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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY OUTLINES CIVILIZATION IN THE WEST, 5TH EDITION TEXTBOOK

Chapter 11 - Renaissance
Renaissance Society Renaissance = re-birth of classical culture

the birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness sense of relief after a disastrous 14th century sense of self assertion & celebration of the human spirit / potential I. Artistic achievement

Renaissance can be dated as 1350-1550, and broken down into three distinct phases:

Phase 1: 1350-1400: declining population, rediscovery of classical knowledge Phase 2: 1400-1500: artistic / literary achievements, population recovered, govt. stabilized Phase 3: 1500-1550: Fr. / Sp. Invasions spread the Renaissance to all of Europe

Environment:

Italian cities never totally disappeared as the had in the rest of Europe I. II. III. Late Middle Ages Italian cities represented 25% of the population By 1500 7/10 of the largest cities were Italian Developed into City-States, cities function as centers of political and ecclesiastical power

Countryside developed around the city

Rural Society: Landownership / sharecropping distinguished the social structure (80% subsistence farmers) Urban Society: divided by occupation I. Monopolies were standard (guilds)

Economic change in the early Renaissance I. II. Black Death Over production, aggregate demand declined, prices declined, labor supply declined, wages increased

standard of living increased for the poor wealthy consumption pattern became increasingly conspicuous (lack of motivation for investment,
heightened sense of mortality)

Consumption of luxuries placed a higher value on skilled craftsmen (creativity)

Family Unit:

Primary economic unit, as well as a grouping of relatives I. Marriage was a political / economic transaction

Patronage, dowry and status were primary considerations

I. II. Men married in their thirties (social dysfunction), women in late teens Married women lived in a constant state of pregnancy (family interests)

Wealthy hired help, poor experienced high mortality rates

I. II. III. Life for the poor improved (but was still fairly terrible) Health increased - due to increased grain supply relative to population and new foods Starvation remained rare - died from disease before you could starve

Renaissance Art

Art represented a combination of individual talent and predominate social ideals I. II. Leading edge of society Technical innovations - perspective & three dimensionality

Driven by societal demands Civic architecture - govt. Portrait painting - reflected the importance of individuals (prestige)
I. Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill craftsmen (practical) whob produced it

Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: Architecture, sculpture and painting

Most artists worked in all three mediums

Architecture:

Designed and built by Renaissance Artists (great buildings increased one's fame and prestige)

Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying buttresses.

Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power and might of god.

Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features

Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical architecture I. Florence Cathedral

Sculpture

Donatello: created a flowing sense of reality, especially in the robes and clothes of his subjects I. Judith Slaying Holofernes (1455), demonstrated perspective and is free standing

Painting

Massaccio: used light and shading to create perspective, increased the display of human emotion (the human experience became the subject of the painting) I. The Expulsion of Adam and Eve (1425)

II.

The Holy Trinity (1425)

Piero Della Francesca I. The Resurrection (1463) - displayed technical innovations

Botticelli: famous for classical themes and bright colors I. II. The Birth of Venus (1478) Spring (1478)

Leonardo da Vinci: Great master famous for observation of detail and use of perspective I. II. The Last Supper (1495-98) La Giocada (Mona Lisa)

Michelangelo I. II. III. IV. Pieta: sculpture of Madonna, new representation David: union of classical sculpture and Renaissance style Sistine Chapel: overwhelming accomplishment, portrays a narative of the Christian creation myth Saint Peter's Basilica: Begun by Bramante, finished by Michelangelo

Renaissance Ideals Humanism: reaction to an intellectual world that was centered on the church doctrine

Secular outlook, NOT NECESSARILY anti-religious I. Emphasis on human achievement

Studied and taught humanities liberal arts I. II. III. IV. V. Applied their ideas to spiritual / secular world Petarch: father of Humanism Cicero Bruni: Greek scholar who advanced Platonic ideals Alberti Valla: Restore Latin language.

