The following information was generated from the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), a database of the National

Library of Medicine's TOXNET system (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on September 27, 2011. Query: Records containing the term 98 82 8 1 NAME: CUMENE HSN: 172 RN: 98-82-8 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS: TOXICITY SUMMARY: IDENTIFICATION: Cumene is a water insoluble petrochemical used in the manufacture of several chemicals, including phenol and acetone. HUMAN EXPOSURE: In humans, cumene is metabolized primarily to the secondary alcohol. 2-phenyl-2-propranol. This alcohol and its conjugates are readily excreted by humans. No data are available with which to quantify human exposure. It is not possible to assess its potential for carcinogenicity in humans, because long term carcinogenicity studies with the chemical have not been performed. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Cumene is metabolized primarily to the secondary alcohol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol in animals. This alcohol and its conjugates are readily excreted by rodents. Increases in organ weights, primarily the kidney weughts are the most prominent effects observed in rodents readily exposed to cumene by either the oral or inhalation route. No adverse effects were observed in rat or rabbit fetuses whose mothers had been exposed to cumene during fetal development. Although no multigenerational reproductive studies have been performed using cumene, the rapid metabolism and excretion, coupled with the lack of effects on sperm morphology in a subchronic study, suggest that it has a low potential for reproductive toxicity. Most genotoxicity test data with cumene are negative. Inadequate data, especially measured exposure information, exist to allow a quantitative evaluation of the risk to populations of aquatic ot terrestrial organisms from exposure to cumene. Values indicate a slight potential for bioconcentration in fish. There are no data on the bioaccumulation in fish.[World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document No. 18. Cumene p.4 (1999)] **QC REVIEWED** EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY: WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Classification - D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. Basis -- Under the current Risk Assessment Guidelines, cumene is assigned category D, not classifiable, indicating no or inadequate human or animal data. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, it is concluded that the carcinogenic potential of cumene cannot be determined because no adequate data, such as well-conducted long-term animal studies or reliable human epidemiological studies, are available for any assessment. Concern for the carcinogenic potential of cumene is judged to be limited from several standpoints. The metabolic pathways of this compound are, for the most part, known for both rats and humans and do not involve any suspect reactive species. Cumene has been examined in a relatively complete battery of in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity tests, including gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, and

primary DNA damage. Only a single test, a micronucleus assay, was mildly positive, and then at a dose that resulted in mortality in some animals. Trends in structure-activity relationships are unclear for cumene. It is, however, clear with respect to metabolism that cumene is more analogous to methyl benzene (toluene) than to ethyl benzene, and that toluene showed no evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats or mice in a 2-year inhalation study /by NTP, 1990/. In summary, there is not much suspicion that cumene would pose a significant carcinogenic hazard. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate; none are available. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate; none are available.[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary for Cumene (98-82-8). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: http://www.epa.gov/iris/] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: FORTY-EIGHT PERCENT OF 102 WORKERS EXPOSED 7-10 YR TO ISOPROPYLBENZENE VAPORS HAD INCR BILIRUBIN CONCN, ALTERATION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, CHANGED LIPID METAB, LIVER &amp; HEPATOBILIARY FUNCTIONS, &amp; DYSKINESIA.[PUTALOVA TV; GIG TR PROF ZABOL 6: 21-4 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=468027" target=new>PubMed Abstract A high degree of cell membrane damage (measured as increased permeability) was observed when human lung fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of 25 mM cumene.[Thelestam M et al; Toxicology 15: 203-17 (1980) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.14 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** Short-term exposure: Cumene may cause dizziness, drowsiness, slight incoordination, and unconsciousness.[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1] **PEER REVIEWED** Potential CNS action. CNS depressant.[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 938] **PEER REVIEWED** TOXIC BY INGESTION, INHALATION, &amp; SKIN ABSORPTION ...[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 329] **PEER REVIEWED** Cumene is considered a primary skin &amp; eye irritant ... .[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 151] **PEER REVIEWED** The action of the alkylbenzenes under conditions of acute exposure resembles those of the general anesthetics. /Alkylbenzenes/[Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 644] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: Human reflex response: adverse response: 0.028 mg/cu m.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1170] **PEER REVIEWED**

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: CUMENE IS CONSIDERED A PRIMARY SKIN &amp; EYE IRRITANT ...[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 151] **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE: Consider points of attack /(eyes, upper respiratory system, skin, central nervous system)/ in preplacement and periodic physical examinations.[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 267] **PEER REVIEWED** Employees should be screened for history of: kidney disease; chronic respiratory disease; liver disease; and skin disease, which might place the employee at increased risk from cumene exposure.[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1] **PEER REVIEWED** POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK: Employees /with kidney, chronic respiratory, liver, or skin disease/ are at increased risk from cumene exposure.[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1] **PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: The most probable route of human exposure to cumene is exposure to air contaminated with the chemical from evaporation of petroleum products (ie in individuals engaged in pumping gas or due to combustion of petroleum products or tobacco(1). Additional exposure may result from food consumption. Little exposure is expected to result from water intake. (SRC)[(1) Jackson J et al; Test Rule Support Document Cumene Syracuse Res Corp pp 170 SRC-TR-85-098 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** Work area monitoring samples from cumene producers and processors were as follows. Distillation - 0.0001-3.35 ppm, 0.45 ppm mean; oxidation 0.0001-5.58 ppm, 0.93 ppm mean; laboratory - 0.34-0.44 ppm, 0.39 ppm mean; repair - 0.16-2.50 ppm, 1.33 ppm mean; recovery - 0.001-1.20 ppm, 0.31 ppm mean; cumene unit - 0.078-0.620 ppm, 0.189 ppm mean(1). Gasoline delivery truck drivers are exposed to air containing from < 0.01-0.04 ppm cumene(2). Cumene levels were 60-250 ug/cu m in shoe factory air and 2-200 ug/cu m in the vulcanization area and not detected-10 ug/cu m in the extrusion area of tire retreading plant(3).[(1) Chemical Manufacturers Association; Cumene Program Panel: Industrial Hygiene survey (1985) (2) American Petroleum Institute; Letter to TSCA Interagency Testing Committee USEPA (1984) (3) Cocheo V et al; Amer Ind Hyg Assoc J 44: 521-7 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 14,268 workers (2,760 of these are female) are potentially exposed to cumene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to cumene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cumene is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to cumene via inhalation of ambient air(2-4), ingestion of food(5), and vapors from gasoline products(6) containing cumene(SRC).[(1) NIOSH; National

Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) (2) Shah JJ, Singh HB; Environ Sci Technol 22: 1381-8 (1988) (3) Grosjean E et al; Environ Sci Technol 32: 2061-9 (1998) (4) DeFre R et al; Environ Health Perspect 4: 31-31 (1994) (5) Shahidi F et al; CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nature 24: 141-243 (1986) (6) Schulz RC et al;, Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 7: 735 (1993)] **PEER REVIEWED** BODY BURDEN: Cumene has been detected at 0.13 ug/hour(1) and detected but not quantified(2) in human expired air from non-smoking individuals.[(1) Conkle JP et al; Arch Environ Health 30: 290-5 (1975) (2) Krotoszynski BK, O'Neill HJ; J Environ Sci Health Part A Environ Sci Eng 17: 855-83 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER: Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R) DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the POISINDEX(R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2011 Thomson MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading," sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview, *** CUMENE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. LIFE SUPPORT: o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted. CLINICAL EFFECTS: 0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) There are no reports of systemic effects of cumene in humans. Cumene is a potential CNS and respiratory depressant. It lacks the hematotoxic effects of benzene. B) Cumene is moderately toxic by ingestion and mildly toxic by inhalation and skin contact. It is primarily a skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant. Exposure to high vapor concentrations may cause dizziness, incoordination, headache, and loss of consciousness. In experimental animals, acute exposure resulted in damage to the spleen and fatty changes in the liver; subacute exposure resulted in some liver, kidney, and lung changes. 1) Contact of the liquid with the skin causes erythema and irritation. 0.2.4 HEENT 0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

A) Cumene is a primary eye irritant. B) Excitation of the vestibulo-oculomotor reflex has been observed in exposed rats. 0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Vasodilation was noted in mice exposed to the vapors. 0.2.6 RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Respiratory depression was noted in mice exposed to the vapors. 0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Animal studies indicate slow induction, long duration narcosis after vapor exposures. B) Ataxia and lethargy were noted in repeated exposure of rats and rabbits. 0.2.9 HEPATIC 0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Altered lipid metabolism and hepatobiliary functions were reported in workers exposed for 7 to 10 years. 0.2.10 GENITOURINARY 0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Renal hyperemia and congestion have been observed in exposed rats and mice. 0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC 0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) If cumene is allowed to oxidize to its peroxide, a hemolytic effect may be seen. B) Leukocyte fragility and decreased glycogen and peroxidase content were reported following chronic exposure of rats and rabbits. C) Cumene, unlike benzene, is NOT hematotoxic. 0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Cumene is a primary skin irritant. B) Dilation of cutaneous vessels were noted in exposed mice. 0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS A) Cumene has been reported to be teratogenic and to decrease neonatal viability in rats. It did not affect spermatogenesis in rats exposed by inhalation. 0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY 0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS98-82-8 (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC, 2004): 1) Not Listed 0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW A) No excess overall mortality or deaths from cancer were seen in cumene workers. 0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY A) Cumene has generally been inactive in genetic assays. LABORATORY: A) Hematologic, hepatic, and renal function tests may be

useful in both acute and chronic exposure. TREATMENT OVERVIEW: 0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) This is an aromatic hydrocarbon, and GI decontamination should generally NOT be performed because of the risk of aspiration. B) There are no specific antidotes for cumene toxicity. Treatment is supportive, with special attention to respiratory support. 0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. 0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. 0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE A) OVERVIEW 1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. RANGE OF TOXICITY: A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated. B) 200 ppm (1 mg/L) causes pulmonary irritation in humans. ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT: Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 181-2] **PEER REVIEWED** Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatics hydrocarbons and related compounds/[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 182] **PEER REVIEWED**

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES: TOXICITY SUMMARY: IDENTIFICATION: Cumene is a water insoluble petrochemical used in the manufacture of several chemicals, including phenol and acetone. HUMAN EXPOSURE: In humans, cumene is metabolized primarily to the secondary alcohol. 2-phenyl-2-propranol. This alcohol and its conjugates are readily excreted by humans. No data are available with which to quantify human exposure. It is not possible to assess its potential for carcinogenicity in humans, because long term carcinogenicity studies with the chemical have not been performed. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Cumene is metabolized primarily to the secondary alcohol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol in animals. This alcohol and its conjugates are readily excreted by rodents. Increases in organ weights, primarily the kidney weughts are the most prominent effects observed in rodents readily exposed to cumene by either the oral or inhalation route. No adverse effects were observed in rat or rabbit fetuses whose mothers had been exposed to cumene during fetal development. Although no multigenerational reproductive studies have been performed using cumene, the rapid metabolism and excretion, coupled with the lack of effects on sperm morphology in a subchronic study, suggest that it has a low potential for reproductive toxicity. Most genotoxicity test data with cumene are negative. Inadequate data, especially measured exposure information, exist to allow a quantitative evaluation of the risk to populations of aquatic ot terrestrial organisms from exposure to cumene. Values indicate a slight potential for bioconcentration in fish. There are no data on the bioaccumulation in fish.[World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document No. 18. Cumene p.4 (1999)] **QC REVIEWED** EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY: WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Classification - D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. Basis -- Under the current Risk Assessment Guidelines, cumene is assigned category D, not classifiable, indicating no or inadequate human or animal data. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, it is concluded that the carcinogenic potential of cumene cannot be determined because no adequate data, such as well-conducted long-term animal studies or reliable human epidemiological studies, are available for any assessment. Concern for the carcinogenic potential of cumene is judged to be limited from several standpoints. The metabolic pathways of this compound are, for the most part, known for both rats and humans and do not involve any suspect reactive species. Cumene has been examined in a relatively complete battery of in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity tests, including gene mutation, chromosomal aberration, and primary DNA damage. Only a single test, a micronucleus assay, was mildly positive, and then at a dose that resulted in mortality in some animals. Trends in structure-activity relationships are unclear for cumene. It is, however, clear with respect to metabolism that cumene is more analogous to methyl benzene (toluene) than to ethyl benzene, and that toluene showed no evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats or mice in a 2-year inhalation study /by NTP, 1990/. In summary, there is not much suspicion that cumene would pose a significant carcinogenic hazard. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate; none are available. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate; none are available.[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary for Cumene (98-82-8). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: http://www.epa.gov/iris/] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

