14 Cadastral Survey and Regulations Amalan Kerjaluar 2
14 Cadastral Survey and Regulations Amalan Kerjaluar 2
(SGHU 4342)
2
ALAMAN KERJALUAR
3
Datum Ukuran
Ia adalah satu keperluan utama bagi setiap ukuran baru untuk
membolehkan penentuan asas planimetri ukuran dan nilai koordinat.
Setiap ukuran kadaster hendaklah berasaskan kepada datum yang
memuaskan yang terdiri daripada:
GNSS 2
(Statik)
CRM 2 GNSS 1
(MyRTKnet)
CRM 1
(a) Sekurang-kurangnya dua tanda CRM yang berjarak tidak kurang daripada 30 meter
dibuat cerapan serentak dengan kaedah MyRTKnet bagi tanda pertama dan kaedah
statik bagi tanda kedua; atau 5
DATUM 2
GNSS 2
(Statik) DUA ALAT GNSS
CRM 2
GNSS 1
(Statik)
CRM 1
(b) Sekurang-kurangnya dua tanda CRM yang berjarak tidak kurang daripada 30 meter
dibuat cerapan serentak dengan kaedah statik bagi kedua-dua tanda: atau
6
Datum Ukuran
(c) sekurang-kurangnya dua tanda Cadastral Reference Mark
baru yang berjarak tidak kurang daripada 30 meter dibuat
cerapan dengan kaedah MyRTKnet bagi kedua- dua tanda dalam
satu initialisasi. Proses yang sama perlu diulang dalam initialisasi
kedua; atau
(d) sekurang-kurangnya dua tanda Cadastral Reference Mark
yang berjarak tidak kurang daripada 75 meter dibuat cerapan
dengan kaedah MyRTKnet masa hakiki bagi kedua-dua tanda
dalam dua initialisasi; atau
(e) sekiranya dua tanda Cadastral Reference Mark lama
digunakan maka tanda-tanda tersebut hendaklah dibuktikan
kedudukannya dengan tanda ketiga dengan ukuran sudut dan
jarak sama ada dari Cadastral Reference Mark lama atau NDCDB
berhampiran; atau 7
DATUM 3
SATU ALAT GNSS
GNSS 1
(MyRTKnet)
CRM 2 GNSS 1
(MyRTKnet)
initialisasi 1
CRM 1
initialisasi 1
(c) Sekurang-kurangnya dua tanda CRM baru yang berjarak tidak kurang daripada 30
meter dibuat cerapan dengan kaedah MyRTKnet bagi kedua-dua tanda dalam satu
initialisasi. Proses yang sama perlu diulang dalam initialisasi kedua; atau
8
DATUM 4
GNSS 1 SATU ALAT GNSS
(MyRTKnet)
Initialisasi
kedua
GNSS 1
(MyRTKnet)
CRM 2
Initialisasi
pertama
CRM 1
(d) Sekurang-kurangnya dua tanda CRM yang berjarak tidak kurang daripada 75 meter
dibuat cerapan dengan kaedah MyRTKnet masa hakiki atau statik bagi kedua-dua tanda
dalam dua initialisasi; atau
9
DATUM 5
CRM 2
CRM 1
(e) Sekiranya dua tanda CRM lama digunakan maka tanda-tanda tersebut hendaklah
dibuktikan kedudukannya dengan tanda ketiga dengan ukuran sudut dan jarak sama
ada dari CRM lama atau NDCDB berhampiran; atau
10
Datum Ukuran
(f) dua tanda ukuran dari NDCDB yang berjarak tidak kurang
daripada 40 meter yang mana kedudukan asal tanda-tanda
tersebut telah dibuktikan dengan ukuran terus atau terabas dan
hitungan, beserta dengan cerapan astronomi untuk azimut atau
cerapan MyRTKnet (cerapan MyRTKnet hanya untuk
membuktikan tanda sempadan berada dalam kedudukan asal
seperti yang ditetapkan di para 4.15 tetapi nilai bearing dan jarak
yang terhasil tidak digunapakai); atau
NDCDB
NDCDB
(f) Dua tanda ukuran dari NDCDB yang berjarak tidak kurang daripada 40 meter yang
mana kedudukan asal tanda-tanda tersebut telah dibuktikan dengan ukuran terus
atau terabas dan hitungan, beserta dengan cerapan astronomi untuk azimut atau
cerapan MyRTKnet; atau
12
DATUM 7
NDCDB
sudut
NDCDB
NDCDB
(g) Dua tanda ukuran bersebelahan dari NDCDB yang diperakui kedudukannya dan
dibuktikan dengan tanda ketiga dengan ukuran sudut dan jarak atau dengan
terabas dan berada dalam kedudukan asal.
13
Peralatan GNSS
Peralatan GNSS lazimnya mempunyai lima (5)
komponen utama iaitu alat penerima, antena, unit
kawalan dan storan, system komunikasi serta perisian
pemprosesan. Keperluan seperti yang disenaraikan di
bawah perlulah dipenuhi bagi melayakkan peralatan
tersebut digunakan dalam kerja-kerja ukur kadaster.
