HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 7/PAGE 1

Section 7 Important Industrial Products

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1988 Q.1(b)

The chart below shows two routes by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to fertilizers that
can be used by plants:

(i) What is the natural process that can convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitric acid in Route I?
Write balanced equations to illustrate this process.
(ii) (1) Name the industrial process for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in
Route II, and write a balanced equation for the conversion.
(2) Knowing that this process is exothermic, give TWO conditions that can theoretically
give a high yield of ammonia and explain your answer. (out of syllabus)
(iii) Assuming that the effectiveness of a fertilizer is directly proportional to its nitrogen content
per unit mass, determine by calculation whether ammonium nitrate [NH4NO3] or urea
[(NH2)2CO] is the more effective fertilizer.
(Relative atomic masses: H=1.0, C=12.0, N=14.0, O=16.0)
(9/13 marks)
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1989 Q.5(a)

A student tried to prepare dry ammonia in the laboratory using the following apparatus:

(i) Suggest suitable solid reactants and a drying agent for this experiment.
(ii) Using the apparatus given above only, draw a diagram to show how a gas jar of dry ammonia
can be prepared and collected. Include in your diagram the reactants and drying agent
suggested in (i).
(iii) Write an equation for the formation of ammonia from the reactants.
(iv) (about equilibrium) (out of syllabus)
(6/10 marks)
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1991 Q.3(b)

The following flow chart represents two different paths for converting sulphur dioxide into
sulphuric acid.
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The upper path shows the industrial process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
(i) Name the industrial process.
(ii) (1) Suggest a suitable catalyst in the upper path.
(2) The catalytic effect of the catalyst gradually diminishes after some time. Give a reason
for this and hence suggest how its catalytic effect could be prolonged.
(iii) Instead of dissolving sulphur trioxide directly in water to form sulphuric acid, sulphur trioxide
is absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid, followed by dilution with water. Give TWO
advantages of this method.
(iv) The sulphuric acid obtained by this industrial process contains 98% by mass of sulphuric acid
and has a density of 1.84 g cm-3. Calculate the volume of the acid required for dilution to 500
cm3 of 0.10 M sulphuric acid.

In the laboratory, sulphur dioxide can be converted to sulphuric acid according to the lower path.
(v) Write the equation for the reaction involved.
(vi) Draw a labelled diagram to show how this reaction can be carried out in the laboratory.
(vii) Name a potential hazard associated with this reaction.

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0; O = 16.0; S = 32.0)

(12 marks)
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1992 Q.5

Sodium hydroxide can be manufactured by the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride

solution in the following set-up, where A and B are inert electrodes.

(a) (i) Explain which electrode, A or B, is the cathode.

(ii) Using the concept of preferential discharge of ions, explain the electrode reactions and
why sodium hydroxide can be manufactured by the above electrolysis.
(iii) If 234 g of sodium chloride are used up during the electrolysis, calculate the volume of
hydrogen liberated at room temperature and pressure.
(9 marks)

(b) A domestic bleach can be prepared from the products obtained in the above electrolysis.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the formation of the domestic bleach.
(ii) Name the active ingredient in the domestic bleach.
(iii) The following label is displayed on a container of the domestic bleach:
Keep out of the reach of children
Store in a cool place
Keep away from acids
(1) Why should the bleach be kept out of reach of children? Suggest TWO potential
hazards.
(2) Explain why the bleach should be
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(I) stored in a cool place.

(II) kept away from acids.
(6 marks)
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1993 Q.5(b)

The diagram below shows an apparatus, which, when it contains water, is part of the set-up used
in the preparation of chlorine gas.

(i) Label on the above diagram clearly

(1) the level of water that should be used in the apparatus.
(2) the direction of the chlorine gas passing through the apparatus.
(ii) Give TWO functions of the apparatus in the preparation of chlorine gas.
(iii) The chlorine gas coming out from the apparatus is not dry. Draw a diagram showing how it
can be dried and collected. Specify the drying agent used.
(6 marks)
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1994 Q.2

For each of the following experiments, decide and explain which of the experiment set-ups, X or
Y, should be used.
Experiment Set-up X Set-up Y
(a) To dehydrate hydrated iron(II)
sulphate crystals

(b) To dry chlorine gas

(c) To prepare aqueous ammonia

(6 marks)
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1994 Q.5(a)
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A domestic drain cleaner named ‘RAINBOW’ contains concentrated sulphuric acid as the active
ingredient. A student carried out the following experiment to determine the concentration of
sulphuric acid in ‘RAINBOW’.

1.0 cm3 of ‘RAINBOW’ was diluted to 500 cm3 with distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the diluted
solution were measured and transferred to a conical flask. The solution in the flask required 18.2
cm3 of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization.

(i) Name the apparatus used to measure 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution.
(ii) Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid in ‘RAINBOW’.
(iii) Suggest ONE disadvantage of using ‘RAINBOW’ for cleaning drains.
(iv) State ONE safety precaution needed when using ‘RAINBOW’. Explain your answer.
(v) If ‘RAINBOW’ is poured into drains blocked with fat, the fat can be removed. Assuming the
formula of fat is

H
H C OCOR
H C OCOR
H C OCOR
H
(R represents an alkyl group),

explain how ‘RAINBOW’ can remove the fat.

(8 marks)
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