DEFLECTION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB TITLE: DEFLECTION

APPARATUS The apparatus consists of steel base on which are mounted brackets or clamps supporting a ring, a semi-circle and a convertible davit / quadrant. Further supports are provided to enable die gauges to be positioned to measure horizontal and vertical deflections at the loaded points, or the case of the ring the horizontal diameter. Special load hangers are used to offer flat surfaces for the dial gauges. The principle dimensions of the test specimens are follows: Ring : 300 mm diameter Semicircle : 150 mm radius Quadrant : 150 mm radius Davit : 150 mm radius on 75 mm vertical leg All specimens are made from 25 x 3 mm steel strip with a modulus of elasticity of about 205 kN/mm2.

EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE The purpose of the experiment is to compare the measured deflections with theoretical values. PROCEDURE Start the experiment with whichever test specimen has been left ready for use. Part 1, Ring The ring is suspended from a knife-edged bracket. A C hook carries a load hanger for applying a vertical load. A permanently fixed dial gauge with a flat anvil measures the vertical deflection. The deformation on the horizontal diameter is measured by two removable dial gauge with must be fixed on the cross bar to perform this part. A 5 N weight is placed on the load hanger to stabilize the system. The dial gauge readings are then taken as the zero datum. Add load by increments of 5 N up to a maximum of 40 N, recording the dial gauge reading in Table 1.

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Table 1: Deflection of a Ring Load (N) Dial Rdg. (.01 mm) Vertical Defn. (mm) Horizontal A (.01 Dial B mm) Rdg. (.01 (.01 mm) mm)

Dial Rdg. (.01 mm)

Defn. (mm)

Part 2, Semicircle The Semicircle is clamed to the base. A special load hanger is suspended from pegs at the free end of the test specimen in order to offer horizontal and vertical faces for the dial gauges. Two transferable dial gauges have to be temporarily fixed on the bracket to measure the vertical and horizontal deflections of the free end of the specimen. A 2 N weight is placed on the load hanger to stabilize the system. The dial gauge readings are then taken as the zero datum. Add load by increments of 2 N up to a maximum of 14 N, recording the dial gauge reading in Table 2. Table 2: Deflection of a Semicircle Load (N) Vertical Defn. (mm) Horizontal Dial Rdg. Defn. (.01 mm) (mm)

Dial Rdg. (.01 mm)

Part 2, Quadrant The quadrant is the upper part of the davit specimen and is provided by tightening a clamp at the springing of the curve. A special load hanger is suspended form pegs at the free end of the test specimen in order to offer horizontal and vertical faces for the dial gauges. Two transferable dial gauges have to be temporarily fixed on the bracket to measure the vertical and horizontal deflections of the free end of the specimen.

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A 2 N weight is placed on the load hanger to stabilize the system. The dial gauge readings are then taken as the zero datum. Add load by increments of 2 N up to a maximum of 14 N, recording the dial gauge reading in Table 3.

Table 3: Deflection of a Quadrant Load (N) Vertical Dial Defn. Rdg. (mm) (.01 mm) Horizontal Dial Rdg. Defn. (.01 mm) (mm)

By removing the clap at the springing of the quadrant the test specimen becomes a davit. Procedure of Part 3 is repeated using Table 4.

Table 4: Deflection of a Davit Load (N) Vertical Dial Defn. Rdg. (mm) (.01 mm) Horizontal Dial Rdg. Defn. (.01 mm) (mm)

DEFLECTION

RESULTS In Table 1 the horizontal deflection is the sum of A convention in case A and B should be negative)
and

B (be careful to the

For each curved member plot a graph of the deflection against the added load. Draw the best of straight line through each set of points from gradients derive the deflections at 10 N loads for comparison with theoretical values. The exact theoretical expression which follow have been derived from the deflection formula

where

Mwm ds EI
M w = bending moment due to applied loads
m=

ds =

bending moment due to a unit load at the point and in the direction of the required deflection element of length along the centre line of all members in bending and the integral is taken along the whole test specimen.

For radiuses members the bending moments will be trigonometric expression and ds is transform into Rd . The products to be integrated are standard forms given in mathematics books. Where the products to be integrated is a continuous function the integral can be regarded as an area, and Simpsons rule or calculating this area cab be used1. The deflections according to this approximate method are also listed below.

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see Understanding Structural Mechanics by N.P. Roberts