperiencewithHPCBridgeDecks
JamesM.Parry ThefirstdevelopmentbytheWisconsinDepartmentofTransportation(WisDOT) towardwhatcouldbeconsideredhighperformanceconcrete(HPC)forbridgedecks cameinthemidtolate1990swiththedevelopmentofthefirstQualityManagement Program(QMP)specifications.ItwasnotcalledHPCatthattime,butcertainlyled towardimprovementinconcreteproperties.Theprincipalmotivationforthese changeswastoimproveconcretequalityanddurabilityanddecreasebridgedeck cracking.TheaircontentusedinallQMPandHPCspecificationsdescribedbelowhas been61.5%.ComponentsoftheearlyQMPspecificationsandtheassociated benefitswereasfollows:

Introducedpercentwithinlimits(PWL)requirementsforcompressivestrength withincentive/disincentivepayments.Thissolvedanageoldproblemof excessivewateraddition(retempering)ofconcretemixesinthefield.Italso rewardeduniformityofproductionforproducerswithgoodqualitycontrol. Reducedwatercontentalsoledtoreducedshrinkage. Reducedtheminimumcementitiousmaterialscontentfrom610to565lb/yd3 (362to335kg/m3).Thisreducedshrinkage. Increasedmaximumnominalsizeofaggregatefromto1in.(19to38mm). Thisalsoreducedshrinkage. Required7daycontinuouswetcurewithburlapcover.Thisdecreased concretepermeabilityandcrackingpotential.

FirstGenerationofHPCSpecifications In1998and1999,WisDOTprogrammedtheuseofanHPCspecificationasapilotprogramon 22bridgedecksacrossthestate.WisDOTfollowedatraditionalapproachtoHPCthatequated highperformanceconcretewithhighstrengthconcreteandlowwatercementitiousmaterials ratio(w/cm),withthefollowingmixrequirementssupplementingtheQMPmixrequirements listedpreviously.

5000psi(34MPa)compressivestrengthrequirementat28days Highrangewaterreducingadmixturerequired Maximumw/cmof0.40

Thisapproachresultedinmixesthatgeneratedhightemperatures,veryhighearlystrength gain,andanextremelylargeamountofdeckcrackingonseveralstructures.Thiscracking problemwasjudgedtobeofsufficientseveritythatthisspecificationwasremovedfrom severaloftheprojectsscheduledforthesecondconstructionseason. SecondGenerationofHPCSpecifications TheMarquetteInterchangeindowntownMilwaukee,constructedfrom2004to2008,wasthe firstofseveralmegaprojectsscheduledforreconstructionofaginginterstatehighwaysin southeasternWisconsin.TheFederalHighwayAdministrationwaspushingfora75yearservice lifeforthestructures;sotheuseofHPCwasessentialintheharshWisconsinenvironmental conditions.AholisticapproachwastakentoaddressallpropertiesoftheHPC.Thisincludedthe following:

Aggregatequalityspecificationstightenedtoallowonlythebestoflocallyavailable materials Crushedlimestonewith100%fracturedfacesandlowcoefficientofthermalexpansion Mandatoryuseofsupplementarycementitiousmaterials(SCMs) Cementitiousmaterialscontentbetween565and660lbs/yd3(335and392kg/m3) Centralmixedconcrete 5000psi(34MPa)minimumcompressivestrengthat28days Rapidchloridepermeability(RCP)of2000coulombsmaximumusingstandard28day curing 80F(27C)maximumconcretetemperatureatplacement 0.15lb/ft2/hr(0.73kg/m2/hr)maximumevaporationrateduringdeckplacements 10daycontinuouswetcuringusingsoakerhosesandtwolayersofburlap Wetburlapplacedwithin10minutesofstrikeoffbyfinishingmachine Longitudinalgroovingtextureappliedlatertothehardenedconcrete Silanesealerappliedtothefinaltextureddeck

ThirdGenerationofHPCSpecifications The5000psi(34MPa)concretecompressivestrengthontheMarquetteInterchangewas requiredforstructuralreasonsandwasnotconsideredtobeoptimumforminimizationofdeck

