c

AFWL

:LOAN COPY: RETURN TO TECHNICAL LIBRARY: KIRTLAND AFB, N. M a r

.-

EFFECT OF AXIAL LOAD

ON MODE SHAPES A N D
FREQUENCIES OF BEAMS

Fmncis J. Shaker
Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135
N A T I O N A L AERONAUTICS A N D SPACE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N W A S H I N G T O N , D:':C! DECEMBER 1975

TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

.. 1. Report No.
~

NASA TN D-8109 .

4. Title and Subtitle

2. Government Accession No.

3. Recipient's Catalog No.

5. Report Date

EFFECT O F AXIAL LOAD ON MODE SHAPES AND FREQUENCIES O F BEAMS

7. Author(s)

December 1975
6. Performing Organization Code

8. Performing Organization Report No.

Francis J. Shaker
9. Performing Organization Name and Address

E-8433
10. Work Unit No.

Lewis Research Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration Cleveland, Ohio 44135
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

506 -22
11. Contract or Grant No.

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

National Aeronautics and, Space Administration Washington, D. C . 20546

5. Supplementary Note3

Technical Note
14. Sponsoring Agency Code

_ _
16. Abstract

An investigation of the effect of axial load on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of uniform beams and of a cantilevered beam with a concentrated m a s s a t the tip is presented. Character istic equations which yield the frequencies and mode shape functions for the various cases are given. The solutions to these equations a r e presented by a series of graphs so that frequency a s a function of axial load can readily be determined. The effect of axial load on the mode shapes are also depicted by another series of graphs.

17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(~) )

18. Distribution Statement

Structural dynamics Beam vibration under preload

Unclassified unlimited STAR category 39

-~

.~

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified

Unclassified

EFFECT OF AXIAL LOAD ON MODE SHAPES AND FREQUENCIES OF BEAMS

by Francis J. Shaker

Lewis Research Center

SUMMARY
An investigation o the effect of axial load on the natural ,,,equencies and mode

shapes of uniform beams with various types of boundary conditions and of a cantilevered beam with a concentrated mass at the tip is presented. This investigation yielded ex pressions for the mode shapes and characteristic equations for the various cases con sidered. For the uniform beams the characteristic equations were solved either numer ically or in closed form, and the results a r e presented by a series of graphs showing the effect of preload on the different types of beams. The effect of axial load on the mode shapes is also shown in graphical form for several different loading conditions. For the cantilevered beam with a tip mass, two types of axial loads w e r e considered: In the first case the axial load vector remained constant, and in the second case the load was directed through the root of the beam at all times. The results of this portion of the in vestigation a r e presented in graphs that show the effects of both tip-mass variation and axial load on the fundamental frequency of the system.

INTRODUCTION In the design of certain spacecraft structural components it sometimes becomes necessary to determine the normal modes and frequencies of beam type components which are in a state of preload or prestress. This preload may result from inertial effects, as in the case of a spinning spacecraft, or it may be induced by mechanical means. For example, current designs for large, flexible solar arrays (refs. 1 to 4) are such that the boom that supports the array is in a state of prestress due to the ten sion that must be maintained in the solar cell substrate. Also, certain types of attach ment and ejection mechanisms can cause preload in parts of the primary spacecraft structure. In most of these cases an exact solution for the normal modes and frequen cies of the system would be intractable and recourse would be made to one of the many approximate solutions such as the Rayleigh-Ritz method, Galerkin's method, finite

elements, etc. (refs. 5 to 8). There exists, however, a class of problems for which an exact solution can be obtained. This class consists of uniform beams under constant axial load with various types of simple boundary conditions. This type of structure may represent some structural components reasonably well for preliminary design informa tion. Even in those cases where it does not adequately model the structure, the modes obtained for these cases can be used to obtain Rayleigh-Ritz or Galerkin type of solutions. For these reasons an investigation was made to determine the effect of an axial load on the modes and frequencies of a uniform beam with various boundary conditions and of a cantilevered beam with a tip mass. The boundary conditions considered for the uni form beam include all possible simple boundary conditions at both ends of the beam (i.e. , free, hinged, clamped, and guided). For the cantilevered beam with a tip mass, two types of axial loads were considered. The first type was a constant axial load ap plied at the tip, and the second was an axial load whose direction is always through the fixed s u p p r t . The second is the limiting case for some current large solar a r r a y de signs if the mass of the blanket is negligible compared with the mass of the support beam. When the mass of the blanket is not negligible, which is usually the situation, these modes could still be used in a Rayleigh-Ritz analysis for this type of array.

