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EMERGING PATTERNS IN THE LANDSCAPE

Prof. Dr. Ir. Hadi Susilo Arifin, M.S Landscape Architecture Department, Graduate School IPB Bogor

Two main patterns: Heterogeneity and Ecotones

both are produced by different processes, of which disturbance and fragmentation in particular are very influential.

LANDSCAPE HETEREGONEITY
Heterogeneity is the main character of

Three different types of heterogeneity:

Spatial Heterogeneity Temporal Heterogeneity Functional Heterogeneity

every landscape, and may be defined as the uneven, non-random distribution of objects and is perceived at any scale of investigation.

Spatial Heterogeneity
May be seen as a static or a dynamic pattern. Has effects on many ecological processes: soil formation, weathering, plant and animal. distribution, abundance and movements, water and nutrients fluxes, energy storing and recycling. May be divided into HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL components.

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Altitude (m) 3000

m ontana al ne pi rai forest n tea pl antati on bam bo
Gede Pangrango National Park

pek

w i sm al pond, chi th l ken, cow , sheep and rabi t vegetabl dry fi d e el

2000

GPNP Buffer Zone, forest plantation and tea plantation

bam bo vegetabl dry fi d e el

pal ia dry aw j , fi shpond, chi cken, goat mi xed garden terraci paddy fi d ng el

pek

mi xed garden

Galudra Village/Galudra 2 Hamlet

l l ow and paddy fi d el

pek

1000
Mangunkerta Village/Burangkeng Hamlet

, fi shpond, chi cken, duck, goat & buffal o fi shpond

Source: Arifin (2001)

Cugeunang Sub-district, Cianjur City, Karang Tengah Sub-district Selajambe Village/Cibakung Hamlet

0
10 20 30

Distance (km) Distance (km)

Landscape profile by the altitude in Cianjur Watershed

Figure of landuse profile of study sites in Cianjur Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

Source: Arifin (2000)

Source: Arifin (1996)

Ci-anjur Watershed 1991

Temporal Heterogeneity
Has a meaning similar to spatial

heterogeneity. Is measured as a variation at one point in space for different time. Two locations may have identical temporal patterns but be asynchronous in time.

Source: Octaviana, 2001 Ci-anjur Watershed 1997

Functional Heterogeneity
Is the heterogeneity of ecological entities (distribution of individuals, population, species, communities). May be linked to the life history of organism at several scale.

Heterogeneity may initiate or exaggerate biological interactions with the environment.

Local uniqueness: determined by local

character and by past site-related history or distinctiveness is a relevant contributor to spatial heterogeneity.

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Fig. 5.1. Page 85 (Farina): Habitat heterogeneity as a function of spatial scale of disturbance
A: diffusion of disturbance in a homogeneous habitat B: Diffusion of disturbance in a heterogeneous habitat

Three main categories of spatial aggregation:

Divide homogeneous Undivided heterogeneous Divided heterogeneous

Fig. 5.2. Page 88: Possible combination of patchiness in a heterogeneous landscape.

Heterogeneity may be measured using different indices: fractal dimension, contagion, evenness and patchiness.

ECOTONES
Are zones of transition between adjacent ecological systems, having a set of characteristics uniquely defined by space and time scales and by strength of the interactions between adjacent ecological systems. Are situated where the rate and the dimension of ecological transfers (solar energy, nutrient exchange) have an abrupt change.

Fig. 5.11. Page 93 (Farina): Responses of four indices of spatial heterogeneity to the four components of spatial heterogeneity.

DEFINITIONS:
Site in which energy exchange and material are highest. Transition zones between different habitat. Tension zones between systems at different maturities.

Definitions, functions, time & space scale and factors shaping ecotones

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Functions (ecotones as cellular membranes)

Passive diffusion Active diffusion Filter or barrier Accumulation Sink Source Habitat

Spatiotemporal scales and ecotones

Spatial scale: Micro-ecotone, Meso-

ecotone, Macro-ecotone, Mega-ecotone Temporal scale: Ephemeral, Seasonal, Permanent

Factor shaping ecotones

Exogenous Factors: topography, climate, hydrography. Endogenous Factors: ecological succession/competition, disturbance, stress, human activity.

Five hierarchical levels for ecotones & the constraint variables

Biome: climate (weather) x topography Landscape: weather x topography x soil characteristic Patch: soil characteristic x biological vectors x species

interactions x microtopography x microclimatology

Population: interspecies interactions x interspecies

interactions x physiological controls x population genetic x microtopography x microclimatology Individual: interspecies interactions x interspecies interactions x physiological controls x plant genetic x microclimatology x soil chemistry x soil fauna x soil microflora etc.

THANK YOU