14
Keperluan Alat Penerima GNSS dan
Sela Cerapan
Alat penerima GNSS yang akan digunakan untuk tujuan
kerja-kerja ukur kadaster hendaklah mempunyai
kemampuan menjalankan pencerapan fasa bagi
sekurang-kurangnya dua (2) gelombang pembawa
daripada L1, L2, L2C atau L5. Hanya alat yang menerima
sekurang-kurangnya dwi gelombang boleh digunakan
dalam kerja-kerja pengukuran ini.
15
Keperluan Alat Penerima GNSS dan
Sela Cerapan
Alat penerima mestilah mampu merekodkan fasa isyarat satelit,
tag masa (merujuk kepada perakam waktu di alat penerima).
Bagi kerja-kerja masa-hakiki (real-time), alat penerima mestilah
mampu merekodkan data-data cerapan asal (raw data) di
samping data-data cerapan masa-hakiki.
16
Keperluan Alat Penerima GNSS dan
Sela Cerapan
Sela cerapan alat GNSS bagi masa-hakiki perlu diset pada satu (1)
saat dan pada masa yang sama data mentah perlu disimpan di
dalam alat GNSS atau di dalam unit kawalan.
17
Keperluan Alat Penerima GNSS dan
Sela Cerapan
Sela cerapan statik bagi tujuan pasca pemprosesanhendaklah
ditetapkan pada sela lima (5) saat dan dicerap selama sepuluh
(10) minit bagi melengkapkan satu (1) epok cerapan pasca
pemprosesan.
18
Datum Geosentrik Malaysia
(GDM2000)
GDM2000 bermakna datum di mana sistem koordinatnya
adalah berasaskan International Terrestrial Reference Frame
2000. Origin bagi sistem koordinat GDM2000 adalah di
pusat jisim bumi atau dengan terma lain sebagai geosentrik
dan berdasarkan kepada epok terkini.
19
Sistem Unjuran Koordinat
Semua pengukuran di Semenanjung Malaysia mestilah
menggunakan Sistem Koordinat Cassini Geosentrik
manakala Sistem RSO Geosentrik digunakan bagi Wilayah
Persekutuan Labuan.
20
Syarat-syarat Datum
Jarak garisan yang akan dijadikan sebagai datum hendaklah
melebihi 30 meter dan memenuhi had anjakan yang
dibenarkan seperti dinyatakan pada Peraturan 39(2), PUK
2009, manakala sudut dalaman di antara dua garisan yang
diperolehi hendaklah tidak melebihi 10”.
21
Kaedah Pengukuran
Ukuran kadaster boleh dilaksana dengan menggunakan
kaedah-kaedah GNSS, terabas, radiasi, persilangan dan
silangalikan.
Kaedah GNSS
i. Kaedah cerapan GNSS boleh digunakan untuk pengukuran
kawalan ukur kadaster dan ukuran hakmilik tanah.
1. Kaedah GNSS
Tanda CRM
BKL
23
Kaedah Pengukuran
Kaedah Terabas (bearing dan jarak)
7 6 10 15
5 13
11
3
4
2
1
(CRM) 14
TRABAS TERTUTUP (CRM)
26
CRM/CCI/NDCDB
Nota :
Kaedah radiasi dari stesen 4 dan 6 dibenarkan dengan 10 11
syarat trabas ditutup ke stesen 11 ( CRM / CCI / NDCDB )
9
7
5
6
3
4
1 (CRM) 2 (CRM)
TRABAS TERBUKA
27
Kaedah Pengukuran
Persilangan
Stesen
BKL
BKL
BKL
29
Cerapan Sudut dan Bearing
Setiap ukuran bolehlah bermula sama ada daripada
bearing anggaran, bearing kompas prismatik, bearing
cerapan matahari atau nilai-nilai lama dari Surihan Kerjaluar
atau Pelan Pra-hitungan.
30
Cerapan Sudut dan Bearing
Bagi kerja ukuran di kawasan-kawasan berikut hendaklah
bermula dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua (2) tanda
Cadastral Reference Mark serta perlu diikat kepada satu
tanda lama atau satu lagi tanda Cadastral Reference Mark
yang merentasi kawasan ukuran:
32
Cerapan Sudut dan Bearing
Cerapan sudut pugak pertama pada setiap hari
hendaklah dibaca di kedua-dua penyilang dan direkodkan
kepada 01” terhampir. Perbezaan di antara bacaan kedua-
dua penyilang hendaklah tidak melebihi 01’. Jika melebihi
had tersebut, cerapan semula perlu dilakukan.
33
Cerapan Jarak
Cerapan jarak sempadan seboleh-bolehnya hendaklah
dibuat secara terus sama ada secara mendatar atau jarak
cerun, tetapi jarak muktamad mestilah merupakan jarak
mendatar.
Cerapan jarak hendaklah dibaca pada kedua-dua
penyilang dan direkodkan kepada 0.001 meter terhampir di
mana perbezaan yang dibenarkan adalah tidak melebihi
0.005 meter.
Cerapan jarak hendaklah menggunakan peralatan dan
perisian yang membolehkannya direkod secara automatik.
