2002-AL

CHEM HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY

PAPER 2
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2002

CHEMISTRY A-LEVEL PAPER 2

1.30 pm – 4.30 pm (3 hours)

This paper must be answered in English

1. There are TWO sections in this paper, Section A and

Section B.

2. Section A carries 60 marks and Section B carries 40

marks.

3. Answer THREE questions from Section A and TWO

questions from Section B.

4. Answers to questions in Sections A and B are to be

written in the AL(C)1 and AL(E) Answer Books
respectively.

5. Some useful constants and a Periodic Table are

respectively printed on pages 16 and 17 of this
question book.

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2002-AL-CHEM 2–1
 SECTION A

Answer any THREE questions, using the AL(C)1 Answer Book.

1. (a) Identify species X, Y and Z in the nuclear reactions below:

17
(i) 8O + 42 He → 20
10 Ne +X

15 1
(ii) 7 N + 1H → 42 He + Y

234 234
(iii) 90 Th → 91 Pa +Z
(3 marks)

(b) Elements A and B form a compound with molecular formula AB3.

A sample of the compound was injected into a mass spectrometer
and the mass spectrum shown below was obtained.
relative intensity

0 19 31 50 69 88
mass/charge ratio

(i) A molecular ion AB3+ was formed in the mass

spectrometer. Suggest how AB3+ was formed.

(ii) The peaks at mass/charge ratios 69 and 50 are due to

cations formed from detaching one and two atoms of B
from AB3+ respectively.

Account for the presence of the peaks at mass/charge

ratios 19 and 31.

(iii) Suggest what compound AB3 is.

(5 marks)
2002-AL-CHEM 2–2 −1−
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1. (c) You are provided with a sample of blackboard chalk made from
hydrated calcium sulphate(VI) powder.

(i) The presence of calcium in the sample can be shown by

conducting a flame test.

(I) Give the essential steps in a flame test.

(II) State the origin of the flame colour.

(ii) Devise an experiment, using chemicals and apparatus

commonly available in a school laboratory, to determine
the number of water of crystallization per formula unit of
CaSO4 in the sample of blackboard chalk.
(8 marks)

(d) Ammonia (NH3) and phosphine (PH3) are hydrides of nitrogen and
phosphorus respectively. Account for each of the following
phenomena:

(i) The bond angle between two N–H bonds in NH3 (about
107°) is greater than that between two P–H bonds in PH3
(about 94°).

(ii) NH3 is very soluble in water but PH3 is sparingly soluble.

(4 marks)

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2. (a) The table below lists the standard enthalpy changes of combustion
__
(∆Hco, 298 ) of three substances.

___
Substance ∆Hco,298 / kJ mol−1

C (graphite) – 394
H2(g) – 286
C3H6(g) – 2090
cyclopropane

(i) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of

cyclopropane.

(ii) The standard enthalpy change of atomization of graphite is

+715 kJ mol–1, and the average C–H and H–H bond
enthalpies are +413 kJ mol–1 and +436 kJ mol–1 respectively.
Estimate the C–C bond enthalpy in cyclopropane.

(iii) Explain why the C–C bond enthalpy estimated in (ii) deviates
significantly from the average C–C bond enthalpy of
+346 kJ mol–1 in straight chain alkanes.
(8 marks)

(b) The electronic arrangement of a magnesium atom is 2, 8, 2.

Suggest how you would use experimental data available from
scientific literature to establish the above electronic arrangement.
(3 marks)

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2. (c) The graph below shows the variations of melting points and boiling
points of the Period 3 elements.

3000

boiling point
temperature / K →

2000

1000
melting point

0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Explain why

(i) silicon, a metalloid, has a very high melting point;

(ii) the boiling points of the metals are in the order:

Al > Mg > Na;

(iii) there is generally a larger difference between the melting

point and the boiling point for metals than for non-metals;

(iv) the melting point of sulphur is the highest among the

non-metals.
(9 marks)

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3. (a) An experiment was conducted to study the hydrolysis of
benzenediazonium chloride at 298 K and 1 atm.

C6H5N2+Cl–(aq) + H2O(l) → C6H5OH(aq) + N2(g) + HCl(aq)

The progress of the hydrolysis was followed by measuring the

volumes of N2(g), v, liberated at different times, t. The table
below lists the experimental results.

t/s 0 5 10 15 25 3600 5400

v / cm3 0 33 56 73 92 110 110

(i) By plotting a suitable graph, show that the hydrolysis is

first order with respect to benzenediazonium chloride.

(ii) Using your graph in (i), determine the rate constant of the
hydrolysis at 298 K.

(iii) Suggest how the activation energy of the hydrolysis can

be determined.
(You are not required to give the experimental details.)
(8 marks)

(b) A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell uses concentrated potassium

hydroxide solution as electrolyte and nickel as electrodes.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the design of the above

fuel cell.

