Abram Purol AP American History Summer Assignment 8/20/11

People, Places & Things 1. Treaty of Tordesillas- This treaty divided the newly found lands by the Americas between Spain and Portugal. It was supposed fix the argument from when Columbus visited the new world. This brought wealth to both European nations. 2. Roanoke- Roanoke was the first attempt of colonization in the new world. It was located in present day North Carolina. All of the colonists disappeared during the Anglo-Spanish War, approximately three years after its last contact. Roanoke has the nickname of the lost colony, because no one knows what happened to them. 3. Virginia Company- This was formed with permission of King James. This organization had the right to appoint the council of Virginia and other government officials. In 1624 the Company was disbanded due to the Indian massacre of 1622. 4. John Winthrop-He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and was it from 1630 through 1649. He was a Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of capable leaders. He also was the 1st president of the New England Confederation 5. Anne Hutchinson-She preached the notion that God spoke directly to individuals, Antinomianist, instead of through the church elders. The leaders of the Massachusetts colony became furious. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her and her followers started the colony of New Hampshire. 6. Roger Williams- He was expelled from the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Williams believed Rhode Island should be a haven from religious persecution, so it was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. 7. William Bradford- Bradford was a Pilgrim and the second governor of the Plymouth colony, from 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped the colonists get out of debt. He also helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. 8. William Penn- William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II. With it he formed a colony that would provide a safe spot for Quakers. Pennsylvania allowed religious freedom. 9. John Rolfe- He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. He aslo was a successful leader.

Abram Purol AP American History Summer Assignment 8/20/11

10. Sir William Berkeley- He was the colonial governor of Virginia from 1606-1677. He was a successful force in first term, but his second term was marked with controversy. When he refused the frontiersmans demands, Bacons Rebellion broke out. 11. Nathaniel Bacon- Bacon was a frontiersman, a person who lived on the edge of the colonies and the Appalachian mts., Him and his settlers were angry at governor Berkeley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. 12. The Church of England- The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas. Separatist groups left England for the new world to escape persecution. 13. Puritans- Led by John Winthrop the puritans or English protestants went to the new world. The pilgrims landed at Plymouth to be free from religious persecution, but he puritans got a special right to settle in plymouth. These people literally started America. 14. Jamestown- This was the first successful colonization in the new world. Jamestown was in a swampy area of present day Maryland. This colony led by John Rolfe and John Smith was blessed with crop of tobacco, which is what supported this colony. 15. Plymouth- This colony was founded by the Virginia Company. Pilgrims and came over from England due to religious persecution and puritans got a special right to settle in plymouth. This colony later turned into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 16. Pilgrims- The English Puritans who sailed on the Mayflower to New England. That is where they founded Plymouth Colony in south east Massachusetts in 1620. They went to America to escape religious persection. 17. Quakers- a popular name for the society of friends. It was a sect founded by George Fox in England about 1650, opposed to oath-taking and war. The Inner Light principle states that in every human soul there is implanted a certain element of God's own Spirit and divine energy. 18. Society of Friends-Often called Quakers, It was a sect founded by George Fox in England about 1650, opposed to oath-taking and war. The Inner Light principle states that in every human soul there is implanted a certain element of God's own Spirit and divine energy.

Abram Purol AP American History Summer Assignment 8/20/11

19. James Oglethorpe- Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonists dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor. 20. Glorious Revolution- The revolution against James II. There was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland. Took place from 1688-1689. 21. House of Burgesses- The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. 22. Thomas Hooker- A Clergyman, a founder of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates. 23. Iroquois Confederation- A Native American confederacy inhabiting New York State and originally composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca peoples, known as the Five Nations. It was formed in the 1570s and served as a powerful government for the members. It powerful enough to keep its lands from European powers for nearly two centuries. 24. Great Migration- this was the movement of two million African Americans. From of the Southern United States to the North, Midwest and West from 1910 to 1930. They did this to escape southern prejudice. 25. Holy Experiment- William Penns term for the government of Pennsylvania. This was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all. 26. Bacons Rebellion- In 1676 Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. 27. Mayflower Compact- The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. This took place in 1620. 28. Halfway Covenant- The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members. Yet, who hadnt achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Abram Purol AP American History Summer Assignment 8/20/11