Humanists and classical studies

Byzantine scholars (fleeing Muslim expansion) were influential Developed new standards for studying classical texts and new educational standards I. Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, philology and history

intent: boost the abilities of the individual to reason and think

Philology: study of words, their origins and correct usage provided the first challenge of humanist thought to the Church intellectual tradition

Valla disproved the Donation of Constantine (tax exemption of the church) Hermeticism: Via the Medici, Hermetic manuscripts magi had knowledge of God and truth.

Education: usually reserved for the elite. Humans CAN be changed by education. Value of the liberal arts .. worth of a free man School in Mantua one of the first schools. Create individuals who would follow a virtuous path that would be a practical way to prepare pupils for real life. Humanism and History: Believed that the middle ages were barbaric and that the renaissance was a turn to the light. Secularized history more pragmatic and scrutinized events with analyatical eyes, not just that God did this and that. HOW? Guicciardini: wrote histories of Italy and Florence in vogue with the current thought. Analyzed things. Impact of Printing: Multiple printing with movable metal type became one of the largest industries. Helped spread new ideas throughout Europe.

The Artistic Renaissance: Imitation of Nature naturalistic art, to persuade people of the reality of the event.

Art in the Early Renissance: Masaccio: Early masterpieces more realistic. Mathematical Use: Laws of perspective and geometry used. Florentine Painters: Botticelli. Brunelleschi: Dome of the Duoumo:

The Artistic High Renissance: 1480 - 1520 More individualistic forms of art. De Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. o o The last Supper David

Idealized form of figures and nature.

The Artist and Social Status: During this period, the master artists began to be known as divine/heroic. Viewed more for their creativity. Associated more with the upper class.

Northern Artistic Renaissance: Whereas the south paid more attention to the human form, the north focused more on illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel printing. Music: Music moved from strictly religious into the secular world of courts and cities. Madrigal: poem set to music. Flanders: van Eyck: masters of accurate portrayal of details. Not as deep as Italian painting?

Pages 320-24:

Five major states controlling. o o o o Florence: medici Papal States: Pope Naples: Poor people, not really in the Renassiance. Urbino: Federigo: made Urbino a great cultural place through patronage.

Women: Many wives were educated and contributed to helping their ruling husbands. o Warfare: Balance of power: kept all the major players in check, with no one power taking over the rest. Italy: Battleground for the French and Spanish monarchies because of the un unified nature of the city states. Modern Diplomacy: Ambassador: Many small city states began employing their own diplomats to resolve issues with other countries versus the ambassadors being for the entire Christendom o Interests of the state surpass the general wellbeing of everyone Machiavelli: The Prince: Realistic view of the world, taught rulers how to rule. fierce like a lion, sly like a fox dont always have to be good, just good for the state. Isabella dEste daughter of the duke of Ferrara.

Pages 337-343: New Monarchies: The French Monarchy: o o o Spider King Louis XI: Gained controlled and retained control over nobles via a tax. Lancaster vs. York: War of the Roses: More turmoil in England after the 100 years war. First Tudor: Henry VII: Court of the Star Chamber .. torture. Monarchy Successful because Henry was able to retain control over the nobles via fees and fines and duties. Spanish Unification: Isabella and Ferdinand unified Castille and Aragon. o o o o Furnished a new army for Spain. Inquisition: Prosecuted Jews and Arabs. You must be CATHOLIC, or else youre killed or kicked out. Habsburg Family: dynastic marriages secured success because they acquired new territories/alliances. Eastern Europe: Many different ethnic groups = hard to form monarchies. o o Russia: Principality of Moscow formed with princes working with Mongols to increase power. Hungary: King Matthias Covenius temporarily improved Hungary with humanistic ideals. Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire: Ottoman Turks kept advancing, took over Constaninpole and completed the demise of the Byzantine Empire. The Church during the Renaissance: England Monarchy:

Holy Roman Empire:

John Wycliff and English Lollardy: Denounced papal authority because of corruption and wanted everyone to be able to read the Bible independently rejected rites and practices that the Church had.