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cracking.Manydecksturnedoutwellonthatproject,butafewhadexcessivecracking.Itwas decidedattheconclusionoftheprojecttousea4000psi(28MPa)compressivestrength requirementforfutureHPCbridgedecks.Contractorsalsocommentedthatitwasdifficultto meetthe28dayRCPrequirementusingflyashasthelocallypreferredSCM.Theflyashdidnot havesufficienttimetoimpartbenefitstotheconcretein28daysatthestandardcuring temperature.However,itwasdesirednottoextendthecuringperiodbeyond28daysbecause thetestwasbeingusedforacceptanceandmonitoringduringconstructionofprojectswith verytightschedules.Itwasdecidedtoadopttheacceleratedcuringmethoddevelopedbythe VirginiaTransportationResearchCouncil*(VTRC),inwhichthespecimensarecuredat73F (23C)forthefirst7daysand100F(38C)forthelast21days.Thismethodisreportedtogive anequivalenttestresulttoa90daystandardcuringperiod.(1) In2009,constructionbeganontwoadditionalmegaprojectcorridors.Thesewerethenorth southstretchofI94betweenMilwaukeeandtheIllinoisstateline,andtheU.S.Highway41 corridorsouthofGreenBay.Thisconstructionisstillongoing.TheHPCforthesecorridorshas utilizedtheMarquetteHPCspecificationswiththefollowingmodifications:

Maximumcementitiousmaterialscontentof610lb/yd3(362kg/m3) 4000psi(38MPa)minimumcompressivestrengthat28days RCPof1500coulombsmaximumat28daysusingVTRCacceleratedcuringprocedure 14daycontinuouswetcuring

WisDOTwillcontinuetomoveforwardwithrefinementstoourHPCspecifications. Reference 1.Ozyildirim,C.,"PermeabilitySpecificationsforHighPerformanceConcreteDecks," TransportationResearchRecordNo.1610,ConcreteinConstruction,TransportationResearch Board,Washington,DC,1998,pp.15. FurtherInformation Forfurtherinformation,pleasecontacttheauthoratjames.parry@dot.state.wi.usor(608)246 7939. *VTRCisnowtheVirginiaCenterforTransportationInnovationandResearch(VCTIR).

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HSCforRoute22BridgeovertheKentuckyRiver
SteveSchweitzer,PrestressServicesIndustries,LLC.

Highstrengthconcretewasusedfortheprecast,prestressedconcretebeams. Photo:AerialInnovationsofTennessee,Inc.