(ii) Briefly describe how the cell works, giving the equations
for the electrode half reactions.

(iii) State one advantage of using fuel cells over using

batteries.
(5 marks)

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3. (c) At 298 K, the equilibrium constants, Kc , for reactions (1) and (2)
below are 1.8 × 107 mol–2 dm6 and 2.0 × 10–10 mol2 dm–6
respectively.

Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) (1)

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (2)

(i) For each of the reactions (1) and (2), write an expression
for its Kc.

(ii) Calculate the Kc at 298 K for the following reaction :

AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl–(aq)

　

(iii) Using your result in (ii), calculate the solubility, in

mol dm–3, of AgCl(s) in 0.10 M NH3(aq) at 298 K.
(7 marks)

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4. (a) Mixtures of methanol and ethanol behave as ideal solutions. At
298 K, the vapour pressures of methanol and ethanol are 17.2 kPa
and 8.4 kPa respectively.

(i) Suggest why mixtures of methanol and ethanol behave

ideally.

(ii) A solution is formed by mixing the same mass of

methanol and ethanol. Calculate the vapour pressure of
the solution at 298 K.

(iii) Some of the vapour in equilibrium with the solution in (ii)

at 298 K is condensed. Calculate the mole fraction of
methanol in the condensate.

(iv) Suggest one method that can be used to separate a mixture

of methanol and ethanol.
(7 marks)

(b) Both MgO(s) and NaF(s) have a face-centred cubic structure. The
table below lists the melting points and solubilities in water of the
two compounds.

MgO(s) NaF(s)

melting point / °C 2800 995

solubility / g (100 cm3 H2O)–1 6.2 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–2

(i) Draw the unit cell of MgO(s).

(ii) Account for the following phenomena:

(I) The melting point of MgO(s) is higher than that

of NaF(s).

(II) The solubility of NaF(s) is higher than that of

MgO(s).
(6 marks)

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4. (c) Complexes are formed by both s-block elements and d-block
elements.

(i) What is the meaning of the term ‘complex’ ?

(ii) Why do d-block elements form more complexes than

s-block elements ?
(4 marks)

(d) Suggest why 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an explosive.

CH 3
O 2N NO 2

NO 2
TNT

(3 marks)

END OF SECTION A

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 SECTION B

Answer any TWO questions, using the AL(E) Answer Book.

5. (a) The reaction of 1,6-dichloro-6-methylheptane with concentrated

sodium hydroxide solution gives compound A (C8H17OCl) as the
major product. On the other hand, 1,6-dichloro-6-methylheptane
reacts slowly with hot water to give compound B, which has the
same molecular formula as A.

(i) Draw the structure of 1,6-dichloro-6-methylheptane.

(ii) Give the structure of A and outline a mechanism for its

formation.

(iii) Give the structure of B and outline a mechanism for its

formation.

(iv) Suggest why A is formed under strongly basic conditions

while B is formed under neutral conditions.
(8 marks)

(b) Suggest a synthetic route, in not more than four steps and using
LiAlD4 or NaBD4 as a source of deuterium, for the following
transformation.

OH D

(4 marks)

2002-AL-CHEM 2–10 −9−

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5. (c) Consider the substances listed below:

butane benzoic acid dichlorodifluoromethane

ethanoic acid hexane polystyrene
propanone tetrachloromethane triethylamine

For each of the descriptions of physical properties from (i) to (viii)

below, choose from the above list, one substance which best fits the
description.

(i) a colourless, flammable gas

(ii) a colourless liquid with a sour odour

(iii) a colourless, water miscible, flammable liquid

(iv) a colourless, non-flammable liquid

(v) a colourless liquid with a fishy smell

(vi) a colourless, water immiscible, flammable liquid

(vii) a white solid which is insoluble in both cold and hot water

(viii) a white solid which is insoluble in cold water, but soluble

in hot water
(8 marks)

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6. (a) Study the information given below:

Compound D (C8H14) is an acyclic hydrocarbon having one chiral

carbon centre and one methyl side-chain.

The reaction of D with excess hydrogen in the presence of

palladium gives compound E (C8H18), which does not have any
chiral carbon centres.

D undergoes ozonolysis to give three products, methanal, ethanal

and compound F (C5H8O2), which has one chiral carbon centre.

Deduce all possible structures of D, E and F.

(8 marks)

(b) Based on the fact that the pKa of carboxylic acids (RCO2H) is
about 5 and that the pKb of amines (RNH2) is about 10, answer the
questions below:

(i) For each of the compounds G, H and J below,

NH 2
NH 2
CH 3(CH2) 2CO 2H CO 2H

G H J

(I) draw the structure of the predominant species in a

pH 3 buffer solution, and

(II) draw the structure of the predominant species in a

pH 11 buffer solution.

