Barrel (unit) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Barrel (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A barrel is one of several units of volume, with dry barrels, fluid barrels (UK beer barrel, U.S. beer barrel), oil barrel, etc. The volume of some barrel units is double others, with various volumes in the range of about 100200 litres (2244 imp gal; 2653 US gal).

Contents
1 Dry goods 2 Fluid barrel 3 Oil barrel 4 Variations 4.1 Barrel per calendar day 4.2 Sub units 4.3 Qualifiers

5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Dry goods
US dry barrel: 7,056 cubic inches (115.6 L) (~3.28 bushel). Defined as length of stave 2812 in (724 mm), diameter of head 1718 in (435 mm), distance between heads 26 in (660 mm), circumference of bulge 64 in (1,626 mm) outside measurement; representing as nearly as possible 7,056 cubic inches; and the thickness of staves not greater than 410 in (10 mm)[1] ([ 20.37 in/517 mm]). Any barrel that is 7,056 cubic inches is recognized as equivalent. US barrel for cranberries 5,826 cubic inches (95.5 L) (~2.71 bushel) Defined as length of stave 2812 in (724 mm), diameter of head 1614 in (413 mm), distance between heads 2514 in (641 mm), circumference of bulge 5812 in (1,486 mm) outside measurement; and the thickness of staves not greater than 410 in (10.16 mm)[1] ([ 18.62 in/473 mm]). No equivalent in cubic inches is given in the statute, but later regulations specify it as 5,826 cubic inches.[2] Some products have a standard weight or volume that constitutes a barrel: cornmeal, 200 pounds (90.7 kg) Portland cement, 4 cubic feet (113 L) or 376 pounds (170.6 kg).[3] sugar, 5 cubic feet (142 L)(37 gallons) wheat or rye flour, three bushels or 196 pounds (88.9 kg). lime (mineral), 280 pounds (127 kg) large barrel, or 180 pounds (81.6 kg) small barrel.[4]

Fluid barrel
Fluid barrels vary depending on what is being measured and where. For barrels of oil, see the next

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section. In the U.K. a beer barrel is 36 imperial gallons (43 US gal; 164 L). In the U.S. most fluid barrels (apart from oil) are 31.5 US gallons (26 imp gal; 119 L) (half a hogshead), but a beer barrel is 31 US gallons (26 imp gal; 117 L).[5][6] A keg (of beer) is 15.5 gallons.

Oil barrel
Oil barrel, (abbreviation bbl): 42 US gallons (34.9723 imp gal; 158.9873 L)[7] A barrel of oil is defined as 42 US gallons. A US gallon is defined as 231 cubic inches. An inch is defined as exactly 25.4 mm. So a barrel of oil is 158.987 liters. The standard oil barrel of 42 US gallons is used in the United States as a measure of crude oil and other petroleum products. Elsewhere, oil is commonly measured in cubic metres (m3) or in tonnes (t), with tonnes more often being used by European oil companies. International companies listed on American stock exchanges tend to express their oil production volumes in barrels for global reporting purposes, and those listed on European exchanges tend to express their production in tonnes. There can be 6 to 8 barrels of oil in a ton, depending on density. For example: 256 U.S. gallons [6.1 bbl] of heavy distillate per ton, 272 gallons [6.5 bbl] of crude oil per ton, and 333 gallons [7.9 bbl] of gasoline per ton.[8] The wooden oil barrel of the late 19th century is different from the modern day 55-gallon steel drum (known as the 44-gallon drum in Britain and the 200-litre drum elsewhere). The 42-US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer used to transport crude oil most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers. The 42-US gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the American oil industry, since other sizes of barrel were used by other industries in the United States. Nearly all other countries use the metric system. Many oil producing countries use the American oil barrel.
[citation needed]

The measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields. In the early 1860s, when oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes for beer, fish, molasses, turpentine, etc. Both the 42-US gallon barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the 40U.S.-gallon (151.4-litre) whiskey barrels were used. 45-gallon barrels were also in common use. The 40-gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time.[9] The origins of the 42-gallon oil barrel are obscure, but some historical documents indicate that around 1866 early oil producers in Pennsylvania came to the conclusion that shipping oil in a variety of different containers was causing buyer distrust. They decided they needed a standard unit of measure to convince buyers that they were getting a fair volume for their money. They agreed to base this measure on the more-or-less standard 40-gallon whiskey barrel, but added an additional two gallons to ensure that any measurement errors would always be in the buyer's favor as an

