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αβγ  βγ
β+γ β+γ β+γ
= −αβ F  − αγE  − βγD  GHRDUHFH  − α = β + γ 

2EVHUYD LL
 'HRDUHFH S& (0 ) = 20  − 5  UH]XOW  20  = 5  + S& (0 ) ≥  DGLF 
20  = 5  − αβ D  + βγE  + γαE   úL LQHJDOLWDWHD βγD  + γαE  + αβ F  ≤ 5  
( )
5
FXHJDOLWDWHSHQWUX0 2DGLF  
α β γ
VLQ  $ VLQ  % VLQ & 6
= = =

 )LHSXQFWHOH 0 N ([N  \N  ]N )∈3N∈  $WXQFL

 D 0  ∈ 0 0  ⇔H[LVW αβ∈5αβ DVWIHOvQFkW α0 0 + β0 0  =  
⇔ [ = α[ + β[  \ = α\ + β\  ] = α] + β] úLYRPQRWD 0  = α0  + β0  ⇔ 
[ \ ]
[ \ ] =  DGLF GUHSWHOHGNGHHFXD LH [N ; + \N < + ]N =  N ∈  VXQW
[ \ ]
FRQFXUHQWH
[\]
 E'DF SXQFWHOH00VXQWL]RWRPLFHDWXQFL [[ = \\ = ]] = 
\] + \[ + []
[ \ ] [D  + \E  + ]F 
( )
S& (0  ) = − 
([ \ + \ ] + ] [ )
[ [ \ \ ] ]
 F'DF SXQFWHOH00VXQWL]RJRQDOHDWXQFL =  =   
D E F
[ \ ]
 S& (0  )⋅ S& (0  ) = − D E F  ⋅ [ \ ] 
\ ]D + ] [E + [ \F
=   

$OWIHO3HQWUX'∈$0∩%& β '% + γ '& =  úLUHOD LD6WHZDUWDSOLFDW FHYLH

QHL;'vQ%;&VHRE LQH (β + γ );'  = β;%  + γ;&  − D  3HQWUX0 ∈$'

βγ
(β + γ )
(β + γ )0$ + α 0' =  úLUHOD LD6WHZDUWDSOLFDW FHYLHQHL;0vQ$;'VHRE LQH

 
 $5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

(α + β + γ );0  = α;$ + (β + γ );'  − α(β + γ ) $'  DGLF 

α+β+ γ
;0  = α;$ + (β + γ );' − α(β + γ )$' 3HQWUX'∈$0∩%& β '% + γ '& =  úL

UHOD LD6WHZDUWDSOLFDW FHYLHQHL$'vQ$%&VHRE LQH (β + γ)$' = γE + βF − D 

βγ 
(β + γ)
$úDGDU ;0  = α;$ + β;%  + γ;&  − D − αγE  − αβ F  + D 
βγ  αβγ 
β+γ β+ γ
= α;$ + β;%  + γ;&  − αγE  + βα F  + γβD  = α;$ + β;%  + γ;&  + S& (0 ) 
( )
$YHPHJDOLWDWHvQLQHJDOLWDWHDGLQHQXQ SHQWUX; 0I U XWLOL]DUHDWHRUHPHLSUH
FHGHQWH

2EVHUYD LH3HQWUX; 0VHRE LQHLGHQWLWDWHD α0$ + β0%  + γ0&  = 
= βγD  + γαE  + αβ D  = 5  − 20  úL LQHJDOLWDWHD α0$ + β0%  + γ0&  ≤ 5   FX
HJDOLWDWHSHQWUX0 2

([HPSOH

 0 * ⇒ ;$ + ;%  + ;&  =  ;*  + D  + E  + F  SHQWUXRULFH; ∈3
( )

 
*$ + *%  + *&  = D  + E  + F  
( ) ;$ + ;%  + ;&  ≥ D  + E  + F  
( )
 
SHQWUXRULFH;∈3FXHJDOLWDWHSHQWUX; *
 0 ,⇒ D;$ + E;%  + F;&  =  S;,  + DEF SHQWUXRULFH;∈3
D,$ + E,%  + F,&  = DEF  D;$ + E;%  + F;&  ≥ DEF SHQWUXRULFH; ∈3FX
HJDOLWDWHSHQWUX; ,
 0 ,D⇒ E;%  + F;&  + DEF = D;$ + (SD );, D SHQWUXRULFH;∈3
E, D %  + F, D &  + DEF = D, D $  DEF + E;%  + F;&  ≥ D;$ FX HJDOLWDWH SHQWUX
; = , D 