Hus and Hussites: Angry with the corruption of the Church; attacked the excessive powers held by the Pope. He was burned at the stake. Reform of the Church: Failed. Even though the Council of Constance issued reforms, the Popes didnt agree with them and so they never passed. o Popes finally succeeded in stopping the calls for change, but in the process they lost much of their credibility.

Renissance Papacy: warrior popes led armies used nepotism to give jobs to their relatives to extend their family lines papacy. o The popes were very secular and were patrons of the arts, making Rome a great cultural center.

Renaissance Art

Art represented a combination of individual talent and predominate social ideals III. IV. Leading edge of society Technical innovations - perspective & three dimensionality

Driven by societal demands Civic architecture - govt. Portrait painting - reflected the importance of individuals (prestige)
II. Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill craftsmen (practical) whob produced it

Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: Architecture, sculpture and painting

Most artists worked in all three mediums

Architecture:

Designed and built by Renaissance Artists (great buildings increased one's fame and prestige)

Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying buttresses.

Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power and might of god.

Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features

Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical architecture II. Florence Cathedral

Sculpture

Donatello: created a flowing sense of reality, especially in the robes and clothes of his subjects II. Judith Slaying Holofernes (1455), demonstrated perspective and is free standing

Painting

Massaccio: used light and shading to create perspective, increased the display of human emotion (the human experience became the subject of the painting)

III. IV.

The Expulsion of Adam and Eve (1425) The Holy Trinity (1425)

Piero Della Francesca II. The Resurrection (1463) - displayed technical innovations

Botticelli: famous for classical themes and bright colors III. IV. The Birth of Venus (1478) Spring (1478)

Leonardo da Vinci: Great master famous for observation of detail and use of perspective III. IV. The Last Supper (1495-98) La Giocada (Mona Lisa)

Michelangelo V. VI. VII. VIII. Pieta: sculpture of Madonna, new representation David: union of classical sculpture and Renaissance style Sistine Chapel: overwhelming accomplishment, portrays a narative of the Christian creation myth Saint Peter's Basilica: Begun by Bramante, finished by Michelangelo

Civic Humanism

Leon Battista Alberti: On the Family (1443), looked at newly emerging civic virtues Baldesar Castiglione: The Courtier (1528), etiquette book for the elite seeking power and influence, advocated the moralistic and traditional exercise of power Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince (1513), discussion of amorality in civic leadership and Discourses on Livy (1519) I. Impact:

Intertwining of Classical and Renaissance worlds Explained how and why Princes gained and maintained power Represents the first purely secular understanding of govt.
I. removed divine authority

4. First attempt to explain the actions of govt. using a scientific methodology

Key axiom was Machiavellis association of the Prince and peoples interest as the same Thus virtuous Prince was defined as a one who gained and maintained power Any action that increased a Princes virtue was good, thus power became an end that justified any means

The Politics of the Italian City-States Background:

The collapse of the HRE and the Great Schism left no unifying force in Italy

Guilds and powerful families took over regional governments: I. II. III. Mediterranean trade enriched guild members and merchant families HRE provided a vast market for manufactured goods of the Italian guilds City-states had enough agriculture to sustain their populations

Five Powers of Italy:

Papal States: Rome. Politics dominated by the Pope and a collection of powerful families. Florence: Republic on paper, but came under the control of the Medici faction.