Exposure of rats at 500 ppm cumene daily for 5 mos resulted in no significant changes in the peripheral blood; however, hyperemia and congestion were noted in the lungs, liver, and kidneys of exposed animals. When animals were dosed by repeated gastric intubation of 154 mg cumene/kg body weight for 194 days, no evidence of injury was found. At a higher dosage (462 mg/kg), an increase in the weight of kidneys was observed. Subcutaneous application of 1 ml cumene/kg daily for 2 wk did not lower the femoral marrow cell population.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 346] **PEER REVIEWED** Mice exposed to the vapors of cumene showed dilatation of cutaneous blood vessels, and grades of CNS depression, depression of respiration, and death, depending on the concentration and duration of exposure.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 346] **PEER REVIEWED** BY INHALATION ... EXPOSURE OF DOGS, CATS, RABBITS TO 60 MG/L (12200 PPM) DID NOT PRODUCE ANY SIGN OF INTOXICATION. ... IN MICE, BY INHALATION ... /PRC: CNS DEPRESSIVE/ DOSE /WAS FOUND/ TO BE BETWEEN 20 AND 25 MG/L (4000-5000 PPM) REPRESENTING LOWER TOXICITY ... THAN EITHER BENZENE OR TOLUENE. ... INHALATION EXPT ON RATS USING CONCN OF 6.5 MG/L (2000 PPM) 8 HR/DAY FOR 130-180 DAYS. RATS PROVED ... MORE SENSITIVE THAN THE RABBIT, SHOWING ... SYMPTOMS OF INTOXICATION, FOLLOWED BY DEATH AFTER 6-16 HR. EVEN 4 MG/L PROVED FATAL AFTER 16 HR, BUT AT 2.5 MG/L (500 PPM) NO SYMPTOMS OF DISTURBANCE OF HEALTH WERE OBSERVED. ... REPEATED INHALATION OF 2000 PPM CAUSED SYMPTOMS OF INTOXICATION IN RABBITS AND RATS. THESE INCLUDED SOMNOLENCE, MOTOR DISTURBANCE, AND LOSS OF EQUILIBRIUM.[Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 96] **PEER REVIEWED** RATS, GUINEA PIGS, SQUIRREL MONKEYS, &amp; DOGS EXPOSED REPEATEDLY TO CUMENE VAPORS 8 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK FOR 6 WK OR CONTINUOUSLY 90-127 DAYS. NO TOXIC EFFECTS WERE NOTED ON HEART, LUNG, LIVER, SPLEEN, KIDNEY, BRAIN, AND SPINAL CORD.[JENKINS LJ ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 16 (3): 818-23 (1970)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4987190" target=new>PubMed Abstract EXPOSURE OF RABBITS TO CUMENE, DOSE OF 0.5 MG/L FOR 4 HR/DAY FOR 4 MONTHS CAUSED CHANGES IN IMMUNOLOGICAL INDICATORS ONLY AT END OF EXPERIMENT.[SAMEDAV IG ET AL; AZERB MED ZH 55 (9): 58-61 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED** CHRONIC INTOXICATION OF RATS &amp; RABBITS WITH ISOPROPYLBENZENE DECR OSMOTIC RESISTANCE OF LEUKOCYTES, DECR GLYCOGEN &amp; PEROXIDASE CONTENT OF NEUTROPHILS &amp; ACCUMULATED LIPIDS IN NEUTROPHILS.[MAKAREVA LM; FARMAKOL TOKSIKOL (MOSCOW) 35 (4): 491-2 (1972)] **PEER REVIEWED** Noradrenaline-induced respiration of isolated brown fat cells was 73% inhibited by 1 mM cumene. Brown fat cells respond to noradrenaline if every function, from the receptor at the cell membrane to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, is intact.[Petterson B et al; Toxicology 18: 1-15 (1980) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.14 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED**

Cell multiplication of ascites sarcoma BP8 cells was inhibited 3% when ... /the/ cells were incubated in the presence of 0.1 mM cumene. 100% Inhibition /was/ noted /at/ 1 mM levels of the compound.[Pilotts A et al; Toxicology 5: 49-62 (1975) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.14 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** One-day exposure to cumene at 0.05 and 0.1% caused 100% death of Radix peregra and Lymnea stagnalis, respectively. ... Water temperature, pH, and total hardness had no effect on the toxic effect of the compound. The only important factor was oxygen, so the water was aerated during the experiments.[Erben R, Beader B; Poljopr Sumar 29 (1): 29-36 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** The influence of different kinds of industrial solvents on the vestibular function in rats /was/ studied by recording nystagmus, induced by accelerated rotation. The effect was related to the blood levels of the solvents. ... /Cumene caused an/ excitation of the vestibulo-oculomotor reflex. ... /It is suggested/ that the excitation of the vestibulo-oculomotor reflex is caused by interaction of cumene with central pathways in the reticular formation and the cerebellum.[Tham R et al; Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 54 (1): 58-63 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** The alkylbenzenes, incl isopropyl benzene, were investigated for their property as sensory irritants in mice. The concn of isopropyl benzene necessary to depress the respiratory rate by 50% due to sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract was 2490 ppm. Minimal or no pulmonary irritation was observed with these alkybenzenes.[Nielsen GD, Alarie Y; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 65 (3): 459-77 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7157377" target=new>PubMed Abstract Cumene at 0.5 ml/l within 24 hr caused 100% mortality of both crabs Asellus aquaticus L and Gammarus fossarum Koch (Isopoda, Amphipoda).[Erben R, Beader B; Poljopr Sumar 29 (2): 105-14 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** An LC50 of 10.0 mg/l in mice exposed for 7 hr to a "relatively pure" cumene. In a repeat study in somewhat older mice (27 g vs 21 g), the LC50 was 11.5 mg/l, suggesting possible resistance with age. A technical grade cumene ( > 95%) produced similar effects. The mice were described as manifesting slight lack of coordination followed by /SRP: CNS depression/ complete relaxation, loss of reflexes, decreased respiration, and death. /SRP: CNS depression/ lasted up to 36 hr in surviving animals. Pathological findings were notable for slight fatty infiltration of the liver, particularly in centrilobular areas, and some fatty droplets in renal cells. There was no evidence of pulmonary irritation.[National Research Council; The Alkyl Benzenes p.298 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** Female rats were given 139 oral doses of cumene over 194 days at 154, 462, or 769 mg/kg body weight per dose. No effects on weight or on hematological or histopathological indices were noted at 154 mg/kg/day. At the two higher concn, only a dose-related increase in kidney weight was observed.[National Research Council; The Alkyl Benzenes p.298 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** Contact of /cumene/ with the skin causes erythema and irritation. Eye contamination may produce conjunctival irritation.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 346] **PEER REVIEWED**

Studies were conducted to evaluate the subchronic inhalation toxicity, neurotoxicity and ototoxicity of cumene in rats. Fischer-344-rats were exposed to cumene vapor at concentrations of 0, 100, 500 and 1,200 ppm for 6 hours per day, 5 days a week, for 13 weeks. A separate group received one 6 hour exposure. A second study tested similar exposure regimens for cumene concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 500 and 1,200 ppm. Blood samples from the rats in each group were collected for the measurement of hematological and serum chemistry parameters. The rats were killed during week 14 of the first study, or following a 4 week postexposure in the second study, and nervous system tissues were analyzed via light microscopy. Remaining rats in the subchronic study underwent complete necropsy after death. Male rats exposed to 500 and 1,200 ppm in the first study exhibited decreases in motor activity, but such effects were not observed in the second study. Male rats in the 500 and 1,200 ppm exposure groups demonstrated renal proximal tubular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and hyaline drop formation as well. No exposure related ophthalmologic results or effects on spermatogenesis were found. Rats of both sexes from these groups also demonstrated decreased body weight and food consumption and altered hematological and clinical chemistry parameters. It was concluded that cumene produces mild to moderate toxic effects in rats at concentrations between 500 to 1,200 ppm, and that cumene vapor produces no appreciable neurotoxic or ototoxic effects at these concentrations.[Cushman JR et al; J of the American College of Toxicol 14 (2): 129-47 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: LC50 Mouse inhalation 2,000 ppm/7 hr[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 780] **PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Rat oral 2.91 g/kg[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 443] **PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Rat /inhalation/ 8000 ppm/4 hr[Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur, Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995., p. 746] **PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Rat oral 1400 mg/kg[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 938] **PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Mouse inhalation 24,700 mg/cu m/2 hr[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 938] **PEER REVIEWED** ECOTOXICITY VALUES: LC50 Daphnia magna 0.6 ppm/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/[ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.23 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Agelaius phoeniceus (red-winged blackbird) oral 98 mg/kg[Schafer EW et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12: 355-82 (1983) as cited ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.23 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** Mytilus edulis (mussel larvae): no significant alteration of growth rate at concentrations of 1 to 50 ppm.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1171] **PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 6.32 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 6.04 - 6.61 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.4 deg C, dissolves oxygen 6.6 mg/l, hardness 44.3 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.1 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.58.[Geiger D.L., Poirier S.H., Brooke L.T., Call D.J., eds. Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Vol. III. Superior, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1986., p. 213] **PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 6.32 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 6.04 - 6.61 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.4 deg C, dissolved oxygen 6.6 mg/l, hardness 44.3 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.1 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.58. Effect: loss of equilibrium. Affected fish lost schooling behavior and swam in a corkscrew/spiral pattern. They were hyperactive and darkly colored, had increased respiration, and lost equilibrium prior to death. Samples were not taken for the A, B, and C tanks at 96 hours for determination of toxicant concentrations.[Geiger D.L., Poirier S.H., Brooke L.T., Call D.J., eds. Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Vol. III. Superior, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1986., p. 213] **PEER REVIEWED** ONGOING TEST STATUS: The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology &amp; Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.sear chresults&amp;searchterm=98-82-8][Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searc hresults&amp;searchterm=98-82-8] **QC REVIEWED** TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS: The ability of cumene to induce morphological transformation was evaluated in the BALB/3T3 mouse embryo cell line (Cell Transformation Assay). Based on preliminary toxicity determinations (exposure time = 2 days), cumene was tested at concentrations of 5, 20 and 60ug/ml, resulting in colony forming efficiency ranging from 69.0% to 22.0%. Only at the 60ug/ml level was a positive response observed (six - Type III foci). Both positive and negative controls elicited expected results.[Gulf Life Science Center: Cell Transformation Test of Cumene, Final Report, (1984), EPA Document No. 88-8500709, Fiche No. OTS0509712] **UNREVIEWED** The effect of cumene was examined in the rat hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assay. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from Fischer 344 rats and exposed to test article at 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 ug/ml for 19 hours. A statistically significant (test type not reported, p < 0.01) increase in mean net nuclear grain counts, and percentage of cells in repair was observed at 16 and 32 ug/ml. Cytotoxicity was observed during the test at the 128 ug/ml dose level.[Gulf Oil Life Science Center; Hepatocyte Primary Culture/DNA Repair Test of Cumene (1984), EPA Document No. 88-8500709, Fiche No. OTS0509712] **UNREVIEWED** The metabolic disposition of cumene was studied in Fischer 344 rats

