Daftar isi

DAFTAR ISI

BAB I PEMEROLEHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA

 A. Pemerolehan Bahasa................................................................................1
1. Pengertian Pemerolehan Bahasa.........................................................1
2. Tahapan Pemerolehan Bahasa............................................................2
B. Perkembangan Bahasa.............................................................................5
1. Pengertian Perkembangan Bahasa Anak............................................5
2. Tahap-tahap Perkembangan Bahasa Anak.........................................7
a. Tahap Pralinguistik (0-12 bulan)..................................................7
b. Tahap Satu Kata (12-18 bulan).....................................................7
c. Tahap Dua Kata (18-24 bulan).....................................................8
d. Tahap Banyak Kata (3-5 tahun)....................................................9

BAB II BELAJAR BAHASA

A. Pengertian Bahasa....................................................................................10
B. Fungsi Bahasa..........................................................................................11
C. Teori Belajar Bahasa................................................................................12
1. Teori Belajar Behavioristik.................................................................12
2. Teori Belajar Kognitivisme................................................................14
3. Teori Belajar Konstruktivisme............................................................15
4. Teori Belajar Humanisme...................................................................18
D. Unsur-unsur Pembentukan Bahasa Anak................................................20
E. Tahap Perkembangan Bahasa Anak Sekolah Dasar................................20
1. Tahap Fonologi...................................................................................22
2. Tahap Sintaksis...................................................................................23
3. Tahap Semantik..................................................................................24

BAB III PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA

A. Pengertian Pendekatan Bahasa................................................................25
B. Pendekatan Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia...........................................26
1. Pendekatan Tujuan..............................................................................26
2. Pendekatan Struktural.........................................................................27
3. Pendekatan Keterampilan Proses........................................................28
4. Pendekatan Keterampilan Whole Language.......................................32
5. Pendekatan Kontekstual......................................................................39
6. Pendekatan Komunikatif.....................................................................44
7. Pendekatan Terpadu (Integratif).........................................................45

BAB IV METODE PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA

A. Pengertian Metode Pembelajaran........................................................49
B. Tujuan Metode Pembelajaran..............................................................53
C. Hal-hal yang Harus Diperhatikan dalam Metode Pembelajaran.........53
D. Macam-macam Metode Pembelajaran Bahasa....................................55
1. Metode Terjemahan.......................................................................55
2. Metode Tata Bahasa......................................................................56
3. Metode Langsung..........................................................................57
4. Metode Berlitz...............................................................................58
5. Metode Pembatasan Bahasa...........................................................59
6. Metode Oral...................................................................................60
7. Metode Realis................................................................................60
 8. Metode Baru..................................................................................61
9. Metode Alamiah............................................................................62
10. Metode Psikologis..........................................................................63
11. Metode Membaca..........................................................................64
12. Metode Linguistik..........................................................................64
13. Metode Pilihan...............................................................................65
14. Metode Unit...................................................................................66
15. Metode Mimikri-Memorisasi.........................................................67
16. Metode Teori Praktik.....................................................................67
17. Metode Cognate.............................................................................67
18. Metode Bi-Bahasa.........................................................................67
E. Metode Pembelajaran Menyimak .......................................................68
1. Simak-Ulang Ucap ........................................................................68
2. Simak Terka...................................................................................68
3. Simak Tulis....................................................................................69
4. Memperluas Kalimat.....................................................................69
5. Bisik Berantai................................................................................70
6. Menjawab Pertanyaan....................................................................70
7. Identifikasi Tema/Kalimat.............................................................70
8. Menyelesaikan Cerita....................................................................71
9. Parafrase........................................................................................72
10. Merangkum....................................................................................73
F. Metode Pembelajaran Berbicara.........................................................73
1. Ulang Ucap....................................................................................74
2. Lihat dan Ucapkan.........................................................................74
3. Memeriksa / Mendeskripsikan.......................................................74
4. Pertanyaan Menggali.....................................................................75
5. Melanjutkan Cerita........................................................................75
6. Menceritakan Kembali...................................................................75
7. Percakapan.....................................................................................75
8. Parafrase........................................................................................75
9. Reka Cerita Gambar......................................................................76
10. Bercerita.........................................................................................76
11. Bermain Peran...............................................................................76
12. Wawancara....................................................................................77
13. Diskusi...........................................................................................77
14. Dramatisasi....................................................................................77
G. Metode Pembelajaran Menulis............................................................78
1. Metode Langsung..........................................................................78
2. Metode Komunikatif......................................................................78
3. Metode Integratif...........................................................................79
4. Metode Tematik.............................................................................79
5. Metode Konstruktivistik................................................................79
6. Metode Kontekstual.......................................................................80
H. Metode Pembelajaran Membaca.........................................................81
1. Metode Turnamen Membaca.........................................................82
2. Metode Jigsaw Membaca..............................................................83
3. Metode CIRC.................................................................................84
 4. Metode Scaffolded Reading...........................................................86
5. Metode Grup Investigasi................................................................88
6. Metode Skemata Kritis..................................................................89