SYMBOLS

arbitrary constants of integration

constants of integration corresponding to nth mode of vibration
uniform beam bending stiffness

k kcr
1

axial load parameter, f z I

nondimensional axial load parameter,

)/Pl/EI

nondimensional axial load parameter corresponding to critical load,

length of beam
moment distribution along length of beam
total mass of beam, p l
tip mass for cantilevered beam
axial load

'cr
2

critical or Euler 's buckling load for beam

shearing force distribution time beam displacement nondimensional beam displacement, v/Z mode shape of nth mode

lengthwise coordinate nondimensional lengthwise coordinate, xZ / characteristic values, eq. (9) characteristic values for nth mode frequency parameter,

? a

nondimensional frequency parameter, P 1 nondimensional frequency parameter corresponding to nth mode of vibration, V T
P
w

pwn

ratio of tip mass to total beam mass, +.,/AB mass per unit length of beam circular frequency of vibration circular natural frequency of nth mode

wn Subscripts : B n T Superscript:
?

be am
integral number designating natural bending mode and frequency of beam
tip of cantilevered beam

differentiation with respect to

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS Uniform Beam Under Axial Load Equations of motion. - The development of the equations governing the bending vibrations of uniform beams are presented in numerous texts on vibration theory (refs. 5, 6, o r 8). In the development that follows the effect of an axial load is included.
3

iI

Consider a uniform beam vibrating freely under the action of a constant axial load P as shown in figure l(a). Let V(x, t) be the displacement of any point x along the neutral axis of the beam. The internal shear, moment, and inertial forces acting on an element dx in length will be as shown in figure l(b). Summing forces and moments on this element yields the following two equilibrium equations: (la)

From elementary beam theory the moment-curvature relationship for the sign convention depicted in figures 1is M(x,t) = E1 a2v(x, t)
n

The shearing force Q(x, t, can be expressed in t e r m s of the displacement variz-lle by us ing equations (lb) and (IC). Thus
Q(X,t) =

[.'

a 3v(x, t)
ax

av(x,t) ax

(2 )

Finally, from equations (la) and (2) the equation of motion in terms of the displacement variable can be written as

Equation (3) represents the governing partial differential equation describing the motion and (2) represent the moment and shear distribution of the beam, and equations (IC) along the beam. Solution of equation and boundary conditions. - The time variable in equations (1) to (3) can be eliminated by assuming a solution of the form
~

V(x,t) = v(x) sin ut

(4 a)

M(x,t) = m(x) sin Wt

Substituting equations (4) into equations (1)to (3) yields 4 a+ k2 9 p4v(x) ) 4

2
=0

dx

dx2

d2v(x) m(x) = E1
dx2

q(x) = -E1

d3v(x)

2 dv(x) + k dx

-1

where k2 = P/EI and p4 = pd2/EI. It will be convenient at this point to put equa tion (5) into nondimensional form by letting x/l, v/l, k = k l , and = Pi?. Us ing these expressions allows equations (5) and (6) to become

x=

v=

-2-tt T""(x) + k v (x)

- -4- p V(X)

=0

(7)

- EI-tt m(x) = -V 1

The solution to equation (7), which can be readily verified by direct substitution, is given by

v(z)= A cosh a I z + B sinh a,F

where A, B, C, and D a r e constants and

+ D cos a , :