(4/sex/dose group) after oral gavage administration of a single dose of 33 or 1350 mg 14C- cumene/kg bw/day in Emulphor-saline vehicle. Another group of rats was administered a dose of 33 mg non-radioactive cumene/kg bw/day for 7 consecutive days, followed by a single dose of labeled cumene on the eighth day. Similar results were obtained between the single and repeated dose experiments. The urine was the major route of excretion of 14C. Approximately 80% of the administered radioactivity had been excreted in the urine 72 hours after dosing with radioactive cumene. After the high dose, exhaled volatile organics more than doubled the amount exhaled after the low dose of cumene, (14% of the administered dose compared with 5%, respectively). Relatively little radioactivity was found in tissues 72 hours after dosing. Liver, kidney, and adipose tissue contained 2-3 times more 14C than other tissues after the low and repeated dose exposures; 14C was concentrated in the femur and adipose tissue after the high dose of cumene. Distribution of cumene after low-, high-, and repeated-dose exposures could be fitted to one-compartment models with elimination half-lives from blood of 16, 9.2, and 5.7 hours, respectively. Six metabolites were identified in the urine, two of them were major components.[Chemical Manufacturers Association; Metabolism, Disposition and Pharmacokinetics of Cumene in F344 Rats Following Oral, I.V. Administration or Nose-Only Inhalation, (1989), EPA Document No. 40-8992171, Fiche No. OTS0522880] **UNREVIEWED** The metabolic disposition of cumene was studied in Fischer 344 rats (4/sex/dose group) after nose-only exposure to nominal concentrations of 100, 500, or 1200 ppm of 14C-cumene vapors for 6 hours. Over 80% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine 72 hours following exposure to any of the 3 cumene concentrations. Females in the 500 ppm group exhaled 7% of the radioactivity as volatile organics in 72 hours, compared with < 7% in the other 2 treated groups. 14C in adipose tissue was 0.04, 0.08, and 0.05% of the dose inthe 100, 500, and 1200 ppm groups, respectively. At each exposure level, the percentage of 14C in adipose tissue was higher thatn in any other tissue. 14C was also concentrated in liver, kidney, bone, heart, ovaries, and skeletal muscle, but differences were observed between male and female rats. The blood concentration of 14C peaked at 1.9 ug-eg/g blood 6 hours after initiation of exposure and rapidly declined thereafter. Half-life elimination of 14C from blood after exposure to 100, 500, or 1200 ppm cumene were 3.9, 4.5, and 6.6 hours, respectively. Six metabolites detected in the urine were the same as those detected after oral or i.v. dosing with cumene. Experiments with unlabeled cumene gave terminal half-life estimates of 17-30 hours for cumene itself and were generated from a two-compartment model constructed using blood concentration versus time data.[Chemical Manufacturers Association; Metabolism, Disposition and Pharmacokinetics of Cumene in F344 Rats Following Oral, I.V. Administration or Nose-Only Inhalation, (1989), EPA Document No. 40-8992171, Fiche No. OTS0522880] **UNREVIEWED** The metabolic disposition of cumene was studied in Fischer 344 rats (4/sex/dose group) after a single intravenous injection of 33 mg 14C-radiolabeled compound/kg bw/day. The vehicle was Emulphor in buffered saline. The principal route of excretion of radioactivity was the urine (75% recovered radioactivity at 72 hours after dosing). Volatile hydrocarbons accounted for a total of approximately 8.5% of the injected radioactivity 72 hours after dosing. Fecal excretion, or excretion of 14C-CO2 was minimal. Maximal urinary excretion occurred 16 hours after dosing. Only small traces of radioactivity were found in the carcasses. There were no significant differences between male and female rats with respect to toxicological parameters. 14C concentration in blood was maximal (approximately 7000 ug-eg/g blood) 15 minutes after dosing and decreased to 1/3 maximal levels after 1 hour. Twenty-four hours after

dosing, the blood concentration of 14C had decreased to approximately 1/40 of the peak value. Elimination of radioactivity from blood were best fit to a two-compartment model described by a biexponential equation; the terminal half- lives were determined to be 0.24 and 8.0 hours. At least six radiolabeled metabolite peaks were detected in urine and in exhaled air; two of these six peaks accounted for more than 90% of the radioactivity in urine. The six major peaks found in urine after i.v. dosing were the same as those found in urine after oral and inhalation exposure to cumene.[Chemical Manufacturers Association; Metabolism, Disposition and Pharmacokinetics of Cumene in F344 Rats Following Oral, I.V. Administration or Nose-Only Inhalation, (1989), EPA Document No. 40-8992171, Fiche No. OTS0522880] **UNREVIEWED** The ability of cumene to induce micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of groups of 10 male and 10 female Crl:CDR-1(ICR)BR Swiss mice was evaluated at dose levels of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 (2 doses), and 1.00 (1 dose, 15 animals) g/kg administered in paraffin oil by gavage once daily for two days using bone smears prepared, half on day 3 and half on day 4, following onset of dosing. Dose levels were based on preliminary toxicity studies. No significant (p < =0.05) increase occurred in any cumene dose group relative to controls, although the positive control, administered 75 mg/kg cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally, did show a difference (p < =0.05).[Gulf Oil Corporation. Micronucleus Test of Cumene. (1985) EPA Document No. 878216015, Fiche No. OTS0206782] **UNREVIEWED** The ability of cumene to induce mutations at the gene locus coding for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT Assay) was evaluated in the presence and absence of metabolic activation from Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on preliminary cytotoxicity tests, nonactivated cultures were treated with cumene at concentrations of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 mcg/ml producing cell survivals relative to the vehicle control (Pluronic F127) of 122.9, 92.8, 104.7, 124.6, and 89.2% respectively. Activated cultures treated with cumene concentrations of 64, 128, 150, and 175 mcg/ml produced relative cell survivals ranging from 91.0 - 7.6%. A significant mutagenic response was not observed in either activated or nonactivated trials.[Gulf Life Sciences Center; CHO/HGPRT Test of Cumene (1985), EPA Document No. 878216011, Fiche No. OTS0206775] **UNREVIEWED** The effect of cumene was examined in the rat hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assay. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from Fischer 344 rats and exposed to test article at 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 ug/ml for 19 hours. A statistically significant (test type not reported, p < 0.01) increase in mean net nuclear grain counts, and percentage of cells in repair was observed at 16 and 32 ug/ml. Cytotoxicity was observed during the test at the 128 ug/ml dose level.[Gulf Oil Life Science Center; Hepatocyte Primary Culture/DNA Repair Test of Cumene (1984), EPA Document No. 88-8500709, Fiche No. OTS0509712] **UNREVIEWED** Cumene was tested for genotoxicity in vitro in cultured adult male Fischer 344 rat hepatocytes exposed to concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, or 128 ug/ml culture medium, in the presence of 10 uCi/ml 3H-thymidine. The rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes was determined by measuring the extent of incorporation of labeled thymidine into DNA, using autoradiography. Concentrations ranging from 32 to 120 ug/ml were excessively toxic to cell cultures and unscheduled DNA synthesis could not be measured at these concentrations. The treatment did not increase the rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis, indicating that the test compound was not genotoxic in rat hepatocytes

under the conditions of this assay.[Microbiological Associates Inc.; CHO/HGPRT Mutation Assay on Cumene, (1987), EPA Document No. 40-8792124, Fiche No. OTS0522853] **UNREVIEWED** The mutagenicity of cumene was evaluated in Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, both in the presence and absence of added metabolic activaiton provided by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. After bacterial toxicity determinations, cumene was tested for mutagenicity at concentrations of up to 0.2 ul/plate using the plate incorporation technique, and concentrations of 20 ul/spot in the spot test. Cumene did not induce a positive response in any bacterial tester strain, either with or without metabolic activation.[Monsanto Company Environmental Health Laboratory; Ames/Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay of Cumene, (1982), EPA Document No. 878215097, Fiche No. OTS0206758] **UNREVIEWED** Cumene (CAS No. 98-82-8) was evaluated for neurotoxicity in a functional test of auditory brainstem responses to tone pips. The test substance was administered by inhalation to rats (10/sex/group) at 0, 50, 100, 500, and 1,200 ppm 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. There were no effects on the auditory function of rats after exposure to cumene.[CHEM MFGS ASSN; Evaluation of the Ototoxic Potential of Cumene Inhalation Exposure in F344 Rats With Cover Letter; 01/31/91; EPA Document No. 86-9100000732; Microfiche No. OTS0530402] **UNREVIEWED** METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS: METABOLISM/METABOLITES: Cumene is absorbed readily by the mammalian system and oxidized at the side chain, one of the metabolites being the dimethylphenylcarbinol glucuronide.[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1347] **PEER REVIEWED** HYDROXYLATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS FOLLOWING THEIR ORAL ADMIN TO RATS ALSO RECEIVING PURIFIED DIET WITH NEOMYCIN TO REDUCE LEVELS OF NORMALLY OCCURRING PHENOLS, YIELDED URINARY METABOLITE 2-PHENYL-2-PROPYL ALCOHOL &amp; 2-PHENYL-1-PROPYL ALCOHOL.[BAKKE OM, SCHELINE RR; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 16 (3): 691-700 (1970)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5422210" target=new>PubMed Abstract A VARIETY OF BACTERIAL STRAINS, SUCH AS PSEUDOMONAS DESMOLYTICA, PSEUDOMONAS CONVEXA, AND PSEUDOMONAS OVALIS ARE CAPABLE OF GROWING ON CUMENE. OXIDATION PRODUCTS WERE IDENTIFIED AS 3-ISOPROPYLCATECHOL &amp; (+)-2-HYDROXY-7-METHYL-6-OXOOCTANOIC ACID.[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1347] **PEER REVIEWED** In rabbits, 90% of a 2 ml oral dose was accounted for as side-chain oxidation products of cumene, which were excreted as glucuronide conjugates. About 40% of the dose was excreted as the glucuronide of 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 25% as the glucuronide of 2-phenyl-1-propanol, and 25% as the ester-glucuronide of 2-phenyl-propionic acid.[ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.12 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED**

... The major portion /of the cumene absorbed in the blood/ is metabolized in the liver ...[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 346] **PEER REVIEWED** MAJOR PORTION /AFTER DERMAL EXPOSURE/ IS ... EXCRETED IN THE URINE AS CONJUGATED ALCOHOLS OR ACIDS.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 346] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION OF CUMENE LEADS TO A DEFINITE INCREASE IN URINARY EXCRETION OF GLUCURONIDES OF COMPOUNDS FORMED BY PARTIAL OXIDATION OF ALKYL RADICAL. MAIN METABOLIC PATHWAY ... DOES NOT INVOLVE PRODN OF PHENOL, WHICH EXPLAINS LACK OF AGGRESSIVENESS OF CUMENE TO BONE MARROW.[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&amp;II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 572] **PEER REVIEWED** 90% of an oral dose of cumene /was recovered as metabolites/ from rabbit urine.[Robinson D et al; Biochem Jour 59: 153-9 (1955) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.10 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION: CUMENE IS STATED TO BE ABSORBED THROUGH THE INTACT SKIN MORE RAPIDLY THAN TOLUENE, XYLENE, OR ETHYLBENZENE. A SMALL QUANTITY ... ABSORBED IN THE BLOOD IS EXHALED UNCHANGED, BUT THE MAJOR PORTION IS ... EXCRETED IN THE URINE AS CONJUGATED ALCOHOLS OR ACIDS.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 346] **PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR IS READILY ABSORBED INTO BLOOD STREAM &amp; SMALL PART (LESS THAN 5% ...) IS EXHALED UNCHANGED. ... AMT OF CUMENE /WERE FOUND/ VARYING FROM 8 UG/G IN LIVER TO 29 UG/G IN BLOOD OF RATS 48 HR AFTER LAST EXPOSURE (REPEATED FOR TWO MONTHS) TO CONCN OF 500 PPM. ... ISOPROPYLBENZENE APPEARS TO BE LOCALIZED SELECTIVELY AND ESP IN ENDOCRINE GLANDS, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, SPLEEN AND LIVER AND ... IT DISAPPEARS MORE RAPIDLY IN RABBIT THAN IN RAT. ... BLOOD RETAINS A CERTAIN AMT LONGER THAN INTERNAL ORGANS.[Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 95] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION OF CUMENE LEADS TO A DEFINITE INCREASE IN URINARY EXCRETION OF GLUCURONIDES OF COMPOUNDS FORMED BY PARTIAL OXIDATION OF ALKYL RADICAL. MAIN METABOLIC PATHWAY ... DOES NOT INVOLVE PRODN OF PHENOL, WHICH EXPLAINS LACK OF AGGRESSIVENESS OF CUMENE TO BONE MARROW.[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&amp;II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 572] **PEER REVIEWED** IV ADMIN TO RAT SHOWED HIGHEST CONCN IN ADIPOSE TISSUES, KIDNEY, BRAIN, ADRENAL GLANDS, HEART, &amp; LUNG, 2-3 HR LATER INCR CONCN IN BRAIN, PITUITARY &amp; BONE MARROW.[GORBAN GM ET AL; GIG SANIT 10: 113 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED** EXPT MADE ON 10 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS, EXPOSED TO VAPORS OF 240, 480 OR 720 MG/L, SHOWED RETENTION OF ABOUT 50% CUMENE.[SENCZUK W ET AL; BR J IND MED

