EXPERIMENTS 12 TO 16

TEST FLAME TEST BAEYERS TEST Electrophilic Aromatic Subsitution (EAS) - Bromination CHROMIC ACID TEST LUCAS TEST ESTERIFICATION OF METHANOL SPECIAL TEST FOR METHANOL IODOFORM TEST CAN DETECT PRESENCE OR DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN Saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons Unsaturation Aromatic compounds (ex. acetanilide) Alcohols and phenols, aldehyde groups, oxidizable groups, Alcohols (1 o2 o, 3o), methanol methanol Compounds containing acetyl group CH3C=O (ex. Methyl ketones, isopropyl alcohol, acetaldehyde) Glycerol Compounds containg phenolic hydroxy group and Proteins containing tyrosine Carbonyl carbons of aldehyde and ketones only Carbonyl carbons of aldehyde and ketones only Aldehydes from ketones Aldehydes from ketones Alipathic aldehydes from aromatic aldehydes Benzaldehyde Carbohydrates Pentoses from hexoses REAGENT Ignition (O2) Alkaline KMnO4 Bromine in glacial acetic acid K2Cr2O7 conc. H2SO4 ZnCl2 in HCl Salicylic acid in conc. H2SO4 Cu , heat, 5% resorcinol, conc. H2SO4 I2 in KI, NaOH VISIBLE RESULT Blue flame saturated Yellow flame unsaturated Yellow sooty flame - aromatic Disappearance of purple with formn of brown ppt (MnO2) Formn of white ppt (pbromoacetanilide) Orange Blue green soln Formn of white immscible layer (alkyl chlorides ) Rate: Benzyllic > 3 o > 2 o > 1 o (NVR) Sweet pleasant odor, methyl salicylate Red-pink layer Formn of yellow ppt (iodoform CH3I)

ACROLEIN TEST MILLONS TEST 2,4 DNPH TEST SODIUM BISULFITE TEST SCHIFFS TEST TOLLENS TEST FEHLINGS TEST SPECIAL TEST FOR BENZALDEHYDE MOLISCH TEST BIALS ORCINOL TEST

KHSO4, heat Millons reagent 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine NaHSO3 Schiffs reagent Tollens reagent Fehlings reagents A & B Oxidation(O2) 1-Naphthol Orcinol

Evolution of pungent odor (propenal or acrolein) Pink to dark red soln. Aliphatic yellow to orange ppt Aromatic orange to red ppt Forms of white ppt (alkyl sulfites) Violet soln for aldehydes (-) for ketones-pink soln Forms of silver mirror layer Dark blue Olive green formn of brick red ppt Formn of thin transparent glassy film (benzoic acid) Violet junction Pentoses blue-green soln Hexoses- brown soln

TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (RXN W/ WATER) TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (RXN W/ NaOH) TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (RXN W/ NaCO3) TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (ESTERIFICATION) HYDROXAMIC TEST FOR ESTERS HYDROLYSIS RXN

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (ex. Acetic acid, benzoic acid) Ester group Acid derivatives

WATER NaOH NaCO3 n-propyl alcohol, conc. Sulfuric acid NH2OH in HCl + FeCl3 H2O + HCl H2O H2O + NaOH

Litmus Blue Red Methyl orange Yellow red Soluble. Formn of bubbles (CO2) Pleasant odor. (esters n-propyl ethanoate and benzyl ethanoate) Magenta or burgundy color soln. Esters sour smell Anhydrides blue to red litmus Amides red to blue litmus