Sebarang kemasukan data secara manual (key-in) adalah
dilarang sama sekali.
34
Differential Field Test (DFT)
i. Differential Field Test hendaklah dijalankan setiap kali
memulakan kerja baru.
ii. Bagi kerja yang bermula dengan menggunakan dua (2) tanda
Cadastral Reference Mark yang saling nampak, Differential Field
Test hendaklah dibuat di atas garisan yang menyambungkan
kedua-dua tanda Cadastral Reference Mark tersebut.
(b) Differential Field Test tidak berada dalam had, alat total
station tersebut perlu dibuat kalibrasi.
36
Pembukuan Differential Field Test
A 26.718 m C 33.516 m B
60.234 m 37
Semakan Harian
i. Semakan harian hendaklah dibuat setiap hari sebelum
menyambung kerja-kerja ukuran bagi memastikan alat
berada dalam keadaan baik.
38
Kaedah Untuk Menanam Tanda
Sempadan Baru
i. Tanda sempadan baru hendaklah ditanam seberapa hampir
yang boleh dari kedudukan stesen terabas dan sewajarnya tidak
melebihi 300 meter berdasarkan kepada koordinat yang telah
ditetapkan dalam pelan pra hitungan atau dalam pelan surihan
kerjaluar.
40
Kaedah Penandaan Batu Sempadan
iii. Tanda atas garisan (on-line)
(a) Jika tanda sempadan baru perlu ditanam di atas garisan lama,
memadai tanda-tanda sempadan tersebut ditanam berdasarkan
kepada koordinat yang telah ditetapkan dalam pelan pra
hitungan atau dalam pelan surihan kerjaluar atau koordinat asal
(NDCDB).
(c) Had perbezaan bearing baru yang dikira berbanding nilai asal
hendaklah tidak melebihi 20’’.
41
Kaedah Penandaan Batu Sempadan
iv. Tiada Tanda (T.T.)
43
Kaedah Penandaan Batu Sempadan
v. Jarak antara tanda sempadan
44
Kaedah Penandaan Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
Ukuran kadaster boleh dilakukan dengan membuat ikatan
kepada stesen Cadastral Reference Mark atau tanda sempadan
lama yang telah disahkan berkedudukan asal. Terabas hendaklah
ditutup kepada stesen Cadastral Reference Mark berdekatan
atau tanda-tanda lama yang disahkan di dalam kedudukan asal
tidak melebihi 25 stesen atau kawalan bearing dilakukan dengan
cerapan astronomi.
45
Kaedah Penandaan Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
Bagi kawasan pembangunan baru iaitu kawasan
pembangunan perumahan dan komersial, stesen Cadastral
Reference Mark dengan grid maksimum bersela 500 meter
x 500 meter atau stesen Cadastral Reference Mark sedia
ada perlulah diwujudkan bagi tujuan kawalan kepada
terabas.
46
Kaedah Penandaan Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
ii. Bilangan tanda Cadastral Reference Mark hendaklah
mengikut seperti mana yang dinyatakan dalam datum
ukuran.
48
Kaedah Penandaan Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
(c) Lokasi tanda Cadastral Reference Mark hendaklah jauh
(tidak kurang daripada 50 meter) dari bahan yang boleh
menyebabkan pantulan gelombang satelit seperti bangunan
tinggi, dinding, bumbung besi dan kolam;
(d) Tanda Cadastral Reference Mark hendaklah dibuat di
tempat yang seberapa selamat yang boleh; dan
(e) Permukaan tanah di sekitar tanda Cadastral Reference
Mark hendaklah stabil.
49
Kedudukan Tanda CRM yang Sesuai
50
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
SENARAI KANDUNGAN
Lokasi Kerja
Latar Belakang
Kesimpulan
51
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
NOMBOR FAIL RUJUKAN
52
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
NOMBOR FAIL RUJUKAN
53
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
LOKASI PROJEK
NDCDB GOOGLE EARTH
54
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
LOKASI PROJEK DILAPANGAN
55
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
PERALATAN
Receiver R8 + Antenna
& Bluetooth Antenna
Toughbook &
Broadband
57
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
PERISIAN
KERJALUAR
PEJABAT
58
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
LATAR BELAKANG
Bagi memenuhi keperluan konsep eKadaster di Malaysia, CRM (Cadaster
Reference Mark) telah mula diperkenalkan sebagai salah satu titik
kawalan yang boleh digunakan sebagai datum dalam kerja-kerja
pengukuran kadaster di Malaysia.