33 (2): 100-5 (1976)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1276088" target=new>PubMed Abstract 90% of an oral dose of cumene /was recovered as metabolites/ from rabbit urine.[Robinson D et al; Biochem Jour 59: 153-9 (1955) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.10 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** /A study was conducted/ to determine the tissue distribution of cumene in rats exposed to the cmpd by inhalation. In one series of experiments, the animals were exposed to cumene at levels of 2.5 mg/l for two months. The duration of each daily exposure ... was not specified. 24 hr after the last exposure cumene levels in various tissues were analyzed. ... The highest levels of cumene were observed in the thyroid, and adrenal glands, and the lowest levels in the kidney, heart, lung, and stomach. Intermediate levels were found in components of the central nervous system.[Fabre R et al; Arch Mal Prof 16: 285-99 (1985) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.10 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** Cumene was measured in the breath and blood of two groups of individuals; one group belonging to a hospital staff, and the other included chemical workers who were not exposed to cumene (workplace air concn < 0.1 ug/l). Chemical workers were examined in the morning before the start of work in the plant infirmary, and the hospital staff in the hospital infirmaries. At the time of biological sampling for each individual, one environmental sample was also taken of the air. Environmental concn of cumene were not significantly different in the plant and in the hospital infirmaries. Blood cumene concn was significantly higher in chemical workers. A correlation between alveolar and environmental concn was found for cumene.[Brugnone F et al; Int Arch Occup Environ Health 61 (5): 303-11 (1989)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2707867" target=new>PubMed Abstract MECHANISM OF ACTION: The alkylbenzenes, incl isopropyl benzene, were investigated for their property as sensory irritants in mice. A model for the sensory irritating action of alkylbenzenes was proposed on the basis of their physical interaction with a receptor protein in a lipid layer.[Nielsen GD, Alarie Y; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 65 (3): 459-77 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7157377" target=new>PubMed Abstract PHARMACOLOGY:

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE: ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE SUMMARY: Cumene's production and use in the production of phenol and acetone may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Cumene occurs in a variety of natural substances including essential oils

from plants and foodstuffs. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.5 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates cumene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cumene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.5 days. Cumene is also known to react with ozone radical found in the atmosphere but not at an environmentally important rate. If released to soil, cumene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 820. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0115 atm-cu m/mole. Cumene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. After a 10 and 20 day exposure of cumene to wastewater inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 62% and 70% was observed, respectively. Based on these results, cumene is expected to undergo considerable biodegradation in soil environments. If released into water, cumene is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water based upon the estimated Koc. Using river water and sediment, the aerobic biodegradation of cumene was studied in a closed system. The disappearance rate of cumene (avg concn 2.5 mg/l) via mineralization was 0.02/day; this equates to a half-life of 34.6 days. Based on the results of this experiment, residence time of cumene in aquatic ecosystems will likely be brief. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.2 hrs and 4.4 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to sediment and suspended solids in the water column. A BCF of 35 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to cumene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cumene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to cumene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and vapors from gasoline products containing cumene. Cumene is widely detected in the atmosphere mainly due to its presence in gasoline and as a natural component in plants. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: The most probable route of human exposure to cumene is exposure to air contaminated with the chemical from evaporation of petroleum products (ie in individuals engaged in pumping gas or due to combustion of petroleum products or tobacco(1). Additional exposure may result from food consumption. Little exposure is expected to result from water intake. (SRC)[(1) Jackson J et al; Test Rule Support Document Cumene Syracuse Res Corp pp 170 SRC-TR-85-098 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** Work area monitoring samples from cumene producers and processors were as follows. Distillation - 0.0001-3.35 ppm, 0.45 ppm mean; oxidation 0.0001-5.58 ppm, 0.93 ppm mean; laboratory - 0.34-0.44 ppm, 0.39 ppm mean; repair - 0.16-2.50 ppm, 1.33 ppm mean; recovery - 0.001-1.20 ppm, 0.31 ppm mean; cumene unit - 0.078-0.620 ppm, 0.189 ppm mean(1). Gasoline delivery truck drivers are exposed to air containing from < 0.01-0.04 ppm cumene(2). Cumene levels were 60-250 ug/cu m in shoe factory air and 2-200 ug/cu m in the vulcanization area and not detected-10 ug/cu m in the extrusion area of tire retreading plant(3).[(1) Chemical Manufacturers Association; Cumene Program Panel: Industrial Hygiene survey (1985) (2) American Petroleum Institute; Letter to TSCA Interagency Testing Committee USEPA (1984) (3) Cocheo V et al; Amer Ind Hyg Assoc J 44: 521-7 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 14,268 workers (2,760 of these are female) are potentially exposed to cumene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to cumene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cumene is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to cumene via inhalation of ambient air(2-4), ingestion of food(5), and vapors from gasoline products(6) containing cumene(SRC).[(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) (2) Shah JJ, Singh HB; Environ Sci Technol 22: 1381-8 (1988) (3) Grosjean E et al; Environ Sci Technol 32: 2061-9 (1998) (4) DeFre R et al; Environ Health Perspect 4: 31-31 (1994) (5) Shahidi F et al; CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nature 24: 141-243 (1986) (6) Schulz RC et al;, Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 7: 735 (1993)] **PEER REVIEWED** BODY BURDEN: Cumene has been detected at 0.13 ug/hour(1) and detected but not quantified(2) in human expired air from non-smoking individuals.[(1) Conkle JP et al; Arch Environ Health 30: 290-5 (1975) (2) Krotoszynski BK, O'Neill HJ; J Environ Sci Health Part A Environ Sci Eng 17: 855-83 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** NATURAL POLLUTION SOURCES: Cumene occurs in a variety of natural substances including essential oils from plants(1), marsh grasses(2,3), and a variety of foodstuffs(4-12).[(1) Tajuddin SAS et al; Indian Perfum 27: 56-9 (1983) (2) Mody NV et al; Phytochem 13: 2027-9 (1974) (3) Mody NV et al; Phytochem 14: 599-601 (1975) (4) Tang J et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 1287-92 (1983) (5) Schormueller J, Kochmann HJ; Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 141: 1-9 (1969) (6) Stern DJ et al; Agric Food Chem 15: 1100-3 (1967) (7) Yajima I et al; Agric Biol Chem 42: 1229-33 (1978) (8) Heydanek MG, McGorrin RJ; J Agric Food Chem 29: 950-4 (1981) (9) Coleman EC et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 42-8 (1981) (10) Dumont JP, Adda J; J Agric Food Chem 26: 364-7 (1978) (11) Ho CT et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 336-42 (1983) (12) Lovegren NV et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 851-3 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** ARTIFICIAL POLLUTION SOURCES: About 98% of cumene produced in the U.S. is used to produce acetone and phenol(1). Cumene is released by manufacturing and processing plants and during the transport of cumene. Cumene is also a constituent of crude oil and finished fuels(2). It is, therefore, released to the environment by oil spills and the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels by land transportation vehicles. It is also released during the transportation and distribution of motor fuels and by evaporative loss from gasoline stations. Cigarette tobacco also releases cumene during consumption(3). Cumene release from all these sources was estimated to be 21 million pounds annually(4). Other, unquantifiable anthropogenic cumene releases include operations involving vulcanization of rubber(5), building materials(6), jet engine exhaust(7), outboard motor operation(8), solvent uses(9), paint manufacture(10), pharmaceutical production(11), and textile plants(12). Cumene is also released to the environment from leather tanning, iron and steel manufacturing, paving and roofing, paint and ink formulation, printing and publishing, ore mining, coal mining, organics and plastics manufacturing, pesticide manufacturing, electroplating and pulp and paper production(13).[(1) Chemical Economics Handbook, Cumene, Stanford Research Institute International Menlo Park, CA (1984) (2) American Petroleum Institute; Letter to TSCA Interagency Testing Committee USEPA (1984) (3) Johnstone RAW et al; Nature 195: 1267-69 (1962) (4) Jackson J et al; Test Rule Support Document Cumene Syracuse Res Corp pp 170 SRC-TR-85-098 (1985) (5) Cocheo V et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44: 521-27 (1983) (6) Moelhave L; Proc First Int Indoor Clim Symp pp 89-110 (1979)

(7) Katzman H, Libby WF; Atmos Environ 9: 839-42 (1975) (8) Montz WE Jr et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11: 561-65 (1982) (9) Levy A; Advances in Chem Ser 124 American Chem Soc pp 70-94 (1973) (10) Botta D et al; Ground Water Pollut by Org Solvents and Their Microbial Degradation Products, Comm Eur Communities (Rep) EUR, EUR 8518, Anal Org Micropollut Water pp 261-75 (1984) (11) Brown JM et al; Investigation of Petroleum in the Marine Environs of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Northern Puget Sound USEPA-600/7-79-164 (12) Gordon AW, Gordon M; Trans Kentucky Acad Sci 42: 149-57 (1981) (13) Shackelford WM et al; Anal Chim Acta 146: 15-27 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE: TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 820(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that cumene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cumene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0115 atm-cu m/mole(3). The potential for volatilization of cumene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4.5 mm Hg(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). After a 10 and 20 day exposure of wastewater inoculum to cumene, a theoretical BOD of 62% and 70% was observed, respectively(5). Based on these results, cumene is expected to undergo considerable biodegradation in soil environments(SRC).[(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992) (3) Sanemassa I et al; Bull Chem Soc Jpn 55: 1054-62 (1982) (4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp 5 Vol (1989) (5) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Cont Fed 46: 63-77 (1974)] **PEER REVIEWED** AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 820(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that cumene is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0115 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.2 hrs and 4.4 days, respectively(SRC). In natural waters, cumene is degraded by reaction with hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in water is estimated to be 107 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.5X10+9 L/mol sec at pH 7(5). In another study of the abiotic degradation of cumene in aquatic systems, photooxidation of cumene by alkylperoxy radicals and hydroxyl radicals was found to occur with half-lives of 2.2 and 0.7 yrs, respectively(6). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF of 35(8) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Using river water and sediment, the aerobic biodegradation of cumene was studied in a closed system(9). The disappearance rate of cumene (avg concn 2.5 mg/l) via mineralization was 0.02/day; this equates to a half-life of 34.6 days(9). Based on the results of this experiment, residence time of cumene in aquatic ecosystems will likely be brief(9). In an experiment to study the disappearance of organic compounds found in crude oil during an oil spill, cumene was found to disappear (combination of evaporation and dissolution) within 90 mins of being spilled into seawater(10). In a similar experiment, water samples taken from an oil spill in the Canadian Arctic waters in the Ragged Channel revealed that after 6 hours, cumene could not be detected in the aromatic fraction(11). Cumene has a reported volatilizaiton half-life in water ranging form 3.2 to 5.8 hrs(12).[(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook