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additional way of assuring buyer confidence, apparently on the same principle as is behind the baker's dozen and some other long units of measure.[citation needed] By 1872 the standard oil barrel was firmly established as 42 US gallons.[10] The abbreviations 1 Mbbl and 1 MMbbl have historically meant one thousand and one million barrels respectively. They are derived from the Latin "mille" meaning "thousand" rather than the Greek "mega". However, this can cause confusion with the SI abbreviation for mega- (and in non-oil industry documentation Mbbl, "megabarrel", can sometimes stand for one million barrels). The "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. Some sources claim that "bbl" originated as a symbol for "blue barrels" delivered by Standard Oil in its early days; this is probably incorrect because there are citations for the symbol at least as early as the late 1700s, long before Standard Oil was founded.[11] Barrels per day (abbreviated BPD, BOPD, bbl/d, bpd, bd or b/d) is a measurement used to describe the rate of crude oil production or consumption by an entity. For example, an oil field might produce 100,000 bpd, and a country might consume 1 million bpd. Note: BPD is not to be confused with BLPD (barrels of liquids per day), which deals with the total liquid recovered including water, not only crude oil.[12] These are different amounts of volume. BPD is related to BOE (Barrels of Oil Equivalent), a common way of expressing the energy content of hydrocarbon gases in terms of oil in order to make comparisons. According to BP Statistical Review 2006: 1 barrel equals 42 US gallons 1 BPD = 42/24/60 = .0292 GPM 1 GPM = 34.29 BPD 1 barrel equals 158.984 Litres The approximate conversion for BPD to tonnes/year is 49.8, so 100,000 BPD equals around 4,980,000 tonnes per year.

Variations
Barrel per calendar day
Barrel per calendar day (bc/d or bcd) is a standard petroleum downstream industry measurement of actual refinery throughput, as opposed to designed capacity. BPD is computed by dividing the number of refined barrels of oil processed by the actual number of days the refinery was in operation.

Sub units
In terms of production and consumption, it is common to use thousand barrels per day or million barrels per day. These are commonly written as mbd and mmbd respectively taking "m" as the Roman numeral for 1000. It is important not to confuse these with SI prefixes, where kbd and Mbd would mean a thousand and a million barrels per day respectively.

Qualifiers

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A barrel can technically be used to specify any volume. Since the actual nature of the fluids being measured varies along the stream, sometimes qualifiers are used to clarify what is being specified. In the oil field, it is often important to differentiate between rates of production of fluids, which may be a mix of oil and water, and rates of production of the oil itself. If a well is producing 10mbd of fluids with a 20% water cut, then the well would also be said to be producing 8 thousand barrels of oil a day (mbod). In other circumstances, it can be important to include gas in production and consumption figures. Normally, gas is measured in standard cubic feet, but when necessary, this volume is converted to a volume of oil of equivalent enthalpy of combustion. Production and consumption using this analogue is stated in barrels of oil equivalent per day (boed). In the case of water injection wells, it is common to refer to the injectivity rate in barrels of water per day (bwd).

See also
55 gallon drum Barrel Barrel of oil equivalent Barrels per day (BPD) English units of wine casks Imperial unit Petroleum Petroleum pricing around the world Standard Barrel Act For Fruits, Vegetables, and Dry Commodities United States customary units

References
1. ^ a b 15 USC 234 (http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/15C6.txt) 2. ^ cranberry barrel (http://www.sizes.com/units/barrel_cranberry.htm) 3. ^ "U.S. Traditional and Commercial Barrel Sizes" (http://www.sizes.com/units/barrel_USconv.htm) . 2000 Sizes, Inc.. http://www.sizes.com/units/barrel_USconv.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-26. 4. ^ 15 USC 237 (http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/15C6.txt) 5. ^ 27 CFR 25.11. 6. ^ Ian Whitelaw. A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Macmillan. p. 60. 7. ^ B. N. Taylor. "B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically - Section B" (http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html#B) . Guide for the Use of SI units. NIST. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html#B. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 8. ^ "How much, for what, and ending up where?" (http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/quantities.htm) . United Nations Environment Programme Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway. http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/quantities.htm. 9. ^ Judith O. Etzel (2008). "The 42 Gallon Barrel (History)" (http://www.oil150.com/essays/2007/08/the42-gallon-barrel-history) . The 150th Anniversary of Oil. Oil Region Alliance of Business, Industry and Tourism. http://www.oil150.com/essays/2007/08/the-42-gallon-barrel-history. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 10. ^ "Barrel (of petroleum)" (http://www.sizes.com/units/barrel_petr.htm#ft5) . Units and Systems of Units. Sizes, Inc. 2004. http://www.sizes.com/units/barrel_petr.htm#ft5. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 11. ^ Russ Rowlett. "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement" (http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html) . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 12. ^ Schlumberger Limited. "Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary" (http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=barrels%20of%20liquid%20per% 20day) . Schlumberger Limited. http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=barrels% 20of%20liquid%20per%20day. Retrieved 2010-08-27.

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External links
Oil measurements and conversions (http://www.etoolsage.com/converter/OilConverter.asp) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" Categories: Petroleum | Units of volume | Customary units in the United States | Imperial units | Brewing This page was last modified on 9 April 2011 at 17:32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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