29. Act of Toleration- an act of the English Parliament, The Act allowed freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had pledged to the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and rejected transubstantiation, Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics 30. Salem- where the Salem witch trials took place. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court of trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in Massachusetts. 31. Plantation system- A plantation economy is an economy which is based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few staple products grown on large farms called plantations. Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income. Plantation crops also differ in that they need processing immediately after harvesting. 32. Headright system- Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres, which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. 33. Slavery- First slaves were used in 1619. They were imported from Africa and used in Virginia. Later when other colonies formed and sugar plantations grew up even more slaves were needed. 34. Royal African Company- The Royal African Company was a slaving company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants once the former retook the English throne in the English Restoration of 1660. The trading company had a monopoly over Englands slave trade. 35. Middle Passage- The journey taken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies. It was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were taken to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. 36. Stono Rebellion- The Stono Rebellion was a slave rebellion that commenced in 1739 in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies prior to the American Revolution.[1] One of the earliest known organized rebellions in the present United States, it was led by native Africans who were Catholic and likely from the kingdom of Kongo, and some of whom spoke Portuguese. 37. Squatters rights- policy by which first settlers, or squatters, on public lands could purchase the property they had improved. Squatters who settled on and improved unsurveyed land were at risk that when the land was surveyed and put up for auction speculators would capture it. Frontier settlers seldom had much cash, and, because they held no title

Abram Purol AP American History Summer Assignment 8/20/11

to their land, they even risked losing their homes and farms to claim jumpers prior to the government auction. 38. Peculiar Institution- was the institution of black slavery in the south. This took place before the civil war. 39. Triangular trade- trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. The bestknown triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade 40. Indentured Servitude- worker, typically a laborer or tradesman. They were under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years. If completed they would get transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. 41. Joint Stock Company- type of corporation or partnership involving two or more individuals that own shares of stock in the company. Also, the English (later British) East India Company, one of the most famous joint-stock companies. It was granted an English Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth on December 1600, with the purpose of favoring trade privileges in India. 42. Massachusetts Bay Company- a joint-stock trading company. It was established in the Massachusetts Bay colony. Controlled between the Charles and Merrimack rivers, extending westward to the South Sea. 43.Great Biological Exchange- The Great Biological Exchange was when the Europeans first contacted the New World and exchanged biological systems. This caused disease to spread throughout the natives, killing 90% of them. 44. Mercantilism-the idea that colonies existed for the benefit of the Mother Country. In other words, the American colonists could be compared to tenants who paid rent by providing materials for export to Britain. In order to increase a country's wealth, they needed to either explore and expand or conquer wealth through conquest. Navigation Act- series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands, France and other European countries. Great Awakening-period of religious revival in American religious history. Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 20th century.

45.

46.

Abram Purol AP American History Summer Assignment 8/20/11

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

George Whitefield-Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. Jonathan Edwards-Part of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the torments of Hell. Wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, a Careful and Strict Inquiry Into...That Freedom of Will. Royal African Company- The Royal African Company was a slaving company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants once the former retook the English throne in the English Restoration of 1660. The trading company had a monopoly over Englands slave trade. Leislers Rebellion- When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York. Cotton Mather- Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge in the Salem Witch trials. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. Predestination- the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born, this idea was used in Calvinism. Which emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination. 53. Great Migration- this was the movement of two million African Americans. From of the Southern United States to the North, Midwest and West from 1910 to 1930. They did this to escape southern prejudice. 54. Christopher Columbus- He was Italian, but went on his expedition to find Asia through Spain in 1492. He found the Americas, but thought it was Asia and even brought back Indians. He would make even more expeditions later in his life. 55. Sir Walter Raleigh- Him and his men claimed a large part of the coast, which was named Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. In 1585 Raleigh's agents set up a colony on Roanoke Island, but it failed. A second colony was started in 1587.

Abram Purol AP American History Summer Assignment 8/20/11

56.

57.

However, all of the inhabitants disappeared, and it became known as the lost colony." Raleigh himself never went to Virginia. London Company- An English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 1606. They established the Jamestown Settlement. The London Company struggled financially for a number of years, with results improving after the cash crop of tobacco succeeded. John Peter Zenger- was a German-American printer, publisher, editor, and journalist in New York City. He printed that the government was doing illegal things and was hauled into jail, but later acquitted due to the Freedom of the Press.