8. What is the significance of arranging the elements in groups on the periodic table?

What is the significance of arranging the elements in periods? Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. Elements are ordered in periods according to increasing atomic number. Within a period the properties of the elements gradually change from one extreme to another. For example, elements on the far left of a period are extremely metallic, those on the far right are extremely non-metallic. As one goes from left to right across a period the elements gradually change from having metallic properties to having non-metallic properties.

6. Provide the chemical symbol of the element found at each of the following positions on the periodic table.

a.The halogen in the 2nd period F d. The lightest noble gas He

b. The only metalloid in Group 3A B

c. The alkaline earth element with the highest atomic number Ra e. The Group 6B element in the 4th period. Cr g. The metal element in Group 6A Po f. The non-metal element in Group 4A C

omplete the following table with isotope symbol (including ionic charge if any), ionic charge, number of protons, number of neutrons and number of electrons where appropriate.

+ 2 points for completing last two columns correctly. Isotope symbol (with ionic charge if any) Ionic charge # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons
3H 27Al3+ 127I 93Nb5+ 37Cl-

0 1 2 1

+3 13 14 10

0 53 74 53

+5 41 52 36

-1 17 20 18

1. Perform the following calculations that involve finding moles, number of particles (atoms, ions, formula units, or molecules), or mass given another amount of substance.

a) The moles of silver in a 75 g silver serving spoon. moles Ag = (75 g Ag)(1 mol Ag/107.87 g Ag) = 0.70 mol Ag

b) The mass of 1 trillion trillion (1.00 x 1018) atoms of uranium. mass of U = (1.00 x 1018 atoms U)(1 molU/6.022 x 1023 atoms U)(238.0289 g U/1 mol U) = 0.000395 g c) The mass of 25.0 mol of octane (chemical formula: C8H18). (1) molar mass of octane = 8 x (12.011 g/mol) + 18 x(1.0079 g/mol) = 114.23 g/mol (2) mass of octane = (25.0 mol octane)(114.23 g octane/1 mol octane) = 2860 g octane points Return to top 2. The compound apigenin has the composition 66.67 % C, 3.73 % H, and 29.60 % O and a molecular mass of 270 amu. What is the molecular formula of apigenin? (1) For 100 g sample... moles C = (66.67 g)/(12.011 g/mol) = 5.551 mol C moles H = (3.73 g)/(1.0079 g/mol) = 3.76 mol H moles O = (29.60 g)/(15.9994 g/mol) = 1.850 mol O 5.551 mol C : 3.76 mol H : 1.850 mol O 3.000 mol C : 2.03 mol H : 1 mol O so empirical formula is C3H2O. (2) empirical formula molar mass= 3x(12.011 g/mol) + 2x(1.0079 g/mol) + 15.9994 g/mol = 54.05 g/mol ratio of experimental to empirical molar mass = (270 g/mol)/(54.05 g/mol) = 5.00 So molecular formula must contain 5 times as many atoms: C15H10O5 points Return to top 3. Balance each of the following equations, then state which class of reaction the equation represents: C for combination; D for decomposition; SR for single replacement; DR for double replacement; or N for neutralization, and CO for combustion. a) C4H9OH + 6O2 --> 4CO2 + 5H2O b) TiCl4 + 2H2O --> TiO2 + 4HCl point c) Cl2O7 + H2O --> 2HClO4 d) WO3 + 3H2 --> W + 3H2O e) 2N2O5 --> 4NO2 + O2 point Return to top 4. Balance the following equations that do not fit into any of our categories: Reaction Class: CO Reaction Class: DR Reaction Class: C Reaction Class: SR Reaction Class: D +1 +1 +2 +2

a) Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3 point b) Cl2 + 2NH3 + 2NaOH 2H2O + 2NaCl + N2H4 c) Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O d) 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 e) Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3

+1

4.24 Calculate the mass in grams of the following. (a) 0.205 mol Fe (b) 0.83 mol F (c) 5.8 mol N2O Answer: (0.205 mol Fe)(55.847 g Fe/mol Fe) = 11.4 g Fe Answer: (0.83 mol F)(18.9984 g F/mol F) = 16 g F Answer: Molar mass of N2O = 2(14.007 g/mol) + (15.9994 g/mol) = 44.0124 g/mol (5.8 mol N2O)(44.0124 g N2O/mol N2O) = 260 g N2O (d) 48.1 mol K2CrO4
.3 One mole of N2 contains how many N2 molecules? How many N atoms are there in one mole of N2? One mole of iron(III) sulfate, Fe3(SO4)2, contains how many moles of SO42- ions? how many moles of O atoms?