Mula
LIHAT LAMPIRAN
60
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
CERAPAN DATA GNNS
TENTUKAN TITIK KAWALAN Bina titik kawalan dilapangan
GDSM RTK & GDSM STATIK Cerapan GNSS dengan Kaedah RTK
dan Kaedah Statik
61
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
CERAPAN DATA GNNS
TAMAT
62
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
PEMPROSESAN DATA CERAPAN
1
CSRS: Download CRM job RINEX SHOP
Memuat SERVICES 3
turun fail
kerja Dapatkan
Surveyed Job File VRSnet: Rinex data
2 (Raw) DATA Rinex
Semakan masa merujuk
cerapan kepada
Semak kaedah masa
hakiki
Cerapan GDPM cerapan
4
65
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
CARTA ALIR KAEDAH RTK
KERJALUAR eTSM
TPU(11)
LULUS
CRM KERJALUAR
CRM PEJABAT
66
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
CARTA ALIR KAEDAH STATIK
67
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
KAEDAH STATIK
KERJALUAR
TPU(11) LULUS eTSM
CRM KERJALUAR
CRM PEJABAT
68
TITIK KAWALAN CRM
KESIMPULAN
69
Jenis Tanda Sempadan Untuk
Penandaan
Tanda-tanda sempadan yang dibenarkan adalah:
(a) batu konkrit, tiang konkrit, batu granit dan paip besi
mengikut saiz yang ditetapkan oleh Jabatan;
(c) tanda atas batu iaitu tanda lubang dengan satu anak
panah dipahat menunjuk ke arah lubang tersebut; dan
71
Jenis Tanda Sempadan Untuk
Penandaan
Batu Konkrit
72
Jenis Tanda Sempadan Untuk
Penandaan
Tiang Konkrit
Batu Granit
Paku
• Paku (nail) yang panjangnya tidak kurang 55 mm dengan
bergaris pusat 8 mm. Kepala paku hendaklah bergaris pusat
15 mm dan mempunyai penutup bergarispusat 46 mm serta
mempunyai tanda bagi titik stesen.
74
Jenis Tanda Sempadan Untuk
Penandaan
Pepaku Besi
78
Keluasan
Lot-lot yang tidak ditunjuk dalam hektar hendaklah ditunjuk
dalam meter persegi dan digenapkan kepada meter persegi
terhampir. Bagi pecahan lot di mana keluasannya kurang daripada 1
meter persegi, ditunjuk kepada 0.1 meter persegi terhampir.
80
Perbezaan Keluasan yang
Dibenarkan
Pegawai Ukur atau Juruukur Tanah Berlesen hendaklah
memaklumkan kepada Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan apa-
apa perbezaan antara luas diukur dengan luas yang
diluluskan yang melebihi had. Jika terdapat perbezaan
ketara antara keluasan tersebut, Pengarah Ukur dan
Pemetaan atau Juruukur Tanah Berlesen hendaklah
merujuk perkara tersebut kepada Pihak Berkuasa Negeri
melalui Pentadbir Tanah.
81
Perbezaan Keluasan yang
Dibenarkan
Had penerimaan perbezaan keluasan yang diukur
berbanding keluasan yang diluluskan oleh Pihak Berkuasa
Negeri (PBN) adalah seperti berikut:
82
Perbezaan Keluasan yang
Dibenarkan
Prosedur yang dinyatakan di atas tidak terpakai dalam
keadaan di mana lot yang diukur dilingkungi oleh
sempadan-sempadan lama.
83
Ukuran Semula
Ukuran semula tidak perlu jika ukuran terdahulunya
mengikut peraturan Jabatan dan tanda-tanda sempadan
telah disahkan dalam kedudukan baik oleh Pegawai
Petempatan.
84
Ukuran Semula
Kecuali diminta sebaliknya, maka ukuran bahagian lot yang
terlibat dengan pengambilan balik di bawah Akta Pengambilan
Tanah 1960, terhad kepada baki lot itu sahaja, yang mana perlu
dijalankan mengikut peraturan kecil (2).
86
Ukuran Semula
Kecuali bagi kes ukuran semula untuk sempadan bentuk
semulajadi, jika nilai ukuran berada dalam had yang
dibenarkan berbanding nilai ukuran asalnya maka ukuran
terdahulu itu bolehlah diterima dengan mengenakan
anotasi mengikut peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Jabatan.
87
Perbandingan Nilai Koordinat Baru dan
Koordinat NDCDB
Perbandingan nilai koordinat baru dan NDCDB hendaklah
dibuat berdasarkan dari nilai NDCDB untuk memastikan tanda
sempadan lama tidak berganjak dan berada pada kedudukan
asal.
Had anjakan tiga (3) tanda lama bagi tujuan tanam pastian
hendaklah separuh (1/2) daripada had maksima anjakan vektor
tanda sempadan yang dibenarkan. Hasil pelarasan mestilah lulus
ujian statistik Chi Square.
91
Pengecualian Penandaan Semula
Tanda Sempadan Lama
Bagi kawasan yang mana ukuran dahulunya kelas tiga (3) dan
ke bawah, kedudukan tanda sempadan adalah diterima sebagai
dalam kedudukan asal, kecuali jika terdapat perbezaan nilai
ukuran yang ketara berbanding nilai asal.
94
Format Rekod Cerapan
Format rekod cerapan bagi ukuran menggunakan alat GNSS
sepenuhnya adalah dalam bentuk fail JUPEM GNSS yang
mengandungi fail-fail seperti berikut:
95
Format Rekod Cerapan
Format rekod cerapan bagi gabungan ukuran menggunakan
alat GNSS dan trabas adalah dalam bentuk fail JUPEM GNSS
dan ASCII yang mengandungi kedua-dua bentuk fail-fail.