2EVHUYD LH'DF 0α β γ ∈3DWXQFLSHQWUXRULFH; ∈3H[LVW ODQ XOGH
LQHJDOLW L βγD  + γαE  + αβ F  ≤ α;$ + β;%  + γ;&  ≤ ;0  + 5  FXHJDOLWDWHvQ
VWkQJDSHQWUX; 0úLFXHJDOLWDWHvQGUHDSWDSHQWUX0 2'HH[HPSOX
DEF ≤ D;$ + E;%  + F;&  ≤  S ;,  + 5  XQGH,αβγ
( )

  

 
$5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

7HRUHP   'DF  0 N (α N  βN  γ N )∈3N ∈  DWXQFLGLVWDQ DvQWUHSXQFWHOH

00HVWHGDW GHUHOD LD
0 0  = − (β − β  )(γ − γ  )D  + (γ − γ  )(α − α  )E  + 

[
    + (α − α  )(β − β  )F  ≥  
]

'(021675$ ,(
1RW P'∈$0∩%&$YHP (β + γ  )0  $ + α  0' =  'LQUHOD LD6WHZDUW

SHQWUX FHYLDQD $' vQ $%& VH RE LQH (β  + γ  )$'  = β F  + γ E  − D  

β γ 
(β + γ  )
'HRDUHFH 0  $ = (β + γ  )'$ úL 0  $ = (β + γ  ) '$ = (β + γ  ) βF  + γ E  ±

( )
− β γ  D  LDU α0  $ + β0  %  + γ0 &  = 0  0  − S& (0  )UH]XOW 
0 0  = − βγD  + γαE  + αβF  + α ( − α  ) β F  + γ E  − αβ γ  D  
( ) ( )
+ β ( − β )(γ D
  

+ β E  
)

([HPSOH
  
 S& (* ) = − D + E  + F   2*  = 5  − D  + E  + F  úL D  + E  + F  ≤ 5  
( ) ( )
 
 S& (, ) = − 5U 2, = 5 −  5U úL5≥U
 

 S& (, D ) =  5UD  2, D = 5  +  5UD 

 S& (1 ) = −U (5 − U ) 21 = 5 − U 
 S& (+ ) = −5  FRV $ FRV % FRV &  2+  = 5  ( −  FRV $ FRV % FRV & ) úL

FRV $ FRV % FRV & ≤ LDU 2+  =  5  − D  + E  + F  GHRDUHFH 2+ = 2* 
( )

 S  DEF
 
 S& (Γ ) = − U (5 + U )   S& (/ ) = −  
 
 5 + U  D +E +F 
  

DEF

2/ = 5  −   úL D  + E  + F  ≥   6
 
 D + E 
+ F  


7HRUHP  3HQWUX0αβγ∈3H[LVW UHOD LD
α0$ + β0%  + γ0&  = − S& (0 ) 

'(021675$ ,(
'LQLGHQWLWDWHD α ;$ + β ;% + γ ;& = ;0 ;∈3vQSDUWLFXODUSHQWUX;∈^$
% &` VH RE LQ UHOD LLOH β $% + γ $& = $0  α %$ + γ %& = %0  α&$ + β&% = &0 

 
 $5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

(IHFWX PSURGXVXOVFDODU 0$ = 0$ 0$ = β $% + γ $&   β$% + γ $& = 

( )
( )
 βF + γ E + βγ $% $& = βF + γ E + βγEFFRV $ = βF + γE + βγ E + F  − D  ( )
$úDGDU
0$ = β F  + γ E  + βγ E  + F  − D  ⋅ α
( )
0% 
= γ D + α F + γα(F + D − E ) ⋅ β ⇒
      

0&  = α E + β D + αβ(D + E − F ) ⋅ γ
      

⇒ α0$ + β0%  + γ0&  = βγ (β + γ )D  + γα(γ + α )E  + αβ(α + β)F  

+ αβγ D  + E  + F  = βγ ( − α )D  + γα( − β )E  + αβ( − γ )F  + αβγ D  + E  + F   
( ) ( )
= βγD + γαE + αβ F = − S& (0 )
  