+E

sin

a2x

(9)

al=

(7 --+

+ / p- + p ' 2 ) l

CY2=

{-y
-+

The frequency equation can now be determined from equation (9) once the boundary con
ditions are stipulated. The boundary conditions being considered at either end of the
beam are as follows:
Pinned

(10)

v =0
Clamped

and m = 0 o r v f f = O

v = O and v ' = O

Free

m = 0 or

5 '= 0 '

and q = 0 or 7'"

+ -2-1 k v

Guided

The various combinations of these boundary conditions at both ends of the beam a r e listed in table I. If the boundary conditions given by equations (11) a r e used at X = 0, two of the unknown constants in equation (9) can be evaluated, and the resulting solutions are for the beam free at E = 0 a? ,

+ sin @2
"1

a2%)

( 12a)

for the beam pinned at

x= 0
v(z) = A sinh al%+ E sin a2x
I

(12b)

for the beam clamped at X = 0

v(2) = A

(cosh

CY,^ - cos

cy

23

+B

alx - - sin
cy2

cy

and for the beam guided at ?i = 0

Note that each of equations (12) contains two unknowns. When the boundary conditions at -
x = 1 are specified, these equations will yield two homogeneous, algebraic equations in
these two unknowns. The determinant of the coefficients of the unknowns must be equal to zero for a nontrivial solution to exist. Equating this determinant to zero then yields the characteristic equation from which the frequency parameter p can be determined a s a function of axial load P or axial load parameter E To illustrate, consider the case . = 1. From equation ( l l c ) the boundary conditions are where the beam is free at

V"(1)

= 0

?"'(l)

+ -2-1v (1) = 0 k

(13)

From equations (l2c) and (13) the following two homogeneous, algebraic equations in A and B are obtained after some manipulation:
CY; ) + B b ; cos a l

sinh

cyl

3 - o2 cos

(144

cosh al

al)= 0

( 14b1

Equating the determinant of the coefficients of A and B in equations (14) to zero, ex panding, and simplifying will then yield the following characteristic equation for the freef r e e beam:

2p6(1 cosh

CY^

-2-4 cos a2)+ k ( k

+ 3z4) sinh

cy1

sin a2 = 0

Similarly, for the other boundary conditions at tions are obtained: for the free-guided beam

x = 1 the following characteristic equa

cy1

CY

3 2 sinh a1 cos

CY

3 + a1 cosh

sin

CY^

= 0

(1%)

for the free-pinned beam

-a2 cosh al sin a2 + a1 sinh al cos a2 = 0

for the clamped-free beam

-4 2P

+ (2p4 + E4)cosh

a1 cos a2

- -2-2k p

sinh a1 sin ai = 0

for the clamped-pinned beam a1 cosh for the clamped-guided beam

cy1

sin a2

- a2 sinh a1 cos a2 = 0
+
a2 cosh

a1 sinh
for the clamped-clamped beam
-2 2p (1

cy1

cos

cy2

cy1

sin a2 = 0

- cosh a1 cos a2) - -2 k

sin a2 = 0

sinh al sin a2 = 0

for the guided-guided and pinned-pinned beams

and for the guided-pinned beam

cos cu2 = 0

(151)

Equations (15g) and (15i) yield the following expressions for the frequency parameter: for the pinned-pinned or guided-guided beam

(16)

and for the pinned-guided beam

Equations (16) and (17) exhibit the main characteristics of all the frequency equations given by equations (15). Namely, as P (or E) Increase, the frequencies decrease until P equals the Euler buckling load Per of the beam. At this point the lowest elastic fre quency becomes zero. For P greater than Per, the fundamental frequency becomes complex, and the corresponding mode shape is unstable (ref. 6, p. 4 5 1 and ref. 8, p. 302). Thus, the maximum value for P of practical interest is Per. The values of Per and Ecr for beams with the different boundary conditions are tabulated in table E. To determine the frequency parameter for the beams with other boundary conditions, less than the cor for any value of equations (15) can be solved numerically for responding kcr

