Answers for Introduction Diversity Written Assignment (1B. Diversity WA) 1. a.

a. 1) protists are eukaryotes which means their cells have separate compartments called organelles for organizing cellular functions and increasing efficiency. bacteria are prokaryotes, they do not have a nucleus or other organelles. 2) protists are much larger than bacteria. 3) protists are not harmed by antibiotics but bacteria are. 4) bacteria do asexual reproduction (binary fission) but some protists are able to reproduce sexually. b. 1) both bacteria and protists can be unicellular (single celled). 2) both some bacteria and some protists are autotrophs, can do photosynthesis. 3) both bacteria and protists can enter (infect) other organisms and cause disease. 4) both bacteria and protists can be motile 5) both bacteria and protests can sense and respond to their environment via receptors. 6) there is a lot of diversity in both kingdoms 2. yeast are in the fungi kingdom. when oxygen levels are low yeast produce ATP from the breakdown of glucose by a process of fermentation. One of the products of fermentation is alcohol. So to make wine and beer, yeast is added to grapes or barley/hops in oxygen free vats so that fermentation will take place on the sugars in the grapes or hops. 3. Both plants and animals use the ATP molecule for energy to do cellular work. Both plants and animals produce ATP primarily by aerobic cellular respiration which requires glucose (sugar) and oxygen. The difference however is that plants are autotrophs and produce their glucose via photosynthesis whereas animals are heterotrophs and obtain their glucose by consuming plants or other animals 4. The animals have neurons and most have a nervous system. neurons are capable of very fast processing and response to signals. This accounts for the many adaptive behaviors necessary for animal survival such as obtaining food, escaping from predators and mating. 5. a. viruses and organisms contain a nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), the structures of viruses and organisms consist largely of proteins, viruses respond to signals in the environment via receptors b. viruses do not have a cellular structure, viruses do not produce ATP or do their own chemistry, viruses cannot produce proteins from their DNA code on their own, viruses do not obtain nutrients nor perform digestion

6. a. some bacteria, fungi and plants are known to produce antibiotics b. an antibiotic is a toxin/poison which can harm or kill only certain specific bacteria c. antibiotics produce harmful affects by interfering with bacterial chemistry. Most antibiotics available today interfere with the chemistry necessary for bacteria to build and maintain their cell walls or the chemistry necessary for producing proteins from the DNA code 7. a. Since only bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics only bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics b. A bacteria is resistant to an antibiotic when it takes a very high dose of the antibiotic or a very long exposure to the antibiotic for them to be killed. c. A bacteria could produce a protein from its DNA code which acts as an enzyme that catalyzes the chemistry that breaks down the antibiotic, A bacteria could produce a protein that acts as a barrier to the entry of the antibiotic into the cell, A bacteria could produce a protein that eliminates the antibiotic (efflux pumps) from the cell 8. a. antibiotic resistance becomes more common when a group of bacteria is exposed to the antibiotic. The non-resistant bacteria are killed immediately but the resistant bacteria survive and reproduce thereby producing a population of resistant bacteria. This is an example of evolution by natural selection b. over prescribing of antibiotics for illnesses that are not caused by bacteria (colds & flu), misuse of antibiotics by patients such as failure to take the medication for the prescribed time, overuse of anti-bacterials in soaps and cleaning products, use of antibacterials in linens and clothing, use of anti-biotics in farming to treat livestock and the spraying of crops.