of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (4) Sanemasa I et al; Bull Chem Soc Jpn 55: 1054-62 (1982) (5) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (6) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-7 (1980) (7) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (8) Sabljic A; Z Gesamte Hyg Ihre Grenzgeb 33: 493-6 (1987) (9) Williams R et al; Environ Toxic Chem 12: 485-92 (1993) (10) Harrison W et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 231-4 (1975) (11) Humphrey B et al; Arctic 40: 124-132 (1987) (12) Williams RT et al; Environ Toxic Chem 12: 485-92 (1993)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cumene, which has a vapor pressure of 4.5 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cumene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(3). Vapor-phase cumene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 yrs(SRC), calculated from its estimated rate constant of 1.0X10-20 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(4). Cumene has an absorption maximum at 258 nm in cyclohexane(5) and has been theoretically estimated to have a direct photolysis half-life of about 1500 years(6). Consequently, direct photolysis degradation is not expected to be significant in the atmosphere(SRC).[(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp 5 Vol (1989) (3) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No. 2 p. 48 (1994) (4) Jackson J et al; Test Rule Support Document Cumene, Syracuse Res Corp pp. 170 SRC-TR-85-098 (1985) (5) Sadtler Res Lab; UV Biochemical spectra (1960) (6) Parlar H et al; Fresenius Z Anal Chem 315: 605-9 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIODEGRADATION: Cumene was added to uncontaminated groundwater and this solution was continuously percolated through a column containing homogeneous sand(1). No additional nutrients were added to the system and it was assumed to be aerobic throughout. Biodegradation occurred following 5 days of acclimation and the cumene degraded to non-detectable levels within 48 h(1). Cumene biodegradation in batch reactors proceeded following about 144 hr of acclimation and after 120 hr, cumene was non-detectable(2). In unacclimated cultures, the half-life of cumene was 206 hr (62 hr after acclimation)(2). Mixed cultures from contaminated and uncontaminated estuarine sediments were capable of degrading cumene with the higher rate observed in the culture from the contaminated sediment(2). Cumene incubated with mixed cultures taken from various depths in the Atlantic Ocean at 15 deg C were all capable of biodegrading cumene(3). When cumene was incubated with an activated sludge acclimated to benzene, the theoretical BOD was reduced by 37.8% after 192 hr(4). A 20-day biological oxygen demand study was conducted using unacclimated, settled, domestic wastewater as the inoculum(5). After 10 and 20 days, the theoretical BOD was 62% and 70%, respectively(5). Activated sludge acclimated to aniline degraded cumene following an acclimation period of about 30 hr(6). Activated sludge samples from three different communities were able to degrade 50 mg/l cumene(7). Incubation with a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida resulted in the degradation of cumene to an orthodihydroxy compound in which the isopropyl side chain of cumene was intact(8). Incubation of cumene with Pseudomonas desmolytica and Pseudomonas convexa resulted in the formation of (+)-2-hydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxo-octanoic acid via

3-isopropylcatechol(9).[(1) Kappeler T, Wuhrmann K; Water Res 12: 335-42 (1978)d (2) Walker JD, Colwell RR; J Gen Appl Microbiol 21: 27-39 (1975) (3) Walker JD et al; Mar Biol 34: 1-9 (1976) (4) Malaney GW, McKinney RE; Water Sewage Works 113: 302-9 (1966) (5) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Cont Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (6) Malaney GW; J Water Pollut Cont Fed 32: 1300-11 (1960) (7) Marion CV, Malaney GW; Proc Indus Waste Conf 18: 297-308 (1964) (8) Gibson DT; Science 161: 1093-7 (1968) (9) Jigami Y et al; Agric Biol Chem 39: 1781-8 (1975)] **PEER REVIEWED** AEROBIC: Using river water and sediment in a test system, the aerobic biodegradation of cumene was studied in a closed system(1). The disappearance rate constant of cumene (avg concn 2.5 mg/l) for total mineralization was 0.02/day; this equates to a half-life of 34.6 days. However, when volatilization was considered coupled with biodegradation, the half-life for cumene became 2.5 days(1). Cumene biodegradation experienced a lag time of approximately 5 days(1). Based on the results of this experiment, residence time of cumene in aquatic ecosystems will likely be brief(1).[(1) Williams R et al; Environ Toxic Chem 12: 485-92 (1993)] **PEER REVIEWED** ANAEROBIC: In an in-situ anaerobic biodegradation study of various alkyl benzene compounds, cumene was found to undergo considerable biodegradation(1). Biodegradation proceeded via methanogenic and fermentative bacteria(1).[(1) Mandelbaum RT et al; FEMS Microbiol Rev 20: 489-502 (1997)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed &dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9299716" target=new>PubMed Abstract ENVIRONMENTAL ABIOTIC DEGRADATION: The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cumene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 6.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The major product of the reaction of cumene with hydroxyl radicals is likely to be isopropylphenols with minor compounds resulting from side chain attack(2). Vapor-phase cumene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 yrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-20 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(2). Cumene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3) nor to directly photolyze in the environment at a significant rate based upon a UV absorption of 258 nm in cyclohexane(4). In aqueous solution, cumene will react with hydroxyl radical (avg concn = 1.0X10-17 molec/cu cm) at a reaction rate of 7.5X10+9 L/mol sec at pH 7; resulting in an estimated half-life of 107 days(5). In another study of the abiotic degradation of cumene in aquatic systems, photooxidation of cuemene by alkylperoxy radicals and hydroxyl radicals was found to occur with half-lives of 2.2 and 0.7 yrs, respectively(6).[(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No. 2 p. 48 (1994) (2) Jackson J et al; Test Rule Support Document Cumene, Syracuse Res Corp pp. 170 SRC-TR-85-098 (1985) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (4) Sadtler; UV (1960) (5) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (6) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-7 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCONCENTRATION: A BCF of 35 for cumene was determined in fish(1). A BCF of about 35.5 was measured in goldfish which were exposed to cumene at 1 mg/l(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest the potential for

bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.[(1) Sabljic A; Z Gesamte Hyg Ihre Grenzgeb 33: 493-6 (1987) (2) Ogata M et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 33: 561-7 (1984) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)] **PEER REVIEWED** SOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY: Cumene is expected to partition to soil and sediment since it has an olive oil/water partition coeffecient of 4316, and an olive oil/air partition coefficient of 1.44.[Sato A, Nakajima T; British J Industrial Med 36 (3): 231-4 (1979) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.21 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** Recovery of 100 ml samples of ... cumene was in most cases > 99%, after percolation through black soil, red soil, clayish loam, potter's clay, and alluvium soil columns 75 cm high and 3 cm in diameter. ... The petrochem changed pH in acidic soils more than in buffered soils.[Munjko I, Hegedic D; Poljopr Sumar 30 (1): 79-90 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for cumene can be estimated to be 820(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that cumene is expected to have low mobility in soil.[(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992) (2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** VOLATILIZATION FROM WATER/SOIL: The Henry's Law constant for cumene is 0.0115 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that cumene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1.2 hrs(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.4 days(SRC). Cumene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of cumene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4.5 mm Hg(3).[(1) Sanemasa I et al; Bull Chem Soc Jpn 55: 1054-62 (1982) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp 5 Vol (1989)] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONCENTRATIONS: SURFACE WATER: Cumene was found in the River Lee, UK at < 0.1 and > 0.1 ug/l at two separate sampling points(1). Cumene was detected but not quantified in surface water samples from Narraganset Bay, RI(2) and Japan(3).[(1) Waggot A; pp. 55-99 in Chem Water Reuse Vol. 2 Cooper WJ, ed Ann Arbor, MI (1981) (2) Wakeham SG et al; Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 40: 304-21 (1983) (3) Akiyama T et al; J UOEH 2: 285-300 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** GROUNDWATER: Cumene was detected in three ground water samples from Hoe Creek, WV near an underground coal gasification site at 19, 27 and 59 ug/l (mean 35 ug/l)(1). Cumene was found in groundwater throughout the US (including Puerto Rico) at less then 0.5 ug/l(2). Cumene was detected in 5 groundwater samples from Great Ouse Basin, UK (near a gasoline storage tank) ranging from 0.01-30 ug/l (mean 9.8 ug/l(3). Cumene was also detected but not quantified in groundwater from Ames, IA(4), New York state(5), Melbourne, Australia (near a dump site)(6) and Milan, Italy

(near underground storage tanks)(7).[(1) Steurmer DH et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 582-87 (1982) (2) Westrick JJ et al; J Am Water Works Assoc 76: 52-9(1984) (3) Tester DJ, Harker RJ; Water Pollut Cont 80: 614-31 (1981) (4) Burnham AK et al; Anal Chem 44: 139-42 (1972) (5) Burmaster DE; Environ 24: 6-36 (1982) (6) Stepan S et al; Aust Water Res Coun Conf Ser 1: 415-24 (1981) (7) Botta D et al; pp. 261-75 in Anal Org Micropollut Water Comm Eur Communities (Rep) EUR, EUR 8518 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** DRINKING WATER: Ten drinking water samples taken for each of 13 US cities reported that 7.7% of samples tested positive for cumene at an avg concn of 0.01 ug/l(1). Cumene was detected in drinking water samples from Cincinnati, OH at 0.014 ug/l(2). Cumene was found in drinking water throughout the US (including Puerto Rico) at less then 0.5 ug/l(3). Cumene was detected but not quantified in drinking water from New York State(4) and in tap water from Japan(5).[(1) Keith LH et al; pp. 329-63 in Identification and Analysis of Org Pollut in Water Keith LH ed Ann Arbor, MI (1976) (2) Coleman WE et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13: 171-8 (1984) (3) Westrick JJ et al; J Am Works Assoc 76: 52-9 (1984) (4) Burmaster DE; Environment 24: 6-36 (1982) (5) Shiraishi H et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 585-9 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** GROUNDWATER: Cumene was detected in groundwater at two out of three sites studied in Denmark; these sites had been contaminated by creosote and in one case gasoline as well(1). Three groundwater samples from a shallow sandy aquifer in Holte, Denmark contained cumene concns ranging from 2 to 22 ug/l while five groundwater samples from Fredericia (Jutland) Denmark contained cumene concns ranging from none detected to 3 ug/l(1).[(1) Johansen SS et al; Ground Water Monit Rev 17: 106-15 (1997)] **PEER REVIEWED** RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Eight surface snow samples taken during the 1987/88, 1988/89, and 1990/91 Italian Antarctic Expeditions and six samples collected at different depths from two dissimilar sites during the 1990/91 expedition, were analyzed for organic content(1). Cumene was found at an avg value of 8 ng/l in the 1987/88 expedition, 16 ng/l in the 1988/89 expedition, and was not detected in the 1990/91 expedition(1). Cumene was not detected in deep snow samples collected during the 1990/91 expedition either(1).[(1) Desideri PG et al; J Environ Anal Chem 55: 33-46 (1994)] **PEER REVIEWED** EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS: Cumene was determined to be a volatile organic compound released by photocopying machines during operation at an emission rate ranging from 140-220 ug/hr(1). Headspace samples from toner cartridges were also studied and found to contain cumene at 6.6 ng/ml(1). A study to evaluate the benefits of various vehicles with and without a catalytic converter was conducted on cars manufactured from 1991-93(2). Cumene emission rates from a 1991 Toyota with and without a catalytic converter were 0.0003 and 0.002 g/km, respectively(2). The emission rate from a 1991 Ford with a catalytic converter was 0.0004 g/km while cumene emission rates from a 1993 vehicle on a cold and hot start (both using catalytic converter) were 0.0009 and 0.0002 g/km, respectively(2). Catalytic converters were found to reduce emissions of cumene anywhere from 57.4-91.7%(2). Regionwide cumene emission rates in Los Angeles, CA from August 27-28, 1987 were measured at 2.3X10+3 kg/day(3). In a study to identify VOCs from biodegradable municipal mixed waste, cumene was detected (concn not specified) in 1 out of 7 mixed waste samples(1).[(1) Leovic K et al; J Air Waste Manag Assoc 48: 915-923 (1998) (2) Chan CC et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 45: 116-24 (1995) (3) Harley RA, Cass GR; Environ Sci Technol 28: 88-98 (1994) (4) Wilkins K; Chemosphere 29: 47-53 (1994)] **PEER