Answer: one mole N2 = 6.022 x 1023 molecules N2 = (6.022 x 1023 molecules N2)(2 atoms N/molecule N2) = 1.204 x 1024 atoms N one mole Fe3(SO4)2 = 6.022 x 1023 formula units Fe3(SO4)2 = (6.022 x 1023 formula units Fe3(SO4)2)(3 SO42- ions/formula units Fe3(SO4)2) = 1.807 x 1024 ions SO42= (1.807 x 1024 ions SO42-)(4 atoms O/SO42- ions) = (7.266 x 1024 atoms O) 4.7 A substance has the molecular formula C6H12O2. What is its empirical formula? Answer: Divide the common factor of two out of all subscripts to obtain C3H6O. 4.16 Find the formula weights of the following substances to three significant figures. (a) acetic acid, HC2H3O2

Answer: 4(1.0079 amu) +2(12.011 amu) + 2(15.9994 amu) = 60.0 amu. (b) phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5 Answer: 30.97376 amu + 5(35.453 amu) = 208 amu. (c) potassium sulfate, K2SO4 Answer: 2(39.0983 amu) + 32.066 amu + 4(15.9994 amu) = 174 amu. (d) calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 Answer: 40.078 amu = 2(15.9994 amu) = 2(1.0079 amu) = 74.1 amu. 4.22 Glycerol, C3H8O3, is used as a moistening agent for candy and is the starting material for nitroglycerin. Calculate the mass of a glycerol molecule in grams. Answer: Molar mass of glycerol = 3(12.011 g/mol) + 8(1.0079 g/mol) + 3(15.9995 g/mol) = 92.094 g/mol Since the molar mass represents the mass of Avogadro's number of molecules, let's divide by Avogadro's number to get the mass of a single molecule. mass of glycerol molecule = (92.094 g/mol)(6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol) = 1.529 x 10 -22 g/molecule 4.24 Calculate the mass in grams of the following. (a) 0.205 mol Fe (b) 0.83 mol F (c) 5.8 mol N2O Answer: (0.205 mol Fe)(55.847 g Fe/mol Fe) = 11.4 g Fe Answer: (0.83 mol F)(18.9984 g F/mol F) = 16 g F Answer: Molar mass of N2O = 2(14.007 g/mol) + (15.9994 g/mol) = 44.0124 g/mol (5.8 mol N2O)(44.0124 g N2O/mol N2O) = 260 g N2O (d) 48.1 mol K2CrO4 Answer Molar mass of K2CrO4 = 2(39.0983 g/mol) + 51.9961 g/mol + 4(15.9994 g/mol) = 194.190 g/mol (48.1 mol K2CrO4)(194.190 g K2CrO4/mol K2CrO4) = 9340 g K2CrO4. 4.28 Obtain the moles of substances in the following. (a) 2.57 g As (b) 7.83 g P4 (c) 41.4 g N2H4 Answer: (2.57 g As)(1 mol As/74.92159 g As) = 0.0343 mol As. Answer: (7.83 g P4)(1 mol P4/4(30.97376 g P))= 0.0632 mol P4. Answer: molar mass N2H4 = 2(14.007 g/mol) + 4(1.0079 g/mol) = 32.0456 g/mol (41.4 g N2H4)(1 mol N2H4/32.0456 g N2H4) = 1.29 mol N2H4. (d) 153 g Al2(SO4)3