7HRUHP  3HQWUXRULFH;∈3H[LVW LGHQWLWDWHD
α;$ + β;%  + γ;&  = ;0  − S& (0 ) XQGH0α β γ ∈3úLLQH
JDOLWDWHD α;$ + β;%  + γ;&  ≥ βγD  + γαE  + αβ F  

'(021675$ ,(
(
(IHFWX PSURGXVXOVFDODU ;$ = ;$ ;$ =  ;0 + 0$  ;0 + 0$   )
= ;0 + 0$ +  ;0 0$ HWF$úDGDU
 
( )
;$ = ;0  + 0$ +  ;0  0$ ( ) ⋅α
;%  = ;0  + 0% + (;0  0% ) ⋅ β ⇒


;&  = ;0  + 0& + (;0  0& ) ⋅ γ



⇒ α;$ + β;%  + γ;&  = (α + β + γ );0  +  ;0  α 0$ + β0% + γ 0&  

+ α0$ + β0%  + γ0&  = ;0  − S& (0 )  GHRDUHFH α 0$ + β 0% + γ 0& =   úL
( )
α0$ + β0%  + γ0&  = − S& (0 )
− β  γ α E  + γ ( − γ  ) α E  + β D  − γα β F  = 
( )
= − (β − β  )(γ − γ  )D  + (γ − γ  )(α − α  )E  + (α − α  ) (β − β  )F   GHRDUHFH GH
[ ]
H[HPSOXFRHILFLHQWXOOXLDHVWH − βγ − αβ  γ  + βγ  ( − β  )+ γβ  ( − γ  ) = 
− βγ − αβ  γ  + βγ  + γβ  − β  γ  (β + γ ) = −βγ − αβ  γ  + βγ  + γβ  − 
− β  γ  ( − α ) = −βγ + βγ  + β  γ − β  γ  = (γ − γ  )(β  − β ) = − (β − β  )(γ − γ  )
HWF


 
$5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

2EVHUYD LH&XDMXWRUXODFHVWHLUHOD LLUHPDUFDELOHVHSRWGHWHUPLQDvQSDUWLFX

ODUGLVWDQ HOHvQWUHRULFDUHGRX SXQFWHGLQPXO LPHD^$%&2*+,,D,E,F
1Γ/`DVRFLDW XQXLWULXQJKL$%&

([HPSOH

 2*  = 5  − D  + E  + F  ⇒ D  + E  + F  ≤  5  ⇔  S  ≤ U  + 5U +  5  
( )

 2+ = 5 ( −  FRV $ FRV % FRV & ) =  5  − D  + E  + F  ⇒ 
 
( )
⇒ D + E + F = 5 ( + FRV $ FRV % FRV & ) GHXQGHUH]XOW  D  + E  + F  = 5  
   

⇔$%&HVWHWULXQJKLGUHSWXQJKLF
D  + E + F
 2,  = 5  −  5U  +1 = 2,  FRV $ FRV % FRV & = −  
5 
 1,  =  ⋅ *,  = S  + U  −  5U ⇒ S  + U  ≥  5U 
 +,  =  5(5 + U )+ U  − S  ⇒ S  ≤  5(5 + U )+ U  
  S   
 Γ, = U  − 
    ⇒ S  ≤  5 + U 
   5 + U  
 
5 U
 /,  = 6  5 ⋅ 
+

S  − U  −  5U
( )

 *Γ  = S   5  +  5U − U  − U ( 5 + U ) ⇒ 
[ ( ] 
)
( 5 + U )


⇒ ( 5 − U )( 5 + U )S  ≥ U ( 5 + U ) 


  S  ( 5 − U )
 +Γ  =  5   − ⇒  S  ( 5 − U ) ≤ 5( 5 + U ) 


5  5 U
 
 ( + ) 

7HRUHP  'DF  0 N (α N  βN  γ N )∈ 3  N ∈   DWXQFL P VXUD XQJKLXOXL
020 VH RE LQH GLQ UHOD LD 20  ⋅ 20  = 20  ⋅ 20  ⋅ FRV 0 2Ö 0  
XQGH

20 ⋅ 20 = 5 − (βγ  + βγ )D + (γα + γ α )E + (αβ + α β )F  
[ ]


'(021675$ ,(
'HRDUHFH α 2$ + β 2% + γ 2& = 20   úL α  2$ + β 2% + γ  2& = 20   UH
( )(
]XOW F  20  ⋅ 20  = α 2$ + β 2% + γ 2& ⋅ α  2$ + β 2% + γ  2& =  )
 