Major industries were textiles (wool, cotton and silk) and finance Established bank branches throughout Europe External conflicts led to a financial crisis Cosimo de Medici financed govt. and took control Lorenzo the Magnificent: assassination attempt, glorification of Florence

Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) theocracy in Florence 1494-98; (predicted French invasion due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-states); burned at the stake Milan: Located just south of the Alps, Milan provided manufactured goods to the French and HRE Dominated for much of their history by the Visconti despotism and fear of Germanic invasion Sforza took over during da Vincis stay in Milan Naples: Hereditary monarchy. Eventually taken over by Spanish Venice: Key to their success was their role in Mediterranean trade. Maritime power Oligarchy of wealthy merchant / guilds people (hereditary elite) Special treaty with the Byzantine Empire that allowed them exclusive trade rights Government controlled trade, ensured profitability Impact: Italy exported manufactured goods, capital resources and cultural innovations. Decline of Italian City States: Established the Peace of Lodi: Major powers would not fight one another I. II. Instead they gobbled up the rest of Italy Massive mistrust developed

Rise of the Ottoman Turks I. II. Mehmed II Conquered Constantinople in 1453 and threatened Eastern Europe Cut off much of the profitable trade that the Italian City-States relied on

Wars of Italy (1494-1529) I. II. Naples, Florence & Rome v. Milan + France (secret alliance) Venetians allied with Spain / HRE

Result: Almost everyone in Europe is fighting in Italy, but he Italians (like WWII) Germans Sack Rome in 1527, significance is that it ends the Renaissance in Italy

Northern Renaissance

Christian Humanism: emphasis on early church writings for answers to improve society Desiderius Erasmus (Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466-1536) In Praise of Folly most famous intellectual of his times criticized the church: Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched Thomas More (1478-1536) Utopia creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rights

Northern Renaissance Art

Low Countries produced especially important artists Jan Van Eyck Flemish painter, detailed realistic works Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) German foremost northern Renaissance artist. Myscticism: belief in personal relationship with God

Contrasting the Renaissance and Later Middle Ages (from on-line source)

Renaissance Philosophy: Humanism Emphasis on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman culture. Ideal: Virt Renaissance Man should be wellrounded (Castiglione) Literature: Humanism; secularism Northern Renaissance focuses writings of early church fathers Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio) Covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories) Focused on the individual Increased use of printing press; propaganda Religion: The state is supreme to the church. New Monarchs assert power over national churches. Rise of skepticism Religion: also on

Later Middle Ages Religion dominates Medieval thought. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science. Ideal: Man is well-versed in one subject.

Literature: Based almost solely on religion. Written in Latin Church was greatest patron of arts and literature. Little political criticism. Hand-written

Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe. Church is supreme to the state. Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly

 Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt Sculpture: Greek and Roman classical influences. Free-standing (e.g. Michelangelos David) Use of bronze (e.g. Donatellos David) Art: Increased emphasis on secular themes. Classic Greek and Roman ideals. Use of perspective. Increased use of oil paints. Brighter colors More emotion Real people and settings depicted. Patronized largely by merchant princes Renaissance popes patronized renaissance art Architecture: Rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi) Less detailed Focus on balance and form Technology: Use of printing press New inventions for exploration Marriage and Family: Divorce available in certain cases More prostitution Marriages based more on romance. Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione) Sexual double standard Marriage and Family: Divorce nonexistent Marriages arranged for economic reasons. Prostitution in urban areas Ave. age for men: mid-late twenties Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. Church encouraged cult of paternal care. Technology: Depended on scribes Art: Gothic style Byzantine style dominates; nearly totally religious. Stiff, 1-dimentional figures. Less emotion Stylized faces (faces look generic) Use of gold to illuminate figures. Lack of perspective. Patronized mostly by the church Sculpture: More gothic; extremely detailed. Relief

Architecture: Gothic style Pointed arches; barrel vaults, spires Flying buttresses Elaborate detail

 Increased infanticide

Many couples did not regulations on marriage.

observe

church

Manners shaped men to please women. Relative sexual equality Status of Women: Legal status of women declined. Most women not affected by Renaissance Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men. Rape not considered serious crime. Politics: State is supreme over the church. New Monarchs assert control over national churches. Machiavelli African slavery introduced. Exploration and expansion. Few blacks lived in Europe. Crusades Politics: Church is supreme over the state. Status of Women: Legal status better than in Renaissance