Route22BridgeovertheKentuckyRivernearGratz,KY,hasthelongestspanforapost tensioned,spliced,precast,prestressedconcretegirderbridgeintheUnitedStates.Thathonor wasachievedbyspanning325ft(99.1m)acrosstheKentuckyRiver.Theotherthreespansthat makeupthebridgeareoneat175ft(53.3m)andtwoat200ft(61.0m). Thebridgedidnotstartoutbeingprecastconcretebutwasoriginallydesignedtousesteel plategirders.PrestressServicesIndustries,LLC(PSI)askedtosubmitaprecastconcrete alternatethatsavedthestateofKentuckyover$800,000.PSIemployedthedesignfirmof Janssen&SpaansEngineering,Inc.toperformtheredesignofthebridge. BridgeDesign Thebridgewasredesignedtousefourprecast,prestressedconcretegirderlinesandfour spans.Sixgirdersegmentsandtwopiersegmentswereusedtomakeupeachgirderlinefora totalof32pieces.Span1,175ft(53.3m)long,comprisedtwosegmentswithlengthsof90ft9 in.and84ft3in.(27.7mand25.7m)thatweresplicedtogether.Span2,200ft(61.0m)long, comprisedoneendofthe138ft(42.1m)longcantileveredpiersegmentanda131ft(39.9m) longdropingirdersegment.Span3,325ft(99.1m)long,utilizedoneendofeachofthe138ft (42.1m)longcantileveredpiersegmentsanda185ft(56.4m)longdropingirdersegment. Span4,200ft(61.0m)long,utilizedoneendofthe138ft(42.1m)longcantileveredpier segmentandtwogirdersegmentswithlengthsof57ft6in.and73ft6in.(17.5and22.4m) thatweresplicedtogether. Thegirdersegmentsweremodifiedbulbteebeamswitha3ft4in.(1.02m)widebottom flangeanda5ft1in.(1.55m)widetopflange.Thecantileverpiersegmentsvariedindepth from16ft(4.88m)overthepiersto9ft(2.74m)attheendsofthecantilever.Thegirder segmentshadaconstantdepthof9ft(2.74m).Thewebwas8in.(200mm)thickand
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containedfourposttensioningducts.Allsegmentswerepretensionedintheplantandthen posttensionedinthefield. HighStrengthConcrete TheconcretespecifiedforgirdersegmentsinSpans1,2,and4wasnormalweightconcrete witha28daycompressivestrengthof7,500psi(52.MPa).Theactualfinalstrengthsranged from7,800to11,000psi(53.8to75.8MPa)withmostcylindersbreakingcloseto10,000psi (69.0MPa).Theprestressingstrandswerecutandthegirdersreleasedfromtheformsata minimumcompressivestrengthof5,500psi(38MPa)after14hoursofcuring.Thiswas achievedbyadding105floz/yd3(4.06L/m3)ofhighrangewaterreducingadmixturetothemix andusing752lb/yd3(446kg/m3)ofTypeIIIcement.Thesamenormalweightconcretemix usedonthegirdersegmentswasalsousedforthepiersegments.Thegirderswerecuredat concretetemperaturesupto140F(60C)withsteamheattoensurethereleasestrength wouldbeachievedovernight.Theprestressingstrandswere0.6in.(15.2mm)diameterGrade 270andthenonprestressedreinforcementwasstandardGrade60,epoxycoatedbars. At185ft(56.4m)long,thedropingirdersegmentsforSpan3(overtheriver)neededtobe bracedtogetherinpairsforstabilityduringtransportationanderection.PSIusedasemi lightweightconcretemix,consistingofnormalweightfineaggregate,42%normalweight coarseaggregate,and58%lightweightaggregatetoreducetheunitweightto125lb/ft3(2001 kg/m3).Evenwiththereducedconcreteunitweight,thebeamsstillweighed129tons(1150 kN)each,or258tons(2300kN)forthepair.Theconcretecompressivestrengthsspecifiedfor thesemilightweightconcretewerethesameasthoseforthenormalweightconcrete.Actual strengthsaveraged6,450psi(44.5MPa)at14hoursand8,570psi(59.1MPa)atabout14days. Specialformshadtobeconstructedtocastthepiersegments.Theformworkheightof16ft (4.88m)necessitatedtheuseofconcretepumptrucks.At169tons(1500kN)each,thesewere theheaviestindividualpiecesontheproject.Sincethesepiersegmentswerecantilevered,the prestressingstrandwaslocatedinthetopflangeofthesegmentwithminimalprestressingin thebottomflange. Transportation Transportationofthegirdersegmentsprovedtobeachallengeinitself.Thegirdersegments fortheapproachspanscouldbetransportedbytruckusing13and15axletrailers.Thepier segmentsanddropinsegmentsovertheriverweretoolargeandheavytotransportbyroad. Therefore,theywereplacedonbargesandtransportedontheriver.Unfortunately,thelocks alongthewaterwaywerenotoperating.Eventhoughthegirderswerenotneededforafew months,theywereshippedbybargeduringthehighwaterofspring2009sotheycouldfloat overthelocks.ThepiersegmentsanddropingirdersovertheriverwereerectedbyC.J.Mahan ConstructionCo.duringthesummerandfall2009withthebalanceofthegirdersforthe approachspanserectedduringthe2010winter.ThebridgewasfinishedbyHaydonBridgeCo., theprimecontractor,onscheduleinthefallof2010.
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ConcretebeingplacedintheErectedpiersegments piersegmentsPhoto:HaydonBridgeCo.and ASPIREMagazine`

FurtherInformation Forfurtherinformationaboutthisbridge,seeASPIRE,Winter2011orcontacttheauthorat sschweitzer@prestressservices.comor(859)6851308.

BenefitsofMetakaolininHPC
KimberlyE.Kurtis,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology

MetakaolinSelfconsolidatingconcreteusing Photo:PortlandCementAssociationmetakaolin

Metakaolinisproducedbyheattreatingkaolin,anatural,finelydivided,aluminosiliceous mineral,whichisfoundinabundanceinNorthAmericainGeorgia,SouthCarolina,and Saskatchewan.Heatingto1200to1650F(650900C)altersitsstructure,producingahighly reactivesupplementarycementitiousmaterial(SCM)thatiswidelyavailableforuseinconcrete construction.ASTMC618andAASHTOM295classifymetakaolinasaClassN(ornatural) pozzolan.