Answer: molar mass of Al2(SO4)3 = 2(26.981539 g/mol)+3(32.066 g/mol)+12(15.9994 g/mol) = 342.1539 g/mol. (153 g Al2(SO4)3)(1 mol Al2(SO4)3/342.1539 g Al2(SO4)3) = 0.447 mol Al2(SO4)3. 4.32 Calculate the following. (a) number of atoms in 25 g Al Answer:(25 g Al)(1 mol Al/26.9815 g Al)(6.022 x 1023 atoms Al/mol Al) = 5.6 x 1023 atoms Al (b) number of atoms in 7.92 g I2 Answer: (7.92 g I)(1 mol I/126.90 g I)(6.022 x 1023 atoms I/mol I) = 3.76 x 1022 atoms I. (c) number of molecules in 38.1 g N2O5 Answer: molar mass N2O5 = 2(14.007 g/mol) + 5(15.9994 g/mol) = 108.01 g/mol (38.1 g N2O5)(1 mol N2O5/108.01 g N2O5)(6.022 x 1023 molecules N2O5/1 mol N2O5) = 2.12 x 1023 molecules N2O5. (d) number of formula units in 3.31 g NaClO4 Answer: molar mass NaClO4 = (22.9898 g/mol) + (35.453 g/mol) + 4(15.994 g/mol) = 122.44 g/mol number of formula units NaClO4 = (3.31 g NaClO4)(1 mol NaClO4/122.44 g NaClO4)(6.022 x 1023 formula units NaClO4/mol NaClO4) = 1.63 x 1022 formula units NaClO4. (e) number of Ca2+ ions in 6.54 g Ca3(PO4)2 Answer: molar mass = 3(40.078 g/mol) + 2(30.97376 g/mol) + 8(15.9994 g/mol) = 310.18 g/mol number of Ca+2 ions = (6.54 g Ca3(PO4)2)(1 mol Ca3(PO4)2/310.18 g Ca3(PO4)2) x (6.022 x 1023 formula units Ca3(PO4)2/mol Ca3(PO4)2)(3 Ca2+ ions/formula unit Ca3(PO4)2) = 3.81 x 1022 Ca2+ ions. 4.34 Chlorine trifluoride, ClF3, is a colorless reactive gas used in nuclear fuel reprocessing. How many molecules are there in a 5.88 mg sample of chlorine trifuoride? Answer: molar mass of ClF3 = (35.453 g/mol) + 3(18.9984 g/mol) = 92.4482 g/mol moles of ClF3 = (5.88 mgClF3)(0.001 g/1 mg)(1 mol ClF3/92.4482 g ClF3) = 6.360 x 10-5 mol ClF3.

# of ClF3 molecules = (6.360 x 10-5 mol ClF3)(6.022 x 1023 molecules ClF3/1 mol ClF3) = 3.83 x 1019 molecules ClF3. 4.46 Procaine hydrochloride (Novocaine), C13H21ClN2O2, is a local anesthetic. Calculate the mass percentages of the elements in this compound (to three significant figures). Answer: molar mass contributions of elements molecular molar mass are... C, 13 x (12.011 g/mol) = 156.143 g/mol H, 21 x (1.0079 g/mol) = 21.1659 g/mol Cl, 1 x (35.453 g/mol) = N, 2 x (14.007 g/mol) = O, 2 x (15.9994 g/mol) = total molar mass = 35.453 g/mol 28.014 g/mol 31.9988 g/mol 272.7747 g/mol

% C = ((156.143 g/mol)/(272.7747 g/mol)) x 100% = 57.2% % H = ((21.1659 g/mol)/(272.7747 g/mol)) x 100% = 7.76% % Cl = ((35.453 g/mol)/272.7747 g/mol) x 100 % = 13.0% % N = ((28.014 g/mol)/(272.7747 g/mol)) x 100% = 10.3% % O = ((31.9988 g/mol)/(272.7747 g/mol)) x 100% = 11.7% 4.54 Hydroquinone, used as a photographic developer, is 65.4% C, 5.5% H, and 29.1% O by mass. What is the empirical formula of hydroquinone? Answer: Assume 100 g of sample, then find number of moles of each element in the sample and finally the ratio of numbers of moles. moles C = (65.4 g/12.011 g/mol) = 5.445 mol C moles H = (5.5 g/1.0079 g/mol) = 5.46 mol H moles O = (29.1 g/15.9994 g/mol) = 1.819 mol O divide through by smallest number of moles to get ratio of moles C : moles H : moles O equal to 2.99 : 3.00 : 1 or 3 : 3 : 1. Empirical formula is C3H3O.