 $5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

= (αα  + ββ + γγ  )5  + 5  [(αβ + α β )FRV  $ + (βγ  + β  γ )FRV  $ 

+ (γα  + γ α )FRV  % ]GHRDUHFH 2$ ⋅ 2$ = 2% ⋅ 2% = 2& ⋅ 2& = 5  úL
 2$ ⋅ 2% = 5  FRV &  2$ ⋅ 2& = 5 ⋅ FRV  % 2% ⋅ 2& = 5  FRV  $ 
D
ÌQV  FRV  $ =  −  VLQ  $ =  − HWF
5 
$úDGDU 20  ⋅ 20  = 5  (α + α  + α  )(β + β  + β ) − 

− (βγ  + β  γ )D  + (γα  + γ α )E  + (αβ  + α β )D  
[ ]


2EVHUYD LH 20  = 20 ⋅ 20 = 5 − βγD + γαE + αβF úL 20 = 5 + S& (0 ) 
( )
5HJ VLPIRUPXOD S& (0 ) = − βγD  + γαE  + αβ F  FDUHH[SULP SXWHUHDSXQFWXOXL
( )
0ID GH&25

([HPSOH
20 ⊥20  ⇔ (βγ  + β γ )D  + (γα  + γ α )E  + (αβ  + α  β ) F  = 5  

 2* ⋅ 20 = 5  − [ (β + γ )D  + (γ + α )E  + (α + β)F  úLLQHJDOLWDWHD
]

 (β + γ )D  + (γ + α )E  + (α + β)F  ≤ 5  ⇔ P
*20 ≤ ° FDUH VH PDL SRDWH
H[SULPDαD  + βE  + γF  ≥ D  + E  + F  − 5  ⇔ P
*20≤° FXHJDOLWD
 
WHSHQWUXD E FVDX2* ⊥20ÌQSDUWLFXODU 2* ⋅ 2$ = 5  − E + F  
( )

2*⊥2$⇔ E  + F  = 5  úL E  + F  ≤ 5  ⇔ P
$2*≤°
6LWXD LLSDUWLFXODUH

D (0 = , )2* ⋅ 2, = 5  − S  + U  −  5U úL  5(5 + U ) ≥ SU⇔
( )

⇔P
,2*≤°LDU  5(5 + U ) = S  + U  ⇔ D = E = F VDX2,⊥2*

E 0  1 ± SXQFWXO 1DJHO 2* ⋅ 21 = (5 + U ) − U   úL S ≤  (5 + U ) ⇔ 



⇔P
12*≤°LDU S =  (5 + U ) ⇔ D = E = F VDX21⊥2*

 2, ⋅ 20 = 5 (5 + U )− (αEF + βFD + γDE ) úLLQHJDOLWDWHD

αEF + βFD + γDE ≤  5(5 + U ) ⇔ P
,20 ≤°FXHJDOLWDWHSHQWUXD E F
VDX2,⊥20

 
$5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

6LWXD LLSDUWLFXODUH
 
D0 1±SXQFWXOOXL1DJHO 2, ⋅ 21 = 5  +  5U − S + U  úL
( )

 5(5 + U ) ≥ S + U ⇔ P
,21 ≤°LDU  5(5 + U ) = S  + U  ⇔D E F
 

VDX2,⊥21

E0 $ 2, ⋅ 2$ = 5  + 5U − EF úL D5 ≥ (E + F )U  ⇔P
$2, ≤°LDU

D5 = (E + F )U ⇔ D = E = F VDX2$⊥2,

7HRUHP  'DF  0 N (α N  βN  γ N )∈ 3 N ∈  DWXQFLP VXUDXQJKLXOXL0,0
VHRE LQHGLQUHOD LD ,0 ⋅ ,0 = ,0 ⋅ ,0 ⋅ FRV 0 ,Ö0 XQGH
     

,0  ⋅ ,0  = − 5U + [(γ + γ  )DE + (α + α  )EF + (β + β )FD]−


(βγ  + β γ )D  + (γα  + γ α )E  + (αβ + α β )F  
[ ]