Cantilevered Beam Under Axial Load With Tip Mass

For the case of a cantilevered beam with a concentrated mass at the free end, two types of axial loads will be considered. In the first case (fig. 2(a)) the axial load will be taken as a constant in both magnitude and direction s o that this case corresponds to the uniform clamped-free beam case except that a concentrated mass is added to the free end. In the second case (fig. 3(a)) the axial load is assumed to be directed through the root or fixed end of the beam at all times. For this case the axial load is not constant since it changes direction during the motion. This type of loading will be referred to as a directed axial load. For both cases the deflection is given by (eq. (12c) since the boundary condition at the fixed end is the same as for a uniform cantilevered beam. Also, the moment boundary condition at the free end is the same for both cases and is given by

?() 'I

=0

The difference between the two cases will be in the shear boundary condition at the free end. For the case of constant axiai load, the shear boundary conditions can be found by satisfging the equilibrium condition a t the free end which is depicted in figure 2@). Thus

From equations (6) and (9) this boundary condition becomes

F"'(I)

-i- k

-2-1

-4v (1)t qTP ~ ( 1= 0 )

(20)

where qT is the ratio of the tip m a s s AT to total beam mass, AB = pQ. From equa tions (12c), (18), and (20) the following two homogeneous equations in A and B are obtained :

A($

cosh al

4cos a 2 ) +B ( 4
cy1

sinh al

+32sin

A{g

sinh a1

- p2 sin a2 + qTD2(cosh a1 - cos

+

1
- al sin a2)} =

B{g

cosh

+ al 2

cos a

+ q - (a2 2 sinh a l
T

Equating the determinant of the coefficients of A and B to zero, expanding and simplify ing yields the following characteristic equation for a cantilever beam with a tip mass under constant axial load.
-zp4

+ -2-2 p k

sinh a1 sin a2

- (2B4 + E4)cosh a1 cos

a2

(a1cosh a1 sin a2

- a2 sinh a1 cos

a2) = 0

(22)

For the case of a cantilevered beam with a tip mass and a directed axial load, the con dition a t the free end is shown in figure 3@). From this figure the equilibrium condition can be written as
(23)

Comparing this equation with equation (20) shows that the term 77TF4 - ii2 replaces 7Tp4. Thus multiplying equation ( 2 2 ) by p2 and replacing qTp4 with (qTp4 E 2 ) yields the characteristic equation for the beam with a directed axial load.

-2p6

+ -p4 k 2

sinh a1 sin a2

- (2p+k4)cosh a 1 cos

a2

+ (qT?

-x2)(4ai)(al cosh al sin a2 - a2 sinh a1 cos +

Mode Shapes For Beams Under Preload

a2)= 0

The mode shapes for a beam under preload can be determined from equations (12) and one other boundary condition. For example, assume that the nth root of the fre quency equation is known and is given by Corresponding to there will be an

Fn.

&

10

which a r e obtained by substituting into equations (10). For the case and a! 2n of a free-free beam, the displacement in the nth mode is given by equation (12a) as
cyln

on

a
!

2n 2n
For the free-free beam case either of equations (14) can be used to determine a relation between An and Bn. Using equation (14a) yields

Bn = -An

F X )
(cash oln

- COS

CY

(26)

@ln

Substituting equations (26) into (25) and arbitrarily setting An = 1 will then yield the desired mode shape or eigenfunction for the free-free beam. In a similar manner the mode shapes for the other boundary conditions can be determined. These functions are summarized in the following equations: for free-free and free-pinned beams

-+ @ln C'*X
C Y

2 2n

11

for a free-guided beam

for a clamped-free beam

vn(x) = (cash

- -

C Y ~ XCOS C Y ~ ~ X )