REVIEWED** SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATIONS: SEDIMENT: Cumene was detected in sediment samples from Puget Sound, WA and Strait of Juan de Fuca, WA; in 23 samples, 16% were positive, with a concn ranging from 0.02 to 19 ug/g, averaging 2.3 ug/g(1). Cumene was detected but not quantified in Puget Sound, WA(2).[(1) Brown JM et al; Investigation of petroleum in the marine environs of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and northern Puget Sound, USEPA-600/7-79-164 (1979) (2) Malins DC et al; Environ Sci Technol 18: 705-13 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** SOIL: Soil samples taken from beneath an old building in Germany contained cumene at a concn of 24 mg/kg(1).[(1) Bachhausen P; Contaminated Soil 90: 983-988 (1990)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS: Samples collected from the Milwaukee plume over Lake Michigan on August 27 and 28, 1976 contained 0.1 ppb (v/v) of isopropylbenzene.[Miller DF, Alkezweeny AJ; Annals New York Acad Sci 338: 219-32 (1980) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.20 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** Measurements of Los Angeles air (126 samples) in 1966 yielded cumene concentrations averaging 3 ppb with a maximum of 12 ppb.[Lonneman WA et al; Environ Sci and Tech 2 (11): 1017-20 (1968) as cited in ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene p.20 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** URBAN/SUBURBAN: In 17 air samples taken from Los Angeles, CA, 94% tested positive for cumene with concns ranging from none detected-9.8 ug/cu m(1). In another study of Los Angeles air, cumene tested positive in 100% of 136 samples taken at a mean concn of 14.7 ug/cu m (144 ug/cu m max)(2). Cumene tested positive in 8 out of 10 air samples taken from Los Angeles at concns ranging from < 2.45-36 ug/cu m (16.66 ug/cu m mean)(3). In 21 air samples taken from Houston, TX, cumene tested positive in 88% of them at concns ranging from none detected-24.89 ug/cu m (12.15 ug/cu m mean)(4). Two air samples taken above Lake Michigan (1000-3000 ft) contained cumene at 0.49 ug/cu m(5). In 15 air samples taken from Jones State Forest, TX (near Houston), cumene tested positive in 100% of them at concns ranging from 0.108-9.8 ug/cu m(2.45 ug/cu m mean)(6). In 9 air samples taken near campfires from the Smokey Mountains National Park, TN, cumene tested positive in 44% of them at concns ranging from < 0.049-0.392 ug/cu m (0.245 ug/cu m mean)(7). Air samples taken from Deer Park, TX near the Shell Oil Refinery contained cumene at 29.4 ug/cu m (downwind) and 53.9 ug/cu m(upwind)(8). Air samples taken from Delft, Netherlands contained cumene ranging from < 0.49-1.96 ug/cu m(9). Cumene was detected but not quantified in air samples taken in Elizabeth, Newark, Batsoto and South Amboy, NY(10), Pullman, WA(11), Allegheny Mountain Tunnel, PA(12), Leningrad, USSR(13), and Gatwick, UK(14).[(1) Grosjean D, Fung k; J Air Pollut Cont Assoc 34 537-43 (184) (2) Lonneman WA et al; Environ Sci Technol 2: 1017-20 (1968) (3) Neligan RE et al; pp. 118-21 in ACS Nat Meeting (1965) (4) Lonneman WA et al; Hydrocarbons in Houston air, USEPA-600/3-79-018 (1979) (5) Miller DF, Alkezweeny AJ; Ann NY Acad Sci 338: 219-32 (1980) (6) Seila RL; Non-urban Hydrocarbon concns in Ambient Air North of Houston, TX USEPA-600/3-79-010 (7) Arnts RR, Meels SA; Biogenic Hydrocarbon Contribution to the Ambient Air of Selected Areas. Tulsa, Great Smokey Mountains, Rioblanco County, CO USEPA-600/3-80-023 (1980) (8) Oldham RG et al; in Proc Spec Conf cont Specific (Toxic) Pollut, Frederick ER ed, Air Poll Control Assoc Pittsburgh, PA (1979) (9) Bos R et al; Sci Total Environ 7: 269-81 (1977) (10) Bozzelli JW et al; Analysis of Selected Toxic and Carcinogenic Substances in Ambient Air in

New Jersey, Off Cancer Toxic Subst Res, NJ Dept Environ Protect (1980) (11) Nutmagul W et al; Anal chem 55: 2160-64 (1983) (12) Hampton CV et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 287-98 (1982) (13) Ioffe BV et al; Environ Sci Technol 13: 864-8 (1979) (14) Tsani-Bazaca E et al; Chemosphere 11: 11-23 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** URBAN/SUBURBAN: In a literature review, conducted in 1986, of indoor and outdoor atmospheric levels of cumene in both residential and commercial environments, it was found that cumene reached a daily avg concn of 0.177 ppbv in the United States(1). Avg ambient urban concns of cumene measured in Porte Alegre, Brazil from March 20, 1996 to April 16, 1997 were 0.9 mg/cu m(2). Air pollution measurements were conducted in the Antwerp, Belgium Craeybeckx tunnel in 1991(3). Cumene had an avg concn of 0.003 and 0.009 g/kg carbon (g/kg carbon signifies cumene's concn in relation to the total amount of carbon based pollutants) in the tunnel during normal traffic and congested traffic conditions, respectively(3). Emission rates from motor vehicles were studied for vapor-phase, semivolatile, and particle-phase organics inside and outside a Los Angeles roadway tunnel in 1993(4). Cumene was emitted at a rate of 11 mg/l of gasoline consumed(4).[(1) Shah JJ, Singh HB; Environ Sci Technol 22: 1381-8 (1988) (2) Grosjean E et al; Environ Sci Technol 32: 2061-9 (1998) (3) DeFre R et al; Environ Health Perspect 4: 31-31 (1994) (4) Fraser MP et al; Environ Sci Technol 32: 2051-60 (1998)] **PEER REVIEWED** RURAL/REMOTE: Cumene was detected(concentration not specified) in ambient air samples taken from Witaker's Forest/Sierra Nevada Mountains, California from June 20-June 22, 1990(1). Measurements were performed in midsummer at high ambient temperatures and under stable meteorological conditions with high solar radiation(1). Although the area was very remote, the air samples could have been influenced by emissions from California's Central Valley and even from the San Francisco Bay area(1).[(1) Helmig D, Arey J; Sci Tot Env 112: 233-250 (1992)] **PEER REVIEWED** FOOD SURVEY VALUES: Trace quantities of cumene have been detected in papaya(1), Sapodilla fruit(2) and Australian honey(3). Cumene has been detected but not quantified in fried chicken(4), tomatoes(5), Concord grapes(6), cooked rice(7), oat groats(8), baked potatoes(9), Beaufort cheese(10), fried bacon(11), dried legumes (beans, split peas and lentils)(12), southern pea seeds(13), and Zinfandel wine(6).[(1) Flath RA, Forrey RR; J Agric Food Chem 25: 103-9 (1977) (2) Macleod AJ, Gonzales de Troconis N; J Agric Food Chem 30: 515-7 (1982) (3) Graddon AD et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 832-7 (1979) (4) Tang J et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 1287-92 (1983) (5) Schormueller J, Kochmann HJ; Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 141: 1-9 (1969) (6) Stern DJ et al; J Agric Food Chem 15: 1100-3 (1967) (7) Yajima I et al; Agric Biol Chem 42: 1229-33 (1978) (8) Heydanek MG, McGorrin RJ; J Agric Food Chem 29: 950-4 (1981) (9) Coleman EC et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 42-8 (1981) (10) Dumont JP, Adda J; J Agric Food Chem 26: 364-7 (1978) (11) Ho CT et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 336-42 (1983) (12) Lovegren NV et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 851-3 (1979) (13) Fisher GS et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 7-11 (1977)] **PEER REVIEWED** Cumene has been detected as one of several volatile hydrocarbons found in chicken and pork(1).[(1) Shahidi F et al; CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nature 24: 141-243 (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** PLANT CONCENTRATIONS: Cumene occurred in a variety of marsh grass species at 6.0X10-5 to 5.0X10-4% of the total fresh plant(1-3). Cumene has been detected but not

quantified in curly parsley(4), and oakmoss(5,6).[(1) Mody NV et al; Phytochem 13: 2027-9 (1974) (2) Mody NV et al; Phytochem 13: 1175-8 (1974) (3) Mody NV et al; Phytochem 14: 599-601 (1975) (4) Vernon F, Richard HMJ; Lebensum-Wiss Technol 16: 32-5 (1983) (5) Gavin J et al; Helv Chim Acta 61: 352-7 (1978) (6) Tabacchi R, Nicollier G; Int Cong Essen Oils Oct 7-11, 1977 Kyoto, Japan (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED** FISH/SEAFOOD CONCENTRATIONS: Approximate concentration causing adverse taste in fish: 0.25 mg/l.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1171] **PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS: FIFRA REQUIREMENTS: Isopropylbenzene is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only.[40 CFR 180.1001(d) (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** Cumene is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.[40 CFR 180.1001(e) (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** TSCA REQUIREMENTS: Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Cumene is included on this list.[40 CFR 716.120 (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** CERCLA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES: Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** RCRA REQUIREMENTS: U055; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when cumene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).[40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/97)] **PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS:

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Cumene is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.[40 CFR 60.489 (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cumene is included on this list.[Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990] **PEER REVIEWED** STATE DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES: (CA) CALIFORNIA 770 ug/l[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present] **QC REVIEWED** (FL) FLORIDA 700 ug/l[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present] **QC REVIEWED** (MN) MINNESOTA 300 ug/l[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present] **QC REVIEWED** (NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 800 ug/l[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present] **QC REVIEWED** ALLOWABLE TOLERANCES: Cumene is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.[40 CFR 180.1001(e) (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** Isopropylbenzene is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only.[40 CFR 180.1001(d) (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: MOLECULAR FORMULA: C9-H12 **PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

120.19[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 3-55] **PEER REVIEWED** COLOR/FORM: Colorless liquid[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 443] **PEER REVIEWED** Colorless liquid ...[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 80] **PEER REVIEWED** ODOR: Gasoline-like odor.[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.] **PEER REVIEWED** ... Sharp, penetrating, aromatic odor.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 80] **PEER REVIEWED** BOILING POINT: 152.4 deg C @ 760 torr[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 3-55] **PEER REVIEWED** MELTING POINT: -96.0 deg C[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 3-55] **PEER REVIEWED** CRITICAL TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE: Critical temperature: 358 deg C; critical pressure: 31.7 atm[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 3-55] **PEER REVIEWED** DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Specific gravity: 0.862 @ 20 deg C/4 deg C[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 443] **PEER REVIEWED** HEAT OF COMBUSTION: 45.13 KJ/mol[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 6-113] **PEER REVIEWED** HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: 10,335.3 gcal/gmol[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989., p. C-677] **PEER REVIEWED** OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT: log Kow= 3.66[Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 60] **PEER REVIEWED** SOLUBILITIES: Sol in acetone, ether, ethanol[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 3-55] **PEER REVIEWED**