96
eCadastre Data Format
97
eCadastre Data Format
98
eCadastre Data Format
99
.
100
Huraian Tanda Sempadan, Tanda
Ukur dan Nombor Stesen
Nombor stesen
Gambarajah
102
Penghantaran Data-Data Cerapan
Penyerahan data-data cerapan hendaklah dibuat secara
atas talian dan dalam bentuk fail JUPEM ASCII yang
mengandungi kedua-dua bentuk fail-fail.
103
Kriteria Pelarasan
Cerapan bearing dan jarak mendatar akan digunakan
untuk tujuan pelarasan.
104
Output Pelarasan
Output pelarasan hendaklah mengandungi cerapan
terlaras, koordinat terlaras berserta kejituannya, analisis
statistik dan grafik ralat elips.
105
Kaedah Pelarasan Data
Kaedah pelarasan data cerapan hendaklah menggunakan
kaedah pelarasan kuasadua terkecil yang bertujuan untuk:
(a) Menentukan ketepatan dan kesempurnaan kerja ukuran.
(b) Mendapatkan koordinat terlaras bagi membentuk NDCDB.
107
Tikaian Ukuran
i. Tikaian maksimum yang dibenarkan dalam ukuran kadaster
adalah sebagaimana berikut:
110
Ukuran Hak Lalu lalang
Pengukuran hak lalu lalang hendaklah dijalankan dengan
cara berikut:
111
Ukuran Strata
Di dalam menjalankan kerja pengukuran dan penyediaan
hakmilik strata, setiap peraturan yang ditetapkan melalui
Akta Hakmilik Strata 1985, yang merangkumi perkara-
perkara berikut hendaklah dipatuhi:
113
Ukuran Ofset
Ukuran ofset, di mana perlu, hendaklah dibuat untuk
membolehkan butiran kekal ditunjukkan di atas Pelan Akui (PA)
dan bagi menambah maklumat di dalam lapisan GIS Layer
Management System (GLMS), mengikut pendekatan-
pendekatan berikut:
116
Kalibrasi Peralatan Ukur
Bagi memastikan peralatan yang digunakan untuk
mencerap jarak dan mendapatkan koordinat relatif di atas
permukaan bumi berada dalam keadaan baik, peralatan
peralatan tersebut perlu dilakukan kalibrasi sekurang-
kurangnya setiap 6 bulan sekali untuk alat total station atau
EDM dan sekurang-kurangnya 1 tahun sekali bagi alat GNSS.
117
Kaedah Kalibrasi Total Station dan
Peralatan GNSS
i. Data-data berdigit bagi jarak piawai pillar (*.med dan
*.gnss) dan sijil jarak piawai pillar (*.pdf) hendaklah dimuat
turun secara dalam talian (on-line) daripada sistem yang
telah dibangunkan.
v. Format fail berdigit *.edm dan *.gnss yang dikeluarkan oleh sistem
adalah seperti berikut :
•JE_2009_01_01
di mana;
J - Negeri
E - Tapak EDM (G-Tapak GNSS)
2009 - Tahun
01 - ID Tapak
01 - Nombor Siri Sijil EDM 119
OUTLINE
• Field Survey Practice
120
FIELD SURVEY PRACTICE
121
Survey Datum
For new survey to determine of the coordinates. Each cadastral
surveys should be based on good datum :
(a) at least two CRM where distance not less than 30 meters with
simultaneous observations using MyRTKnet method for the first CRM
and static method for second CRM; or
(b) at least two CRM that not less than 30 meters made simultaneous
observations with static methods for both CRM. Determination of first
CRM coordinates can be through post-processing using Virtual
Reference Station (VRS);
122
DATUM 1
TWO GNSS
INSTRUMENTS
GNSS 2
(Static)
CRM 2 GNSS 1
(MyRTKnet)
CRM 1
(a) at least two CRM where distance not less than 30 meters with simultaneous observations
using MyRTKnet method for the first CRM and static method for second CRM; or
123
DATUM 2
GNSS 2
(Static) TWO GNSS
INSTRUMENTS
CRM 2
GNSS 1
(Static)
CRM 1
(b) at least two CRM that not less than 30 meters made simultaneous observations with
static methods for both CRM. Determination of first CRM coordinates can be through
post-processing using Virtual Reference Station (VRS);
124
Survey Datum
(c) at least two new CRM that not less than 30 meters of the
observations both made by the MyRTKnet method in one
initialization. The same process should be repeated in the
second initialization; or
(d) at least two CRM that not less than 75 meters of the
observations made by the real time MyRTKnet method for both
CRM in two initialization; or
(e) if two existing CRM have been used then these CRMs shall be
proofed in good position with third mark by angle and distance
measurements with either existing CRM or nearby NDCDB; or
125
DATUM 3
ONE GNSS
GNSS 1 INSTRUMENT
(MyRTKnet)
CRM 2 GNSS 1
(MyRTKnet)
Initialization 1
CRM 1
Initialization 1
(c) at least two new CRM that not less than 30 meters of the observations both made by the
MyRTKnet method in one initialization. The same process should be repeated in the
second initialization; or
126
DATUM 4
GNSS 1 ONE GNSS
(MyRTKnet) INSTRUMENT
Second
Initialization
GNSS 1
(MyRTKnet)
CRM 2
First Initialization
CRM 1
(d) at least two CRM that not less than 75 meters of the observations made by the real time
MyRTKnet method for both CRM in two initialization; or
127
DATUM 5
CRM 2
CRM 1
(e) if two existing CRM have been used then these CRMs shall be proofed in good position
with third mark by angle and distance measurements with either existing CRM or nearby
NDCDB; or
128
Survey Datum
(f) two survey marks from NDCDB that distance not less than 40
meters where the original position of these marks have been
proved by direct measurement or traverse and calculation with
solar observations for azimuth or MyRTKnet observations; or
(g) two marks next to good NDCDB and proofed by the third
mark with angle and distance or with traverse and is in its
original position.