for clamped-pin and clamped-clamped beams

- -

v,(x) = cosh

C Y ~ Xcos

- @ln~ CY2n -sin ~

(27d) ~

for a clamped-guide beam

for a guided-guided beam

12

for a guided-pinned beam

Vn@

and for a pinned-pinned beam

It can readily be shown that the mode shapes for the cantilevered beams with a tip mass a r e the same as those given by equation ( 2 7 ~ ) .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Uniform Beam Under Axial Load To determine the effect of axial load on the natural frequencies of a uniform beam, the characteristic equations (given by eqs. (15a) to (15g) were solved numerically by the method of bisection (ref. 9). In this investigation the axial load ratio P/Pcr was varied between -1 and 1, and the first three lowest frequencies were determined. The results for the fundamental elastic body frequencies a r e presented in figure 4. The pinnedpinned, guided-guided, and pinned-guided curves in this figure were developed from equations (16) and (17). In this figure the curves for the free-free and clamped-clamped beams appear a s a single curve. Although the frequencies for these two cases were not identically equal over the entire range of P/Pcr, the differences could not be shown for the scale used in the figure. The same is true for the free-guided and clamped-guided cases. The variation in frequency a s a function of axial load for the first few lower f r e quencies for each uniform beam case is given in figure 5. It can be noted that the var iation in the second and third frequency for all cases shown is almost linear for the range of P/Pcr considered. These higher mode frequencies will go to zero when the second and third buckling loads a r e reached. However, these portions of the curves a r e of no practical interest unless the beam is prevented from buckling in its fundamental mode. To show the effect of axial loading on the mode shapes of the beam, equations (27) were used to determine the modes for P/Pcr = -1.0, 0, and 0. 8. These calculations were normalized, and the results a r e shown in figures 6 to 12 for the first three modes. These figures indicate that the effect of axial load is greatest on the fundamental mode and that the effect decreases rapidly as the mode number increases. The most

13

pronounced effect occurs for the free-pinned beam i n its fundamental mode (fig. 8(a)). Note, however, that all the cases exhibit this effect as P/PCr approaches 1 .

Cantilevered Beam With Tip Mass For a cantilevered beam with a tip m a s s equation (22) was solved for the case of a constant axial load and equation (24) for an axial load directed through the root of the beam. The method of solution of these equations was the same as that used for the uni form beams. The effects of both tip mass ratio, qT = JT/.AB, and axial load ratio P/PCr on the fundamental frequencies were determined, and the results a r e shown in figures 13 to 16. Figure 13 shows the variation in the frequency parameters g; as a function of tip mass ratio, qT, for values of P/PCr between -1 and 0. 8. Note that

iK

w1 d W E I , so that the frequency parameter for this case is related to the total mass of the system and not just the beam mass. Figure 14 shows the same data plotted as a function of axial load ratio with the tip mass ratio as a param eter. Figures 15 and 16 are a similar set of graphs for the cantilever with a directed axial load.

8 4 s equals

Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, Ohio, August 5, 1975, 506 -22.

REFERENCES
1 Coyner, J. V. Jr. ; and Ross, R. G. Jr. : Parametric Study of the Performance . Characteristics and Weight Variations of Large-Area Roll- Up Solar Arrays. (JPL TR 32-1502, Jet Propulsion Lab. ; NAN-100. ), NASA CR-115821, 1970. 2. Greble, F. C. : Solar Arrays for the Next Generation of Communication Satellites. J. Brit. Interplanetary SOC. , vol. 26, no. 8, Aug. 1973, pp. 449-465.
3. Wolff, George: Oriented Flexible Rolled-up Solar Array.

AIAA Paper 70-738,

Apr. 1970.
4. Hughes, P. C. : Attitude Dynamics of a Three-Axis Stabilized Satellite with a Large Solar Array. AIAA Paper 72-857, Aug. 1972.

5. Hurty, Walter C. ; and Rubenstein, M. F. : Dynamics of Structures. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.

14

6. Meirovitch, Leonard: Analytical Methods in Vibrations. The MacMillan Co., 1967. 7. Bisplinghoff, Raymond L. ; Ashley, Holt; and Hoffman, Robert L. : Aeroelasticity. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. , 1955.
8. Tong, Kin N. : Theory of Mechanical Vibrations. John Wiley & Sons., Inc., 1960.
?