In water, 50 mg/l at 20 deg C[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1170] **PEER REVIEWED** Soluble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 346] **PEER REVIEWED** Soluble in many organic solvents[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 443] **PEER REVIEWED** In water, 61.3 mg/l @ 25 deg C.[Sanemasa I et al; Bull Chem Soc Japan 55: 1054-62 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES: INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4915 @ 20 DEG C/D; MAX ABSORPTION (HEXANE): 254 NM (LOG E= 2.3), 251 NM (LOG E= 2.4), 267 NM (LOG E= 2.3); SADTLER REFERENCE NUMBER: 242 (IR, PRISM), 8023 (IR, GRATING)[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989., p. C-221] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECIFIC DISPERSION: 166.2[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3257] **PEER REVIEWED** IR: 4781 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 461] **PEER REVIEWED** UV: 95 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 461] **PEER REVIEWED** NMR: 240 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue)[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 461] **PEER REVIEWED** MASS: 483 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York)[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 461] **PEER REVIEWED** SURFACE TENSION: 27.69 mN/m @ 25 deg C[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 6-113] **PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR DENSITY: 4.1 (Air= 1)[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1305] **PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR PRESSURE: 4.5 mm Hg @ 25 deg C[Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.] **PEER REVIEWED**

VISCOSITY: 0.737 mPa.sec @ 25 deg C[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 6-174] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: % IN SATURATED AIR @ 38.3 DEG C &amp; 760 MM HG: 1.32; DENSITY OF SATURATED VAPOR-AIR MIXT @ 38 DEG C &amp; 760 MM HG (AIR= 1): 1.03[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3257] **PEER REVIEWED** Liquid-water interfacial tension: 54.6 dynes/cm= 0.0546 N/m at 22.7 deg C[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] **PEER REVIEWED** Ratio of specific heat vapor (gas) = 1.059[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] **PEER REVIEWED** Control methods: calculated half life time based on evaporative loss for a water depth of 1 m at 25 deg C: 5.8 hr[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1171] **PEER REVIEWED** Henry's Law constant= 1.15X10-2 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 deg C[Sanemasa I et al; Bull Chem Soc Japan 55: 1054-62 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** Hydroxyl radical rate constant= 6.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25 deg C[Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No. 2 p. 48 (1994)] **PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING: DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES: /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.

2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire: CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED** ODOR THRESHOLD: Human odor perception: 0.06 mg/cu m= 0.012 ppm.[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1170] **PEER REVIEWED** Detection of cumene in air 0.008 ppm.[Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978., p. 41] **PEER REVIEWED** Recognition of cumene in air 0.047 ppm.[Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978., p. 41] **PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: CUMENE IS CONSIDERED A PRIMARY SKIN &amp; EYE IRRITANT ...[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 151] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE POTENTIAL: Flammable liquid when exposed to heat or flame ...[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 938] **PEER REVIEWED** NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION: Health: 2. 2= Materials that, on intense or continued (but not chronic) exposure, could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury, including those requiring the use of respiratory protective equipment that has an independent air supply. These materials are hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely if personnel are provided with full-face mask self-contained breathing apparatus that provides complete eye protection.[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 325-29] **PEER REVIEWED** Flammability: 3. 3= This degree includes Class IB and IC flammable liquids and materials that can be easily ignited under almost all normal temperature conditions. Water may be ineffective in controlling or extinguishing fires in such materials.[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous

Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 325-29] **PEER REVIEWED** Reactivity: 1. 1= This degree includes materials that are normally stable, but that may become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures and materials that will react with water with some release of energy, but not violently. Fires involving these materials should be approached with caution.[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 325-29] **PEER REVIEWED** FLAMMABLE LIMITS: Lower flammable limit: 0.9% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 6.5% by volume[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 325-29] **PEER REVIEWED** FLASH POINT: 102 deg F (39 deg C) (Closed cup)[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 443] **PEER REVIEWED** AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE: 795 deg F[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 938] **PEER REVIEWED** FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: To fight fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 938] **PEER REVIEWED** Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-45] **PEER REVIEWED** EXPLOSIVE LIMITS & POTENTIAL: IF SOLN OR COATINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSION, READILY ... /OCCURS Labour Office. Encyclopedia of I&amp;II. Geneva, Switzerland: **PEER REVIEWED** CUMENE ARE HEATED ... IN DRYING OVEN ... UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS/.[International Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. International Labour Office, 1983., p. 572]

LEL: 0.9%; UEL: 6.5%[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 938] **PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES: Mixing cumene /with chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, or oleum/ in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase.[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 491-66] **PEER REVIEWED** Incompatible with oxidizers.[Mackison, F.W., R.S. Stricoff, L.J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHEW (NIOSH). Publication No. 78-210. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 74] **PEER REVIEWED** Oxidizers, nitric acid, sulfuric acid [Note: Forms cumene hydroperoxide upon long exposure to air.][NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government

Printing Office, 1997., p. 80] **PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION: Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) may be released.[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2] **PEER REVIEWED** IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH: 900 ppm [IDLH based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.][NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING: Wear appropriate clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact. ... Remove nonimpervious clothing promptly if contaminated or wet.[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 268] **PEER REVIEWED** ... Enclosure, local ventilation or general ventilation should be arranged to maintain atmospheric concn below safe limits.[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&amp;II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 573] **PEER REVIEWED** If concentration in air is greater than 1000 ppm, use self-contained breathing apparatus.[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] **PEER REVIEWED** 500 ppm: Chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s); Supplied-air respirator; Self-contained breathing apparatus. 8000 ppm: type-C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or a full facepiece, helmet, or hood operated in continuous-flow mode. Escape: gas mask with an organic vapor canister (chin-style or front- or back-mounted canister); self-contained breathing apparatus.[Mackison, F.W., R.S. Stricoff, L.J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHEW (NIOSH). Publication No. 78-210. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 74] **PEER REVIEWED** Data indicate that cumene breaks through CPE protective materials in approximately an hour or more.[ACGIH; Guidelines Select of Chem Protect Clothing Volume #1 Field Guide p.58 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 500 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). May require eye protection. Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 900 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. May require eye protection. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). May require eye protection. Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Notify local health and pollution control officials, and operators of nearby water intakes.[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] **PEER REVIEWED** SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED** The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED**

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** STABILITY/SHELF LIFE: Volatile[Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 94] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS: No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.[International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 47th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2006., p. 207] **QC REVIEWED** The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.[International Maritime Organization. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. London, UK. 2004., p. 93] **QC REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS: ... PRECAUTIONS ... SUCH AS MOUNDS AROUND STORAGE TANKS, SILLS AT DOORWAYS OR ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FLOORS /ARE NEEDED/ TO LIMIT SPREAD OF ESCAPING LIQ. OPEN FLAMES &amp; OTHER SOURCES OF IGNITION SHOULD BE EXCLUDED WHERE CUMENE IS STORED.[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&amp;II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 573] **PEER REVIEWED** Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing materials, nitric acid, sulfuric acid.[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-45] **PEER REVIEWED** Storage temperature: Ambient.[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.] **PEER REVIEWED** CLEANUP METHODS: ISOPROPYLBENZENE, ISOPROPYLBENZENE PEROXIDE, &amp; ISOPROPYL PEROXIDE WERE REMOVED FROM WASTE GASES BY ABSORPTION IN AN AQ SOLN OF SODIUM SULFITE.[SUKHAREV YG; PROM SANIT OCHISTKA GAZOV 2: 23 (1976)] **PEER REVIEWED**

Remove all ignition sources; ventilate /the/ area of spill or leak. For small quantities absorb on paper towels /and/ evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork.[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3] **PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS: Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U055, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/89)] **PEER REVIEWED** Cumene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.[USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.2-5 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025] **PEER REVIEWED** A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 deg C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.[USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-12 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025] **PEER REVIEWED** ... Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a flammable liquid. Cumene liquid should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.] **PEER REVIEWED** The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for cumene: Concentration process: Activated carbon.[USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E-144, 180 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for cumene: Concentration process: Resin adsorption.[USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E-188,201 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS: OSHA STANDARDS: Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 50 ppm (245 mg/cu m). Skin Designation.[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/99)] **PEER REVIEWED** THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES: 8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 50 ppm.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical

Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 22] **QC REVIEWED** Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 5] **QC REVIEWED** NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS: Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 50 ppm (245 mg/cu m). Skin.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 80] **PEER REVIEWED** IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH: 900 ppm [IDLH based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.][NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 81] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER STANDARDS REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES: Australia: 50 ppm, skin (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 50 ppm, skin (1990); Sweden: 25 ppm, 15-min short-term value 35 ppm, skin (1984); United Kingdom: 50 ppm, 10-min STEL 75 ppm, skin (1991).[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 347] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION: MAJOR USES: Used as a thinner for paints, enamels, and lacquers and as a solvent for fats and resins and as such has been suggested as a replacement for benzene.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V7 (93) 735] **PEER REVIEWED** Component of high octane aviation fuel; in prodn of styrene[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V&amp; (93) 735] **PEER REVIEWED** In manuf of acetophenone, phenol, acetone, and 2-methylstyrene[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 443] **PEER REVIEWED** In the manufacturing of ... polymerization catalysts, diisopropylbenzene, catalyst for acrylic and polyester type resins; naptha constituent and asphalt ...[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1170] **PEER REVIEWED**

Minor amounts are used in gasoline blending.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V7 (93) 735] **PEER REVIEWED** RAW MATERIAL FOR PEROXIDES AND OXIDATION CATALYSTS[ITI. TOX &amp; HAZARD INDUSTRY CHEM SAFETY MANUAL 1979 p.139] **PEER REVIEWED** CHEM INTERMEDIATE FOR DICUMYL PEROXIDE.[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** Virtually all cumene produced is oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide which is then cleaved catalytically to phenol and acetone.[Chemical Marketing Reporter; Chemical Profile Cumene. March 22, 1999. p. 45 NY,NY: Schnell Pub Co (1999)] **PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS: Amoco Corporation, Hq, 200 East Randolph Drive, Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 856-6111; Production site: Texas City, TX 77592-0568[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** Chevron Chemical Company, 6001 Bollinger Canyon Rd, San Ramon, CA 94583, (925) 842-5500; U.S. Chemicals Division, 1301 McKinney St., PO Box 3766, Houston, TX 77253, (713) 754-2000; Production site: Port Arthur, TX 77640[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** CITGO Petroleum Corp., 6130 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136, (918) 495-4000; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78469[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** Champlin Refining and Chemicals Inc, Hq, PO Box 160066, Irving, TX 75016-0066, (214) 402-7000; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78469[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 543] **PEER REVIEWED** Coastal Eagle Point Oil Co., PO Box 1000, US Route 130 and I-295, Westville, NJ 08093, (609) 853-3100; Production site: Westville, NJ 08093[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** Georgia Gulf Corp., 400 Perimeter Center Terrace, Suite 595, PO Box 105197, Atlanta, GA 30346, (770)395-4500; Production site: Pasadena, TX 77501[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** JLM Chemicals, Inc., 3350 West 131st St., PO Box 598, Blue Island, IL 60406, (708) 388-9373; Production site: Blue Island, IL 60406[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** Koch Industries, Inc., Hq, PO Box 2256, Wichita, KS 67201, (316)828-5500; Production site: Corpus Cristi, TX 78403[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** Marathon Ashland Petroleum 45840-3295, (419)422-2121; 1998 Directory of Chemical International, Menlo Park, LLC, 539 South Main St., Findlay, OH Production site: Catlettsburg, KY 41129[SRI. Producers -United States of America. SRI CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED**