129
DATUM 6
NDCDB
NDCDB
(f) two survey marks from NDCDB that distance not less than 40 meters where the
original position of these marks have been proved by direct measurement or traverse
and calculation with solar observations for azimuth or MyRTKnet observations; or
130
DATUM 7
NDCDB
angle
NDCDB
NDCDB
(g) two marks next to good NDCDB and proofed by the third mark with angle and
distance or with traverse and is in its original position.
131
Datum Geosentrik Malaysia
(GDM2000)
GDM2000 means coordinate system datum is based on the
International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000. The origin of
GDM2000 coordinate system is at the centre of the earth or
geocentric and based on the latest epoch.
132
Coordinate Projection System
All survey in Peninsular Malaysia must use the Geocentric
Cassini Coordinate System, while Federal Territory of
Labuan used RSO Geocentric System.
133
Datum Conditions
The survey lines distance that will be used as a datum must
more than 30 meters and meet the allowable displacement
limits, while the internal angle between two lines shall not
exceed 10 ".
134
Measurement Methods
Cadastral surveys can be implemented by using GNSS
methods, traverse, radiation, crossing and inter-clossing.
GNSS methods
135
Lot yang
diukur
1. GNSS Methohs
Tanda CRM
BKL
136
Measurement Methods
Traverses Method (bearing and distance)
Traverse method with observe the bearing and distance for both
circles left and right.
ii. For rural area, traverse should be closed to the nearest CRM
stations or verified old marks for every 25 traverse station or 2.5
km, which one come first.
137
Measurement Methods
Radiation
Stesen
BKL
BKL
BKL
142
143
Angle and Bearing Observation
Each survey can be started either from assume bearing,
prismatic compass bearing, solar observations bearing or
the old values of field survey or pre-computation plan.
144
Angle and Bearing Observation
For survey work in the following areas shall begin with at
least two (2) Cadastral Reference Mark and should be tied
to an old mark or another Cadastral Reference Mark which
across the survey area :
145
Angle and Bearing Observation
Bearing observations or horizontal angle of each survey
shall be made in two (2) of circles left and right with the
observations breeders left precedence.
146
Angle and Bearing Observation
The first vertical angle observations on each day should
be read in both circles and recorded to nearest 01“. The
difference between the readings of both circles should not
exceed 01'. If exceed this limit, redo the observations.
147
Distance Observation
Distance observations as possible be made directly either
horizontal or vertical, but the final distance must be a
horizontal distance.
148
Differential Field Test (DFT)
i. Differential Field Test shall be conducted whenever
starting a new job.
ii. For work that began with two (2) Cadastral Reference
Mark mutually visible, Differential Field Test shall be made
on the line connecting the two Cadastral Reference Mark.
(a) Differential Field Test in the 0.010 meter limit, redo the
determination Mark Cadastral Reference.
150
Differential Field Test Booking
Method
A 26.718 m C 33.516 m B
60.234 m 151
Daily Checks
i. Daily checks shall be made every day before continuing
the survey work to ensure the instrument is in good
condition.
152
Methods To Plant New
Boundary Mark
i. New boundary mark should be planted as nearly as may from
traverse stations and should not exceed 300 meters based on the
coordinates set out in the pre computation plan or field survey
plan.
153
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark
i. Boundary marks shall be planted before or during survey
carried out using boundary marks according to the method
prescribed by the Department.
154
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark
iii. On-line mark
155
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark
iv. No Mark (T.T.)
156
No Mark (TT) And
Reference Mark (TR)
157
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark
v. Distance between the boundary
158
Methods To Plant Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
Cadastral surveys can be done by tie to the Cadastral Reference
Mark station or old boundary mark which proof in good position.
Traverses should be closed to the adjacent Cadastral Reference
Mark station or old boundary mark which proof in good position
that not more than 25 stations or with solar observations.
159
Methods To Plant Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
For new development residential and commercial areas, the
Cadastral Reference Mark station with a maximum grid
interval of 500 meters x 500 meters or existing Cadastral
Reference Mark station must be created for the purposes
of traverse control.
160
Methods To Plant Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
ii. Number of Cadastral Reference Mark shall be as stated in
the survey datum.