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 Becauseitisproducedundercontrolledconditions,itscomposition(typically50to55%SiO2 and40to45%Al2O3),whiteappearance,andperformancearerelativelyconsistent.Duetoits highsurfaceareaandhighreactivity,relativelysmalladditionratesofmetakaolintypically 10%orlessbyweightofcementproducerelativelylargeincreasesinstrength, impermeability,anddurability,whileitslightcolorgivesitanaestheticadvantageoverother SCMs. ImprovedStrength Metakaolinsreactionrateisrapid,significantlyincreasingcompressivestrength,evenatearly ages,whichcanallowforearlierreleaseofformwork.Mixeswithmetakaolinat8%ofthetotal cementitiousmaterialshaveproducedconcretecompressivestrengthincreasesofmorethan 20%at1dayand40%at28days.(1)Earlyageflexuralstrengthscanalsobeincreasedbyas muchas60%,potentiallyallowingforearlyopeningofconcretepavementstotraffic.Strengths ofupto35,000psi(240MPa)havebeenachievedinultrahighstrengthconcrete,formulated with25%metakaolinandawatertobinderratioof0.22.(2) ImprovedDurability Inadditiontoincreasingstrength,thedensificationofthemicrostructurethatresultsfromthe pozzolanicandhydraulicreactionsofmetakaolinalsoleadstogreaterimpermeability.Verylow andlow28dayrapidchloridepermeabilitytest(RCPT)resultsperAASHTOT277havebeen reportedforconcretescontaining8%metakaolinatwatertobinderratiosof0.40and0.50, withthemetakaolinconcreteachievingremarkablylowerRCPTvaluesthanothercomparable mixes.(3)Inconcretescontainingmetakaolinat8to12%ofthetotalcementitiousmaterials,50 60%decreasesinchloridediffusioncoefficientsuggestthatsignificantimprovementsinservice lifecanbeachievedthroughmetakaolinutilizationinchlorideenvironments.(4)Inaddition, metakaolinhasbeenshowntobehighlyeffectiveinmitigatingexpansionduetoalkalisilica reaction(ASR)andsulfateattack.(5,6) ImprovedEarlyAgeBehavior Therelativefinenessofmetakaolincanresultindecreasedslump,buttheuseofwater reducingadmixturesoruseincombinationwithflyashinternarymixescancompensatefor this.(7)Slumpsof5to7in.(125to180mm)havebeenachievedwithmetakaolinatwater cementitiousmaterialsratio(w/cm)of0.36to0.38,using2535%lesshighrangewater reducingadmixturethancomparablemixes.(8) Metakaolinconcretetendstoexhibitacreamytexture,resultinginbetterfinishability comparedtootherfinelydividedSCMs.Thisqualityalsoimprovespumpabilityandcanbeused toimpartdetailedsurfacetexturestocastsurfaces.Inaddition,thecohesivenessprovidedby themetakaolinallowsforrelativelysimpleformulationofselfconsolidatingconcrete,when usinganappropriatedosageofpolycarboxylatewaterreducerasshowninthephotographat thebeginningofthisarticle.
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Dataonthepotentialcontributionsofmetakaolintochemical,autogenous,anddrying shrinkageareinconsistent,withauthorsreportingbothdecreasesandincreasesineachformat variousagesandatvariousadditionrates.Forapplicationswithrestrictionsonshrinkage, additionaltesting,includingtheassessmentofshrinkagereducingadmixturesandfiber reinforcement,maybeadvised. ContributionstoSustainability Becauseofthelowerprocessingtemperaturecomparedtocementclinker,useofmetakaolin cancontributetosustainabilitythroughenergysavings,aswellasreductionsingreenhousegas emissions.AfterexaminingvariousSCMsaloneandincombinationandconsidering performance,economic,andenvironmentalcriteria,metakaolinconcretewasidentifiedasa verypromisingsolutionfortheprecastindustryforreducingclinkercontentinconcrete.(9) Internaryblendswith25%flyashand8%metakaolin,concreteachievedequivalentstrengthto otherconcreteatjust3days,whilereducingcementitiousmaterialscontentbymorethan350 lb/yd3(208kg/m3).Combinationsof25%flyashand3%metakaolinachievedstrength equivalenceby28days,ataw/cmof0.30.(7) Alkaliactivationofmetakaolin,aloneandincombinationwithslagorflyash,hasproduced goodqualitygeopolymers.Compressivestrengthsexceedingthoseofcomparableportland cementconcretehavebeendemonstrated,suggestingthatmetakaolinmaybecommercially viableasanalternativebinder,inadditiontoitscurrentlymorecommonuseasanSCM. References 1.Justice,J.M.andKurtis,K.E.,InfluenceofMetakaolinSurfaceAreaonPropertiesof CementbasedMaterials,ASCEJournalofMaterialsinCivilEngineering,September2007,Vol. 19,No.9,pp.762771. 2.Tafraoui,A.etal.,MetakaolinintheFormulationofUHPC,ConstructionandBuilding Materials,Vol.23,2009,pp.669674. 3.Justice,J.M.etal.,ComparisonofTwoMetakaolinsandSilicaFumeUsedasSupplementary CementitiousMaterials,SeventhInternationalSymposiumonUtilizationofHighStrength/High PerformanceConcrete,Ed.Russell,H.G.,PublicationSP228,Vol.1,AmericanConcrete Institute,FarmingtonHills,MI,2005,pp.213236.AlsoonCompactDisc. 4.Gruber,K.A.etal.,IncreasingConcreteDurabilitywithHighReactivityMetakaolin,Cement andConcreteComposites,Vol.23,2001,pp.479484. 5.Khatib,J.M.andWild,S.,SulphateResistanceofMetakaolinMortar,CementandConcrete Research,Vol.28,No.1,1998,pp.8392. 6.Ramlochan,T.,Thomas,M.,andGruber,K.A.,TheEffectofMetakaolinonAlkaliSilica
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ReactioninConcrete,CementandConcreteResearch,Vol.30,2000,pp.339344. 7.Garas,V.Y.andKurtis,K.E.,AssessmentofMethodsforOptimisingTernaryBlended ConcreteContainingMetakaolin,MagazineofConcreteResearch,September2008,Vol.60, No.7,pp.499510. 8.Caldarone,M.A.,Gruber,K.A.,andBurg,R.G.,HighReactivityMetakaolin:ANew GenerationMineralAdmixture,ConcreteInternational,Vol.16,No.11,November1994,pp. 3740. 9.Cassagnabere,F.etal.,Metakaolin,ASolutionforthePrecastIndustrytoLimittheClinker ContentinConcrete:MechanicalAspects,ConstructionandBuildingMaterials,Vol.24,2010, pp.11091118.