Shell Chemical (713)241-6161; 1998 Directory International,

Co., One Shell Plaza, PO Box 2463, Houston, TX 77252-2463, Production site: Deer Park, TX 77536 (Houston Plant)[SRI. of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED**

Sun Company, Inc, 1801 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, (800) 825-3535; Production site: Philadelphia, PA 19145[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** Texaco Refining and Marketing Inc, 10 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, CA 91608-1097, (818)505-2000; Production Site: El Dorado, KS 67042[SRI. 1998 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 1998., p. 533] **PEER REVIEWED** METHODS OF MANUFACTURING: ... distillation from coal tar naptha fractions or from petroleum, alkylation of benzene with propylene (phosphoric acid catalyst)[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 315] **PEER REVIEWED** Manufactured from propylene and benzene utilizing an acidic catalyst, eg, solid phosphoric acid.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V7 286] **PEER REVIEWED** High purity cumene can be easily produced from either refining or steam cracker-derived propylene.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V7 287] **PEER REVIEWED** GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION: UNION CARBIDE'S 640 MILLION LB PER YR PENUELAS, PR AND MARATHON OIL'S 210 MILLION LB PER YR TEXAS CITY, TX PLANT ARE ON STANDBY; MONSANTO CLOSED ITS ALVIN, TX PLANT IN 1983[CHEMICAL PROFILE: CUMENE, 1985] **PEER REVIEWED** Cumene forms a charge-transfer complex with ozone in a number of solvents. When this charge-transfer complex was photolyzed at -75 deg C or warmed greater than -40 deg C, reactions formed cumyl hydrotrioxide and ring-ozonated products (in a ratio of 70/30).[Pryor WA et al; J Am Chem Soc 105 (11): 3614-22 (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** Thirty-second highest-volume chemical produced in U.S. (1991).[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 328] **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: Grades: Technical; research; pure[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 315] **PEER REVIEWED** 0.16% wt in gasoline[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1170] **PEER REVIEWED** 99.9% MIN ASSAY[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V7 289] **PEER REVIEWED**

IMPURITIES: Sulfur compounds 2 ppm, Max; Olefinic materials 200-700 ppm[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V7 287] **PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS: 65% FOR PHENOL; 34% FOR ACETONE; 1% FOR ALPHA-METHYLSTYRENE AND MISC APPLICATIONS (1972)[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** 98% OXIDATION FOR PHENOL/ACETONE PRODUCTION; 1.8% POLYMERIZATION FOR ALPHA-METHYLSTYRENE; 0.2% EXPORTS (1985)[CHEMICAL PROFILE: CUMENE, 1985] **PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL PROFILE: Cumene. Demand: 1986: 3.7 billion lb; 1987: 4.0 billion lb; 1991 /projected/: 4.3 billion lb. (Includes exports; in addition, 328 billion lb were imported in 1986).[Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 232 (10): 54 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** More than 95% of the cumene produced is used as feedstock for the production of phenol and acetone.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V7 (93) 734] **PEER REVIEWED** Demand: 1998, 6.7 billion lbs; 1999, 6.9 billion lbs; 2003, 8.0 billion lbs[Chemical Marketing Reporter; Chemical Profile Cumene. March 22, 1999. p. 45 NY,NY: Schnell Pub Co (1999)] **PEER REVIEWED** U. S. PRODUCTION: (1972) 1.04X10+12 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1975) 9.09X10+11 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1984) 1.70X10+12 g[USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-USA PROD/SALES 1984 p.25] **PEER REVIEWED** (1988) 4.5X10+9 lb[USITC. Syn Org Chem USA Prod/Sales 1988 p. 3-2] **PEER REVIEWED** (1990) 4.31 billion lb[Chem &amp; Engineering News 70 (15): 17 (4/13/92)] **PEER REVIEWED** (1992) 4.67 billion lb[Chem &amp; Engineering News 72 (15): 13 (4/11/94)] **PEER REVIEWED** (1991) 4.57 billion lb[Chem &amp; Engineering News 71 (15): 11 (4/12/93)] **PEER REVIEWED** (1993) 4.49 billion lb[Chem &amp; Engineering News 72 (15): 13 (4/11/94)] **PEER REVIEWED** U.S. Production in 1977 was 1.2 million metric tons while in 1987 it grew to 1.8 million metric tons.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V7 (93) 735] **PEER REVIEWED** U. S. IMPORTS: (1972) 2.02X10+11 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1975) 9.50X10+10 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

(1980) 1.38X10+11 g (EST)[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: CUMENE, 1981] **PEER REVIEWED** U. S. EXPORTS: (1972) NEGLIGIBLE[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1975) 2.07X10+10 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED** (1984) 2.24X10+9 g[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. EXPORTS 1984 p.2-71] **PEER REVIEWED** Exports totaled 465 million lbs in 1998.[Chemical Marketing Reporter; Chemical Profile Cumene. March 22, 1999. p. 45 NY,NY: Schnell Pub Co (1999)] **PEER REVIEWED** LABORATORY METHODS: CLINICAL LABORATORY METHODS: CUMENE, IN SOLN TO GIVE 0.43-17.2 UG CUMENE/ML N-HEXANE WAS DETERMINED IN BLOOD EXTRACTS USING GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. DETECTION LIMIT WAS 0.4 MG CUMENE/L SERUM.[GOENECHEA S ET AL; MIKROCHIM ACTA 2 (5-6): 391-4 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** CUMENE IN URINE WAS ANALYZED BY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AND FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION.[SENCZUK W, LITEWKA B; BROMATOL CHEM TOKSYKOL 7 (1): 93-7 (1974)] **PEER REVIEWED** ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS: LIQUID PHASES AND OPTIMAL CONDITIONS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR CONDUCTING A GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ISOPROPYLBENZENE.[MALYAROVA LK, NESTEROVA NE; GIG TR PROF ZABOL 16 (4): 58-9 (1972)] **PEER REVIEWED** THE MINIMUM DETERMINABLE CONCN OF ISOPROPYLBENZENE BY CHROMATOGRAPHY WAS 10 UG.[BOLDINA ZN; GIG SANIT 36 (9): 69-70 (1971)] **PEER REVIEWED** EPA Method 524.2. Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. The method is applicable for the determination of volatile aromatic compounds in water, finished drinking water, raw source water or drinking water in any treatment stage. For isopropylbenzene the method has a detection limit of 0.10 ug/l and a relative standard deviation of 7.7 % ug/l with a wide bore capillary column.[USEPA; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished Drinking Water and Raw Source Water (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** EPA Method 503.1. Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatography with a Photoionization Detector. The method is applicable for the determination of volatile aromatic and unsaturated organic compounds in finished drinking water, raw Source water, or drinking water in any treatment stage. For isopropylbenzene the method has a detection limit of 0.005 ug/l and a relative Standard deviation of 8.7%. Overall precision and method accuracy were found to be directly related to the concentration of the analyte, and essentially independent of sample matrix.[USEPA; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished Drinking Water and Raw Source Water (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** EPA Method 502.2. Purge-and-Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series. The method is applicable for the determination of volatile organic compounds

in finished drinking water, raw source water, or drinking water in any treatment stage. For isopropylbenzene the method has a detection limit of 0.05 ug/l, a percent recovery of 98%, and a standard deviation of 0.9 using the photoionization detector.[USEPA; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished Drinking Water and Raw Source Water (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH Method S23. Analyte: Cumene. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Gas chromatography. Method evaluation: Method was validated over the range 120 to 480 mg/cu m using a 10 liter sample. Precision (CVt): 0.059. Applicability: Under the conditions of sample size (10 l) the useful range is 2.5 to 750 mg/cu m.[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V2 S23] **PEER REVIEWED** Technique: Gas chromatography, flame ionization detection; Carrier gas: Nitrogen or hellium; Limit of detection 0.001 mg per sample.[Royal Society of Chemistry. Measurement Techniques for Carcinogenic Agents in Workplace Air. Publ. No. EUR 11897, Commission of the European Communities/Scientific and Technical Communication Unit, Luxembourg. Great Britian: St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd, 1989., p. 40] **PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH Method 1501. Analyte: Cumene. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Gas chromatography, flame ionization detection. For cumene, this method has an estimated detection limit of 0.001 to 0.01 mg. Sample size is 10 to 30 liters. The precision/RSD is 0.010 and the recovery is not given. Applicability: This method is for peak ceiling and TWA determinations of aromatic hydrocarbons. It may be used for simultaneous measurements.[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. 1501-1] **PEER REVIEWED** SAMPLING PROCEDURES: Adsorption on activated charcoal is the preferred method of sampling for cumene. A known volume of air is drawn through a charcoal tube to trap the organic vapors. The charcoal in the tube is then transferred to a small, stoppered container, and the sample is desorbed with carbon disulfide.[National Research Council; The Alkyl Benzenes p.126 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** Principle: Collection and concentration on activated charcoal; Sampling flow: 10-200 ml/min.[Royal Society of Chemistry. Measurement Techniques for Carcinogenic Agents in Workplace Air. Publ. No. EUR 11897, Commission of the European Communities/Scientific and Technical Communication Unit, Luxembourg. Great Britian: St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd, 1989., p. 40] **PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH Method S23. Analyte: Cumene. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Adsorption on charcoal, desorption with carbon disulfide. Flow Rate: 0.20 l/min. Sample Size: 10 l.[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V2 S23-1] **PEER REVIEWED** NIOSH Method 1501. Analyte: Cumene. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent

tube, (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.20 l/min. Sample Size: 10 to 30 l. Shipment: No special precautions. Sample Stability: Not determined.[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. 1501-1] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECIAL REFERENCES: SPECIAL REPORTS: ITC/USEPA; Information Review #464 (Draft) Cumene (1984) National Research Council; The Alkyl Benzenes (1981) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) for Cumene (98-82-8) Toxicological Review in Adobe PDF. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of August, 1997. SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS: SYNONYMS: BENZENE, ISOPROPYL **PEER REVIEWED** BENZENE, (1-METHYLETHYL)- **PEER REVIEWED** CUMEEN (DUTCH) **PEER REVIEWED** CUMOL **PEER REVIEWED** 2-FENILPROPANO (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED** 2-FENYL-PROPAAN (DUTCH) **PEER REVIEWED** ISOPROPILBENZENE (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED** ISOPROPYLBENZEEN (DUTCH) **PEER REVIEWED** ISOPROPYLBENZENE **PEER REVIEWED** ISOPROPYLBENZOL **PEER REVIEWED** ISOPROPYL-BENZOL (GERMAN) **PEER REVIEWED** 2-PHENYLPROPANE **PEER REVIEWED** PROPANE, 2-PHENYL **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: Grades: Technical; research; pure[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 315] **PEER REVIEWED** 0.16% wt in gasoline[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on

Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1170] **PEER REVIEWED** 99.9% MIN ASSAY[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V7 289] **PEER REVIEWED** SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO: UN 1918; Isopropylbenzene IMO 3.3; Isopropylbenzene STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER: 49 131 25; Cumene EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER: U055; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate. ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 172 LAST REVISION DATE: 20050624 LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/29/2000 UPDATE HISTORY: Field Update on 2010-04-27, 1 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2008-09-02, 2 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2008-08-23, 1 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2008-08-22, 1 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2008-08-21, 1 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2008-08-15, 25 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2007-06-07, 1 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2006-04-18, 2 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2006-04-17, 2 fields added/edited/deleted Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 1 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2005-04-29, 4 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted Complete Update on 10/16/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/04/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/04/2000, 82 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/29/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 03/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/01/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/10/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/08/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/27/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/09/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/03/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/09/1996, 8 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/20/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/08/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/30/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field update on 12/11/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/29/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/06/1991, 63 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/07/1991, 54 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/07/1991, 7 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/04/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 4 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 11/27/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 11/27/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/08/1989, 8 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/26/1987 Created 19830315 by GCF