161
Methods To Plant Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
v. Other features to be considered when determining the
location of CRM are:
(a) Cut off angle around the Cadastral Reference Mark must
be at least 15°;
162
Methods To Plant Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM)
(c) Location Cadastral Reference Mark shall far away (not
less than 50 meters) from material which may cause
reflections satellite waves such as tall buildings, walls, roof
and an iron;
163
Suitable Position For CRM
164
CRM CONTROL POINTS
TABLE OF CONTENT
Background
Conclusion
165
CRM CONTROL POINTS
REFERENCE FILE NUMBER
166
CRM CONTROL POINTS
REFERENCE FILE NUMBER
167
CRM CONTROL POINTS
168
CRM CONTROL POINTS
FIELD WORK LOCATION
169
CRM CONTROL POINTS
INSTRUMENTS
Receiver R8 + Antenna
& Bluetooth Antenna
Toughbook &
Broadband
171
CRM CONTROL POINTS
SOFTWARE
KERJALUAR
PEJABAT
172
CRM CONTROL POINTS
BACKGROUND
Bagi memenuhi keperluan konsep eKadaster di Malaysia, CRM (Cadaster
Reference Mark) telah mula diperkenalkan sebagai salah satu titik
kawalan yang boleh digunakan sebagai datum dalam kerja-kerja
pengukuran kadaster di Malaysia.
Mula
LIHAT LAMPIRAN
174
CRM CONTROL POINTS
GNNS DATA OBSERVATION
TENTUKAN TITIK KAWALAN Bina titik kawalan dilapangan
GDSM RTK & GDSM STATIK Cerapan GNSS dengan Kaedah RTK
dan Kaedah Statik
175
CRM CONTROL POINTS
GNNS DATA OBSERVATION
TAMAT
176
CRM CONTROL POINTS
1
CSRS: Download CRM job RINEX SHOP
Memuat SERVICES 3
turun fail
kerja Dapatkan
Surveyed Job File VRSnet: Rinex data
2 (Raw) DATA Rinex
Semakan masa merujuk
cerapan kepada
Semak kaedah masa
hakiki
Cerapan GDPM cerapan
4
179
CRM CONTROL POINTS
GNSS OBSERVATION FLOW CHART (RTK)
KERJALUAR eTSM
TPU(11)
LULUS
CRM KERJALUAR
CRM PEJABAT
180
CRM CONTROL POINTS
GNSS OBSERVATION FLOW CHART (STATIC)
181
CRM CONTROL POINTS
GNSS OBSERVATION FLOW CHART (STATIC)
KERJALUAR
TPU(11) LULUS eTSM
CRM KERJALUAR
CRM PEJABAT
182
CRM CONTROL POINTS
CONCLUSION
183
Type Of Boundary Mark
Boundary marks that are permitted:
185
Type Of Boundary Mark
Concrete Stone
186
Type Of Boundary Mark
Concrete Pillars
Granite Stone
187
Type Of Boundary Mark
Iron Pipes
Nail
188
Type Of Boundary Mark
Iron Spikes
Mark on Rock
189
Type Of Boundary Mark
Abbreviations and symbols used for boundary marks shall
be as prescribed by the DSMM.
190
Distance Between Boundary Mark
Boundary marks on boundary line should be planted at
intervals of not more than 300 meters if these boundary
marks are visible or at intervals not to exceed 200 meters if
they are not visible.
191
Area
Lot area shall be generated from NDCDB to the nearest
0.1 square meters.
192
Area
Lots that are not designated in hectares shall be appointed in
square meters and rounded to the nearest square meter. For
subdivision lot where the area is less than 1 square meter, to the
nearest 0.1 square meters.
(i) The floor area of any parcel and accessory parcel shall be
determined and shown to the nearest square meter; and
(ii) The area of the land parcel shall be determined and
shown to the nearest square meter.
194
Dirrefences Of Area Allowed
Survey Officer or Licensed Land Surveyor shall inform the
Director of Survey and Mapping, any difference between
the surveyed area with an area exceeding the approved
limit. If there are significant differences between the size,
the Director of Survey and Mapping or Licensed Land
Surveyor shall refer the matter to the State Authority
through the Land Administrator.
195
Dirrefences Of Area Allowed
Limit of area of the measured compared to the approved
by the State Authority (PBN) is as follows:
196
Dirrefences Of Area Allowed
The procedure described above shall not apply in cases
where the lot is surveyed bounded by the old boundary
marks.
197
Re-Survey
No re-survey needed if the survey follow the old
department regulations predecessor and old boundary
marks have been confirmed in a good position by the
Settlement Officer.
198
Re-Survey
Unless requested otherwise, then the survey of portion
of the lot affected by the acquisition under the Land
Acquisition Act, 1960, was limited to only the remaining lot.
199
Re-Survey
In the case of re-survey of the natural boundary where the
river or sea retreated out of the lot, the boundaries shall be
surveyed according to the previously traverse lines used for
the purpose of establishing of the natural boundaries.
Where there is any walls or other building that was built,
re-survey can be done by include the relevant building area
as long as area not more than area mentioned in
documents of title.
200
Re-Survey
Except in the case of re-survey of natural boundary, if the
surveyed value is within the permissible limits compared to
the original existing area, the existing is admissible prior to
imposing annotations follow the rules set by the
Department.