Curing,Shrinkage,andCrackingofTernaryConcreteMixes
TommyE.Nantung,IndianaDepartmentofTransportation

SR23bridgeunderconstructionusingaternaryconcretemix.

Manystatetransportationagenciesareexploringwaystoincreasetheservicelifeofconcrete bridgedecks.Inmanycases,bridgedeckreplacementisneededwhilethepavementleadingto thebridgeisstillingoodcondition.Withmoreandmorerestrictionsonclosingroadsectionsto traffic,thereisaninitiativetomatchthelifeoftheconcretebridgedeckwiththelifeofthe pavement. Crackingofconcretebridgedecksisnotanewissuewithbridgeengineers.Itisoneofthemost importantissuestoberesolvedbecauseofitsrelationshipwithdeteriorationofthebridge deck.Manyexpertsinthebridgecommunityalreadyputsignificanteffortintoreducingbridge

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deckcrackingbywayofimprovingconstructionpracticesandimprovingtheappurtenancesin bridgedeckcomponents,fromanchoringthereinforcementtotheformworktoimprovingthe lipsofthestayinplacedeckforms.Whiletheuseofadmixturesandsupplementary cementitiousmaterials(SCMs)inconcretehasbeenpracticedforalongtime,littleattention hasbeengiventotheissueofshrinkagebehaviorandthecrackingsusceptibilityofconcrete ternarymixescontainingflyashandsilicafume. ResearchProject TheIndianaDepartmentofTransportation(INDOT)initiatedaresearchprojecttoexplorethe issueofshrinkagecrackinganditsrelationshiptoternarymixesandcuringconditions.The objectiveistominimizethecrackingtendencyofconcretebridgedecksandtoachievea50 yearservicelifewithamanageablemaintenanceeffortfromtheDepartment.Theresearch projectwasconductedincooperationwiththeJointTransportationResearchProgramat PurdueUniversity. TheternaryconcretemixeswereproportionedbasedontheINDOTClassCstructuralconcrete forbridgedecks.TheINDOTClassCstructuralconcretetypicallycontains658lb/yd3(391 kg/m3)ofcementitiousmaterialsandamaximumwatercementitiousmaterialsratioof0.443 withapastecontentof29%.Mixdesignswerebasedonusingamaximumcementitious materialsreductionof20%withthecementcontentheldconstantat389lb/yd3(231kg/m3).In thisstudy,INDOTClassCconcretewithoutflyashandsilicafumewasusedasacontrol. Fourternarymixeswereincludedintheexperimentwitheither20or30%flyash(FA)by weightofthetotalcementitiousmaterialsincombinationwith5or7%silicafume(SF).The mixesweredesignatedas20FA/5SF,20FA/7SF,30FA/5SF,and30FA/7SF.Thepastecontents were23,24,27,and28%,respectively.Themixeshada0.41watercementitiousmaterials ratio,6.51.0%aircontent,anda4.0to7.5in.(100to190mm)slump. Fourcuringconditionswereusedforthepreparedsamples.Theywere:(a)airdrying immediatelyaftercasting,(b)threedaycuringusingwetburlap,(c)sevendaycuringusingwet burlap,and(d)curingwithawhitepigmentedcompoundforsevendaysafterwhichitwas removedwithastiffwirebrush. Eachoftheconcretemixeshadthree3x3x11in.(75x75x285mm)freeshrinkagespecimens subjectedtotheabovecuringconditions.Thesamplesweredemoldedatfinalsetandcured. Theshrinkageinitialreadingwastakenimmediatelyafterdemolding.Attheendofthecuring period,thesamplesweresubjectedtodryingat73oF(23oC)and50%relativehumidity. ShrinkageResults Figure1showsthatifnocuringisprovided(airdryingonly),thefreeshrinkageat450dayswas almostidentical(about550millionths)forallfourternarymixes.However,thefreeshrinkage foralltheternarymixesintheairdryconditionwassignificantlylowerthanthatoftheINDOT ClassCmixwithoutflyashorsilicafume.Afteradjustingforaggregatecontentrelativetothe
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INDOTClassCmix,thefreeshrinkageappearedtobeafunctionofSCMcontent,thelargerthe SCMcontent,thesmallerthefreeshrinkage.