9. Ralston, Anthony: A First Course in Numerical Analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1965.

15

TABLE I. Free-free

- BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR

p

UNIFORM BEAM UNDER CONSTANT AXIAL LOAD

- -~
.. ~ .

-r Z
0 p

P
7'(0) = 0

."(l) = 0

T'l'(1) + - E 2 7 (1) =

F r e e - guided

PE

?(l) = 0

v"'(0)

+k%(O)= 0

v"'(1) + k % ( l ) =

F r e e - pinned

v"(0) = 0 v"'(0) + k 2 7 ( 0 ) = 0

v(1) = 0 v"(1) = 0

Guided- guided

k i d e d - pinned

v'(0) = 0

G(1) = 0
v"(1) = 0

;y'yo)
Clamped-free

+i27(0) = 0

T(0) = 0 v'(0) = 0

v"(1) = 0 v"'(1) +25.,(1) = 0

-~

Pinned-pinned

t-%

J(0) = 0

T(1) = 0 F'(1)
__
=

V"(0) = 0

Xamped- pinned
.

G(0) = 0

v(1) = 0 v"(1) = 0

7 ( 0 )= 0
~

..

-.

-~

Xamped-guided

J(0) = 0
I

v'(1) = 0 v"'(1) + k 2 7 ( 1 ) = 0

v'(0) = 0
~~ ~

Xamped- clamped

J(0)= 0
v'(0)
=

v(1) = 0

v'(1) = 0

16

TABLE 11. Boundary condition

- BUCKLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SIMPLE BEAMS

Eigenvalue

Characteristic equation

Critical load, 'cr

Buckling mode

kn

Free-free

sin kn = 0

nn

n 2 E1 l2

Free guided

COS

kn = 0

-7r

(2n - 1) 2

n 2 EI -l2
n 2 E1

Free-pinned

sin k = 0

nn

(Same as free-free)

l2

k i d e d - guided

sin k

=0

nn

n 2 E1

l2
-

v1

cos n Tz

h i d e d - pinned

COS

=0

- 2n n (

1)

r 2 E1 __

L2
.

>+Iv1 = cos n(x/2)

Xamped-free

COS

k =0

(2n -n

1)

n 2 E1 -l2

'inned- pinned
. .

sink

nn

n 2 E1
l2

Xamped-pinned

tan

Ln = i;

4.493

E1
(0. 6991)2

Ilamped-guided

sink = 0 n

nn

n 2 E1

l2

lamped- clamped k sin 2 = 2

2nn

E1 4n 2 l2

Per

--(Same as free-free)

v1 = cos 2 r - 1 7z

17

Ill

tv
...
^

.,

l -

Element 7

(a) Coordinate system f o r u n i f o r m vibrating beam u n d e r constant axial load.

(b) Sign convention f o r forces and moment acting o n a r b i t r a r y element.

. Figure 1 - V i b r a t i n g beam w i t h arbitrary boundary conditions.

rv
(a) Coordinate system f o r cantilevered beam w i t h t i p mass u n d e r constant axial load.

fli
(b) Forces acting at free e n d of cantilevered beam u n d e r constant axial load. Figure 2. - Cantilevered beam w i t h t i p mass u n d e r constant axial load.

AV

(a) Coordinate system f o r cantilevered beam w i t h t i p mass u n d e r directed axial load. (b) Forces acting at free e n d of cantilevered beam u n d e r directed axial load.

-*
X

Figure 3. - Cantilevered beam w i t h t i p mass u n d e r directed axial load.

32

Free-free o r clamped-clamped

24 -

----

--Free-pinned Clamped-pinned -- Pinned-pinned or guided-guided

Free-guided o r clamped-guided Clamped-free Guided-pinned

---------

N
1 -

c1

16

E E
Y L

aJ

4-

-------.8

-----

--- ---_ ---- --_ --------------,-

-1.0

-.6

-.4

-.2

0 Axial load ratio. PIP,

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

Figure 4 - Fundamental frequency as f u n c t i o n of axial load for u n i f o r m beam w i t h various boundary conditions.

