ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 for High Performance Buildings

Brian Lynch,

HBDP, LEED AP

Western Mechanical Solutions

Resources

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Brian Lynch, Secretary Committee Member thru June 2012

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 55

Continuous Maintenance Meets:

ASHRAE Winter Meeting (January) ASHRAE Annual Meeting (June)

Conference Call 2-4 times per year p y

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Continuous Maintenance

3 addenda out earlier this year (one recalled)

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Continuous Maintenance

4 addenda currently out / being reviewed:

30 day ended October 12th (addenda f)

SET* methodology revises 7.6.2.1 (surveying occupants) and Appendix E (Thermal Environment Survey) D: Quite Extensive E: simplifies Section 6 (documenting design and showing compliance)

45 day ended October 27th (addenda g)

60 day ending November 11th (addenda d and e)

ASHRAE Research
The ASHRAE Research Strategic Plan centers on the concept of Sustainability. One of the goals of this research is to optimize and make consistent ASHRAE Standards 90, 62, and 55 to achieve measured and verified high system energy efficiency with high indoor environmental quality.

New Package from ASHRAE Gives Users Tools for LEED standards have long been a part of the LEED programs technical requirements, and we are pleased to offer these standards together to best benefit the building industry. -W. Stephen Comstock, ASHRAE publisher The full package includes: ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 90.1-2004 Users Manual ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004,Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 62.1-2004 Users Manual ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings Advanced Energy Design Guide for K12 School Buildings Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits
ASHRAE

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Thermal comfort is the main reason we have buildings.

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Tents are pretty energy efficient. efficient

History
1966 replaced 1938 Code for Minimum Requirements for Comfort Air Conditioning Comfort Zone = 73-77 F, 20 to 60 % RH, 45 fpm

1981 recognized a Winter and Summer comfort Zone.

8 Sections

1. 2. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 6 7. 8.

Purpose Scope S Definitions General Requirements Conditions Compliance Evaluation References

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Section 1
Purpose: - specify the combinations of

indoor thermal environmental factors personal factors

- acceptable to a majority of the occupants within the space.

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Section 2 Scope

Addresses environmental factors And personal factors up to 10,000 ft doesnt cover air quality, etc.

Section 3 Definitions Section S ti 4 - G General R l Requirements i t

must specify the space to which it applies activity and clothing of the occupants must be considered

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Section 5 Conditions that Provide Thermal Comfort 5.1 Introduction

Six Primary Thermal Comfort Variables

Air temperature Humidity

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Section 5 5.1 Introduction

Six Primary Thermal Comfort Variables Metabolic rate Clothing insulation Air temperature Radiant temperature Air Speed Humidity

ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 55Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy

Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupied p Spaces (Section 5.2)

Graphical Method for Typical Indoor Environments Computer M d l M th d f G C t Model Method for General l Indoor Application

Acceptable Range of Operative Temperatures ASHRAE 55-2004, Figure 5.2.1.1 55-

Acceptable Range of Operative Temperatures Figure 5.2.1.1

Operative Temperature

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PMV PPD Index

predicted mean vote (PMV): an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons on the sevenpoint thermal sensation scale. PMV model uses heat balance principles to relate the six key factors for thermal comfort to the average response of people on a seven point scale. predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD): an index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people determined from PMV.

ASHRAE Thermal Sensation Scale

Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) <10% Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) >-0.5 to <+0.5 +3 hot +2 warm +1 slightly warm 0 neutral -1 slightly cool -2 cool -3 cold

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Acceptable Range of Operative Temperatures ASHRAE 55-2004, Figure 5.2.1.1 55-

Acceptable Range of Operative Temperatures ASHRAE 55-2004, Figure 5.2.1.1 55-

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Local Thermal Discomfort Factors

Radiant temperature Asymmetry Vertical air temperature difference Floor surface temperature s rface temperat re Temperature variation with time Cyclic variations in operative temperature Drifts or ramps Draft (in winter) - ISO Comfort Standard 7730 defines draft as Unwanted local cooling.

A certain percentage of people are usually dissatisfied by a factor other than thermal sensation, such as draft or radiant asymmetry.

ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Tool

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Designing for Thermal Comfort - Cooling

Typical Office Cooling Values Air temperature (75 F) F) Humidity (50% RH) Metabolic rate (1 met) Radiant temperature (75 F) Clothing insulation (0.5 to 1.0 clo) Air speed ( p (40 fpm or less) p )

Savings from Raising Thermostat Settings in Cooling

Rule of Thumb

Each degree of thermostat offset saves ~ 2% of cooling energy

Energy Model - 20,000 ft2 Office

Location Miami Houston Los Angeles Kansas City Chicago Denver Madison 75F Cooling 121,290 kWh 94,420 94 420 kWh 45,913 kWh 50,575 kWh 43,035 kWh 38,904 kWh 38,147 kWh 79.7F Cooling 108,735 kWh 87,046 87 046 kWh 43,404 kWh 46,071 kWh 39,175 kWh 35, 147 kWh 34,799 kWh % Reduction 10.35 % 7.81 7 81 % 5.46 % 8.91 % 9.01 % 9.66 % 8.78 %

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Air Speed Required to Offset Increased Temperature Figure 5.2.3

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Acceptable Range of Operative Temperatures ASHRAE 55-2004, Figure 5.2.1.1 55-

11 11 F per clo effect of changing clothing insulation on the optimum operative temperature

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Radiant Temperature
Radiant heating or cooling sources do not change the temperature of the air in a space directly. Due to the wavelength of the energy, an object is directly heated or cooled without cooling the air between.

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7.6.2.1 Survey Occupants. The purpose of this standard is to ensure that a room, building, etc., is comfortable for a substantial majority (at least 80%) of the occupants. Therefore, an effective way to evaluate the environmental conditions is to survey the occupants. This survey should be performed for every operating mode, in every design condition. This would require a survey check sheet to be provided by the team responsible for validating the thermal environment of the space. The sheet shall have, as a minimum, the following data for the occupant to fill in: Occupants name, date, and time Approximate outside air temperature Clear sky/overcast (if applicable) Seasonal conditions Occupants clothing Occupants activity level Applicable equipment General thermal comfort level Occupants location

Where is the Standard going?

Standard 55 must find ways to better support High Performance Buildings better. Change in Air speed limits good step. Must work on Adaptive Method.

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Acceptable Operative Temperature Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces

Figure 5.3

toc = 66 + 0.255(tout - 32) 0.255(t

Acceptable Operative Temperature Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces

Figure 5.3
Denver = 73.4 73.4F

76.5

76.6

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Where is the Standard going?

Mixed Mode ventilation swing seasonal use, different zones.

Where is the Standard going?

What are people submitting for Standard 55 compliance (LEED and Standard 189.1)

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Where is the Standard going?

Rearrange standard to start with occupant. Start with parameters such as metabolic rate, clothing, and then working outward. Move impact of clo on setpoints from Appendix B to front of normative body of standard.

Where is the Standard going?

HVAC is for people, requirements are for occupants, not buildings. Goal should be to focus on making people comfortable not buildings.

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