Fig.1.AirdryingresultsFig.2.Airdryingversus 7daysburlapcuring

AsshowninFig.2,thewetburlapcuringgenerallyresultedinlessfreeshrinkagethanairdried specimens.Thisphenomenonismainlyduetotheinitialexpansionthatoccurredduringthe firstfewdaysofwetburlapcuring.However,the30%FAspecimensgavehigherfreeshrinkage valuesinallcuringconditionscomparedtotheairdryingcondition.Thisphenomenonmaybe duetothedryconditioningofthespecimensatanearlyagewhenasignificantamountof waterevaporatesfromthespecimensduetoitsfairlyopenporestructure. CrackTendency TheconcretemixtureswerealsotestedforrestrainedshrinkagecrackingusingtheAASHTOT 334testingmethod.Eachconcretemixhadtwospecimensfortesting.Allspecimenswere subjectedtothefourcuringconditions.WhiletheAASHTOT334methoddoesntspecifya minimummonitoringperiod,thetestwasterminatedafewdaysaftercracksoccurred. Otherwise,theshrinkagewasmonitoreduntiltheshrinkagevaluesstabilizedovertime,upto 196days.

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Fig.3.Ageatcracking,days,fortherestrainedshrinkagecrackingtest (Greenisbetterperformance,redispoorestperformance, andyellowisinbetween)

Figure3showstheresultsoftherestrainedshrinkagetestingforalltheconcretemixeswith theirassociatedcuringconditions.Ingeneral,thecrackingpotentialoftheternaryconcrete mixesincreasedwiththeincreaseinpastecontentofthemixes.Thepastecontent,inthiscase, includesthesupplementarySCMsofflyashandsilicafume.Thecuringconditionsalso influencedtheresistancetoshrinkagecracking.Inmostcases,curingofthemixesusingwet burlaphadapositiveeffectinreducingthepotentialforshrinkagecrackingofternarymixes.In addition,theINDOTClassCconcretewithoutSCMshadasignificanteffectfromthewetburlap curing.Mixeswithlowerpastecontentalsoexhibitedbetterresistancetoshrinkagecracking. Thespecimensmadewith20%flyashmixesdidnothaveanyshrinkagecrackingevenwhenair dried.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatconcreteinthefielddoesnotrequirewetcuring.The significantbenefitofcuringonshrinkagecrackingpotentialisclearlydemonstratedinthis study. Implementation Attheconclusionofthisstudy,INDOTimplementedtheresearchresultsinactualconstruction inthefield.Beginningin2004,INDOTconstructedafewbridgedecksusingtheternarymix formulaof20FA/5SFfromthisstudy.ThefirstbridgewastheconcretedeckonSR23inSouth Bend,IN.Afewmorebridgedeckshavebeenconstructedusingternaryconcretemixeswith thewetburlapcuringextendedto10daystoensureadequatewetcuring. MoreInformation Moredetailsaboutthisresearch,includingtheconcretemixproportionsandadditionaltest results,areavailableinACI'sConcreteInternational,Vol.33,No.1,January2011,pp.4955.
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