BAB V METODE PERMAINAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN

BAHASA INDONESIA
A. Hakikat Permainan..................................................................................91
B. Metode Permainan dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia...................92
1. Teka-teki Silang..................................................................................92
2. Klos Bergambar..................................................................................92
3. Klos Wacana (Mengisi Wacana Rumpang).......................................93
4. Membaca dan Menulis Isi Gambar....................................................94
5. Menebak Nama...................................................................................95
6. Mencari Jejak......................................................................................95
7. Mewarnai/Menggambar Sesuai Teks.................................................96
8. Bisik Berantai......................................................................................97
9. Tebak Teman.......................................................................................98
10. Berbalas Pantun...................................................................................98
11. Memasang Gambar dengan Teks.......................................................99
12. Melanjutkan Bacaan secara Lisan/Tulis.............................................99
13. Menulis Bisikan Teman (Bisik Berantai)...........................................100
14. Mendeskripsikan Teman Pilihan secara Tertulis...............................101
15. Menebak Benda Misteri......................................................................102
16. Menyusun Kalimat dari Kata Akhir...................................................102
17. Kirim Pesan.........................................................................................103
18. Bercerita dengan Menjodohkan Gambar............................................103
19. Imaninasi Bertema..............................................................................104
20. Memainkan Boneka............................................................................104
21. Baris Pujangga....................................................................................104
22. Menjodohkan Data..............................................................................105
23. Menulis Dramatisasi Kelompok Lain.................................................106

BAB VI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA

A. Hakikat Media Pembelajaran...............................................................108
B. Manfaat dan Fungsi Media Pembelajaran............................................109
C. Prinsip Pemilihan Media Pembelajaran...............................................110
D. Jenis-jenis Media Pembelajaran...........................................................112
1. Media Berbasis Manusia.................................................................112
2. Media Gambar Buram (Tidak Transparan).....................................113
3. Media Berbasis Cetakan..................................................................114
4. Media Berbasis Visual.....................................................................114
5. Media Berbasis Audio-Visual.........................................................115
6. Media Berbasis Komputer...............................................................115
E. Media dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia.....................................116
1. Media Pembelajaran Menyimak......................................................116
2. Media Pembelajaran Berbicara........................................................119
3. Media Pembelajaran Membaca.......................................................125
 4. Media Pembelajaran Menulis...........................................................128

BAB VII KETERAMPILAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA DI SD/MI

A. Keterampilan Berbahasa.....................................................................136
B. Keterampilan Menyimak....................................................................136
C. Keterampilan Berbicara.....................................................................147
D. Keterampilan Membaca.....................................................................156
E. Keterampilan Menulis........................................................................167

BAB VIII SASTRA ANAK DI SEKOLAH DASAR

A. Hakikat Sastra Anak..........................................................................183
B. Manfaat Sastra Anak..........................................................................184
C. Jenis Sastra Anak...............................................................................186
1. Puisi Anak.....................................................................................186
2. Balada............................................................................................187
3. Sajak/Puisi Naratif........................................................................188
4. Pantun............................................................................................188
5. Novel.............................................................................................191
6. Drama............................................................................................192
D. Jenis Bacaan Cerita Anak SD............................................................193
1. Cerita Bergambar..........................................................................193
2. Cerita Rakyat.................................................................................194
3. Cerita Binatang..............................................................................194
4. Cerita Noodlehead........................................................................195

BAB IX PENILAIAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA

INDONESIA
A. Pengertian Penilaian...........................................................................196
B. Prinsip-prinsip Penilaian Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia...............197
C. Pendekatan Penilaian Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia.....................198
1. Pendekatan Diskrit........................................................................199
2. Pendekatan Integratif....................................................................199
3. Pendekatan Komunikatif...............................................................200
D. Jenis Penilaian dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia.....................201
1. Penilaian Alternatif.......................................................................201
2. Penilaian Autentik.........................................................................201
3. Penilaian Performa........................................................................202
4. Penilaian Berbasis Kelas...............................................................202
E. Penilaian Keterampilan Berbahasa....................................................203
1. Penilaian dalam Pembelajaran Menyimak....................................203
2. Penilaian dalam Pembelajaran Berbicara......................................206
3. Penilaian dalam Pembelajaran Membaca.....................................210
4. Penilaian dalam Pembelajaran Menulis........................................215

DAFTAR PUSTAKA...............................................................................................218
INDEKS....................................................................................................................235
BIODATA PENULIS................................................................................................237
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Perbandingan Perkembangan Kognitif Menurut Piaget.........................21

Tabel 2. Tahap Bahasa Anak.................................................................................24

Tabel 3. Bentuk Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Keterampilan Proses..............................29

Tabel 4. Perbedaan Mendengar, Mendengarkan, dan Menyimak........................139

Tabel 5. Kemampuan Menyimak Siswa Sekolah Dasar.......................................146

Tabel 6. Tujuan Pembelajaran Berbicara di Sekolah Dasar.................................150

Tabel 7. Tujuan Pembelajaran Membaca di Sekolah Dasar.................................159

Tabel 8. Keterampilan Menulis Siswa Sekolah Dasar..........................................170

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Penggunaan Keterampilan Berkomunikasi dengan Bahasa..............33

Gambar 2. Contoh Teka-teki Silang...................................................................92

Gambar 3. Ayam.................................................................................................94

Gambar 4. Menggambar Sesuai Teks.................................................................97

Gambar 5. Memasang Gambar dengan Teks......................................................99

Gambar 6. Bisik Berantai...................................................................................101

Gambar 7. Menjodohkan Data..........................................................................106

Gambar 8. Menulis Dramatisasi Kelompok Lain.............................................107

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