19

6:
90

22.5

02

"i
40
20
10
(a)

15.0

12.5

P;

Lo.ol
7.5

h
2.5
U

I
-2
P3

(b) For guided-pinned beam.

~~r pinned-pinned and guided-guided beams.

80

140

6;

120 100

50
10

80
60 -

6;

-,6
-.4

B:
-.2
0 .2 .4

20
0 -1.0
-.8

0 -1.0 - , 8 -.6
-.4
-.2
(c)For free-free beam.

.6

.8

1.0

Axial load ratio, PIP,,

(di For free-guided beam.

Figure 5.

- Frequency as function of axial load

20

-_____...... , .., . ,... ..

l
I IU I

I.

~,

...

._ _. _..

12or

I.

(el For free-pinned beam

80
70

160 140 120 m c

L m
I

60

B;;

'"

50
40 -

100
80-

a ,

B;
30

m a

6 0 ,

I $ 20

v 3

40

20
0

B;

10

(gl For clamped-guided beam.

1 1 7 - m
70

(fl For clamped-pinned beam. 14060 120 100 -

6;

'

50
40 -

80

60
40 30

6;

1 1

20
10 0

20
0

F;
I
1
(i) clamped-free beam. For

!
Figure 5. - Concluded.

(hl For clamped-clamped beam.

21

llllll I

-- -.a I
m

I - L I _ L L - I _ L _ l
(a1 First mode.

-1. 0 0

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9 1.0 0 .1 .2 Nondimensional beam coordinate, x l l

- . 8 k -

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

1.0

(bl Second mode.

(c) Third mode.

Figure 6. - Effect of axial load on mode shape of free-free beam.

22

it

,
I

'::h
A xial load ratio, PI Pc r
-_ 8

u
r

(at First mode.

-.4 -. 6

-x
0 .1

I
.2

I
.3

I
.4

I
.5

I
.6

.7

.8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 Nondimensional beam coordinate, x l l

1.8'1

.3

.4

,5

.6

,7

(bl Second mode.

( c l Third mode

Figure 7. - Effect of axial load on mode shape of free-guided beam.

23

-_
2

-.4
-.6
-.8

u
(a) First mode.

L-1

- . a k l
0
.1

.2

.3

I:

I
.4

..I
.5

LI
.6

I
.8

1-1

.9
1.0

.7

Nondimensional beam coordinate, XU

(b) Second mode.

Figure 8.

(c)Third mode

- Effect of axial load on mode shape of free-pinned beam.

24

i,

1.0

.9

.8

Axial load

///

.7

.6

.5

.4

.3

.2-

c m E

. 0' t l

la) First mode.

-.8
-1.0 0

coordinate, XU (bl Second mode. (c)Third mode. Figure 9. - Effect of axial load on mode shape of clamped-pinned beam.

25

Axial load

(a) First mode.

(bl Second mode. Figure 10.

(cl Third mode

- Effect of axial load on mode shape of clamped-guided

beam.

26

beam (bl Second mode. Figure 11.

(c) Third mode.

- Effect

of axial load on mode shape of clamped-clamped beam.

27

(bl Second mode.

W T h i r d mode.

Figure 12.

- Effect of axial

load on mode shape of clamped-free beam.

28

5. c
4.5

I \

Ratio of tip mass to aa s; b ,; e

4.4

4'8L
Axial load ratio, P I Pc r

-1

-.4

-.6

-.2

.2
.4

.6

Axial load ratio, PIPcr

Figure 14.

L \
I

- Frequency as function of cantilever beam with tip mass.

3 4 5 Ratio of tip mass to beam mass,

Figure 13. - Fundamental frequency of cantilevered beam with tip mass under constant axial load.

4.5

Ratio of t i p mass to beam mass,

4.0

VT

Axial load ratio,

L

N -Q 1

a
, a ,

E
m

LL L

lt
I

.8

Ratio of t i p mass t o beam mass, VT Figure 15. - Fundamental frequency of cantilevered beam with t i p mass and axial load directed t h r o u g h root.

M
03

cp

w w

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