(ii) Two electrodes are dipped into an aqueous solution of G,

H and J maintained at pH 7, and are connected to the two
poles of a battery. Which of these compounds, under
such conditions, will remain almost stationary ? Explain
your answer.
(6 marks)

2002-AL-CHEM 2–12 −11−

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6. (c) Both compounds K and L are natural fats that exist in human body.

CH2OCO(CH2)16CH3
CHOCO(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3
CH2OCO(CH2)16CH3
K

CH2OCO(CH2)16CH3
CHOCO(CH2)3(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)3CH3
CH2OH
L

(i) Draw structures of all products formed from the complete

hydrolysis of K.

(ii) Suggest, with explanation, whether infra-red spectroscopy

can be used to differentiate the products formed from the
complete hydrolysis of K.

(iii) Which compound, K or L, has the greater iodine value ?

Explain.

(6 marks)

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7. (a) Catalytic converters incorporated in car exhaust systems can reduce
the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere. The catalysts
commonly used are platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh).

(i) With the help of equations, briefly describe the reactions

inside a catalytic converter.

(ii) The table below lists the relative levels of Pt and Rh in

uncontaminated underground ice samples, and in surface
snow samples collected from 1973 to 1976 in central
Greenland.

Relative level
Samples
Pt Rh
uncontaminated underground ice samples 1 0.04
surface snow samples collected during 1973 6 1.5
surface snow samples collected during 1974 5 1.8
surface snow samples collected during 1975 40 5
surface snow samples collected during 1976 45 7

Source : Chemistry in Britain, April 2001

(I) Suggest a possible kind of human activity that

was responsible for the medium-high levels of Pt
and Rh in snow in central Greenland prior to
1975.

(II) Suggest why there was a sudden increase in

levels of Pt and Rh in snow in central Greenland
after 1975.

(iii) Suggest one measure that can help reduce the levels of Pt
and Rh contamination.
(8 marks)

2002-AL-CHEM 2–14 −13−

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7. (b) For each of the following pairs of molecules, identify their
relationship as identical, enantiomeric, geometrical isomeric or
structural isomeric.

HO2C CH2CH3 CH3CH2 H

(i) C C and C C
H CH2CH3 CH3CH2 CO2H

O O
CH3 H
(ii) and

O H O CH3

HO2C CH3 HO2C CO2H

(iii) and
HO2C CH3 H3C CH3

CH3
(iv) and
NH H3C N
H

H H H3C H
(v) and C C
C C CH3
H3C C H C
H3C CH3 H3C

(5 marks)

(This question is continued on the next page.)

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7. (c) A mixture of 2.8 g of butane-1,4-diol and 6.3 g of
benzene-1,3-dicarbonyl chloride was heated at 215oC for
30 minutes to give 6.4 g of a polymer M.

COCl
HO(CH2)4OH

COCl

butane-1,4-diol benzene-1,3-dicarbonyl chloride

(i) Draw the repeating unit of M.

(ii) What type of polymerization is involved in the formation

of M ?

(iii) Calculate the percentage yield of M.

(5 marks)

(d) Suggest a synthetic route, in not more than three steps, for the
transformation of 3-methylbenzoic acid to
N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, a substance commonly used in
mosquito repellant.

CO2H CON(CH2CH3)2

CH3 CH3

3-methylbenzoic acid N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

(2 marks)

END OF PAPER

2002-AL-CHEM 2–16 −15−

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 Useful Constants

Gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Faraday constant, F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1

Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Planck constant, h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Ionic product of water at 298 K, Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g–1 K–1

Characteristic Infra-red Absorption Wavenumber Ranges

(Stretching modes)

Bond Compound type Wavenumber range /cm–1

C=C Alkenes 1610 to 1680

C=O Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters 1680 to 1750
C≡C Alkynes 2070 to 2250
C≡N Nitriles 2200 to 2280
O–H Acids (hydrogen-bonded) 2500 to 3300
C–H Alkanes, alkenes, arenes 2840 to 3095
O–H Alcohols, phenols (hydrogen-bonded) 3230 to 3670
N–H Amines 3350 to 3500

2002-AL-CHEM 2–17 −16−

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 PERIODIC TABLE 週期表

GROUP 族
atomic number 原子序
0
1 2
H He

2002-AL-CHEM 2–18
I II 1.0 III IV V VI VII 4.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 relative atomic mass 相對原子質量 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 40.0

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19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

– 17 –
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 La 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
138.9
87 88 89 ** 104 105
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262)

* 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
** 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 (231) 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
2002 A-Level Chemistry

Paper 2

Section A

2. (a) (i) +50 kJ mol–1

(ii) +308 kJ mol–1

3. (a) (ii) 0.073 s–1

(c) (ii) 3.6 × 10–3

(iii) 5.3 × 10–3 mol dm–3

4. (a) (ii) 13.59 kPa

(iii) 0.75

Section B

7. (c) (iii) 94

2002-AL-CHEM 2–19 −18−

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