201
Comparison Of New Coordinates Value
With Coordinates NDCDB
Comparison of the new coordinates and NDCDB be made
based on the NDCDB value to ensure the existing boundary
marks not out of position and was in the original position.
202
Limit Of Coordinates Displacement
Limit of the displacement vector of boundary mark is 0.050
meters permitted for urban / town and new development while
other areas limit of the displacement vector is 0.10 meters.
203
Replacement Of Old
Boundary Mark
Existing NDCDB coordinates value are used if the boundary
marks move do not exceeds the prescribed limit
204
Replacement Of Old
Boundary Mark
GNSS Methods can also be used to replace the old
boundary marks based on the coordinates set in the pre-
computation plan or field survey plan.
205
Exemption Of Replacement Of Old
Boundary Mark
For areas where the former survey belong to third class (3)
and below, the position of the boundary mark is accepted as in
the original position, unless there is a significant difference
compared to the previous survey value.
206
Observation Records
Observations, additional information and references made in the
field shall be recorded in a digital format directly from the measuring
equipment.
For the work carried out by the Licensed Land Surveyors, observed
data should be signed digitally before sent online to the department.
207
Observation Records Format
Observations records format for survey using total station
instrument is in the form of ASCII files containing files as follows:
208
Observation Records Format
Observations record format for full survey using GNSS
equipment is in the form of GNSS file as follows:
209
Observation Records Format
Observations record format for combined GNSS and survey
using traverse is in the form of ASCII files and GNSS that
contain both forms of files.
210
eCadastre Data Format
211
eCadastre Data Format
212
eCadastre Data Format
213
.
The use of terms and symbols for boundary marks shall only
be made in accordance with the Department.
214
Explanation Of Boundary Mark,
Survey Mark And Station Number
Stations number
Figure
215
Amendment Of Observations Data
Amendments to the digital data is not permitted.
Correction on digital survey data if necessary shall be made
by re-survey which new observations will replace the
original observations.
216
Submission Of Observations Data
Submission of observations data must be made on-line
and in the form of ASCII files that contain both forms of
files.
217
Adjustment Criteria
Observations bearing and horizontal distance will be
used for adjustment purposes.
218
Adjustment Output
Output adjustment shall contain the observations
adjusted, adjusted coordinates with accuracy, statistical
analysis and graphical error ellipse.
219
Data Adjustment Method
Method of data observation adjustment shall use least
squares adjustment method to:
(a) determining the accuracy and completeness of the survey
done.
(b) to obtain the adjusted coordinates for forming NDCDB.
221
Allowance Misclosure
i. The maximum allowance misclosure in the cadastral survey is
as follows:
(b) for GNSS, allowance misclosure for a line is not more than 10
mm or relative accuracy of not more than (a + bl) mm where a =
5 mm, b = 2 ppm and L is the base line distance in kilometres;
and
222
Allowance Misclosure
ii. Nothing in this Circular which prevents the Director of Survey
of discretion to accept allowance misclosure that does not meet
the above requirements with reasonable points.
iii. Weightage
Whether a work can be accepted by the system also depends on
the Weightage set in the software. The weights assigned are as
follows:
(a) For the bearing, Weightage set is 15 seconds;
(b) For distances, Weightage set is 0.010 meters; and
(c) For the CRM held fixed, Weightage fix is 0.020 meters for
north and east component.
223
Road Reserve Survey
Unless there are instructions to the contrary, the road
reserve must be measured so that the two boundary lines
are parallel.
224
Right Of Way Survey
Survey for right of way shall be exercised in the following
ways:
225
Strata Survey
In carrying out the survey of strata titles, any rules set by
the Strata Titles Act 1985, which includes the following
items shall be complied with:
227
Offset Survey
Offset survey , where necessary, shall be made to enable the
details shown on the Certified Plan (PA) and to add the
information in the GIS Layer Management System (GLMS), in
accordance with the following approaches:
ii. for barrier adjacent to the reference mark for no mark, the
offset survey should be just enough to prove the obstruction
causes the position had made no mark;
228
Offset Survey
iii. for building or any other permanent structure inside the lot,
the offset survey must be taken in the form of buildings or
structures remain concerned;
vi. offset against the 'arc' should be taken at least every 2 meters
in order to form the arch.
229
Offset Survey
The offset survey to the details of natural or artificial of
should be taken with bearing and distance only and,
appropriately made on one (1) circle only to the nearest 01‘.
230
Survey Equipment Calibration
To ensure that the equipment used to observe the distance
and the getting the relative coordinates above the earth's
surface is in good condition, the equipment must be
calibrated at least once every 6 months for total station
instrument or EDM and at least once a year of GNSS
equipment .
231
Total Station And GNSS
Equipment Calibration
i. Digital data for standard length pillar (*.med *.gnss) and
standard length certificates pillar (*.pdf) shall be
downloaded on-line.
v. Digital *.edm file and *.gnss issued by the system are as follows:
•JE_2009_01_01
where;
J - State
E – Location of EDM (G-location of GNSS)
2009 - Year
01 - ID Location
01 – EDM certificated serries number
233
T H AN K YO U
234