−

'(021675$ ,(
'HRDUHFH α ,$ + β ,% + γ ,& = ,0  úL α  ,$ + β  ,% + γ  ,& = ,0  UH]XOW  F 
( )( )
,0  ⋅ ,0  = α ,$ + β ,% + γ ,& ⋅ α  ,$ + β  ,% + γ  ,& = αα  ,$ +  + 
EF(S − D ) F(S − D )(S − E )
+ (αβ + α β ),$ ⋅ ,% +   ÌQV  ,$ = « úL ,$ ⋅ ,% = − «
S S
ÌQFHUFD LVLQJXUV vQFKHLD LGHPRQVWUD LDúLRIHUL LH[HPSOHFXVLWXD LLSDUWLFXODUH
( )( )
$OWIHO ,0  ⋅ ,0  = ,2 + 20  ⋅ ,2 + 20  = ,2  − 2, ⋅ 20  − 2, ⋅ 20  

+ 20  ⋅ 20  = 5  −  5U − 5  −  5U + (αEF + βFD + γ DE )− 5  −  5U 

 
+ (α EF + βFD + γ  DE)+ 5  − (βγ  + β γ )D + (γα + γ α )E + (αβ + αβ )F  = 
[ ]
 

= − 5U + [(α + α  )EF + (β + β )FD + (γ + γ  )DE]− 


− (βγ  + β  γ )D  + (γα  + γ α )E  + (αβ  + α β )F  
[ ]


2EVHUYD LH ,0  = ,0 ⋅ ,0 = − 5U + (γDE + αEF + βFD )+ S& (0 )
XQGH0αβγ∈3


 
 $5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

([HPSOH
,0 ⊥,0  ⇔ (γ + γ  )DE + (α + α  )EF + (β + β  )FD = 
= 5U + (βγ  + β  γ )D  + (γα  + γ α )E  + (αβ  + α β )F  
 
 ,* ⋅ ,0 = − 5U − S  − U  + α D  + EF + β E  + DF + γ F  + DE úL
( ) [( ) ( ) ( )]
 
LQHJDOLWDWHD α D + EF + β E + DF + γ F  + DE ) ≥  5U + S  − U  ⇔

( ) (
) (
⇔P
*,0≤°FXHJDOLWDWHSHQWUXD E FVDX,*⊥,0
6LWXD LLSDUWLFXODUH

D (0 = 2 ) ,* ⋅ ,2 = S  + U  −  5U úL S  + U  ≥  5U  ⇔P
*,2 ≤°
( )

LDU,*⊥,2⇔ S + U  =  5U 


E (0 = $) ,*⊥,$ ⇔ D  + EF =  5U + S  − U  

 ,2 ⋅ ,0 = −5U + (αEF + βFD + γDE ) úL LQHJDOLWDWHD αEF + βFD + γDE ≥  5U 

⇔P
2,0≤°úL ,2⊥,0 ⇔ αEF + βFD + γDE =  5U 
6LWXD LLSDUWLFXODUH
EF
D (0 = $) ,2 ⋅ ,$ = −5U + úL EF ≥  5U  ⇔P
2,$ ≤°LDU EF =  5U 

⇔,2⊥,$⇔EF D

E 0  1 ± SXQFWXO OXL 1DJHO ,2 ⋅ ,1 = S  + U  −  5U = ,2 ⋅ ,*  'HFL
( )

( )
,2 ⋅ ,1 − ,* =  GHXQGHUH]XOWDWXOFXQRVFXW ,1 = ,* 

7HRUHP  'DF  0 N (α N  βN  γ N )∈ 3 N =   DWXQFL P VXUD XQJKLXOXL
0*0VHRE LQHGLQUHOD LD *0  ⋅ *0  = *0  ⋅ *0  ⋅ FRV 0 *Ö 0  
 
XQGH *0  ⋅ *0  = D  + E  + F  − (α + α  )D  + (β + β  )E  + 
( ) [
 

+ (γ + γ  )F  − (βγ  + β  γ )D  + (γα  + γ α )E  + (αβ  +α β )F  
] [ ]


'(021675$ ,(
*0 ⋅ *0  = *2 + 20 ⋅ *2 + 20  = *2 − 2* ⋅ 20 − 2* ⋅ 20  + 20 ⋅ 20  
( )( )
  
= 5  − D  + E  + F  − 5  + ( − α )D + ( − β )E + ( − γ  )F − 5 + ( − α )D + 
( ) [ ] [
  

 
$5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH


+ ( − β )E  + ( − γ )F  + 5  −
] (βγ  + β γ )D  + (γα  + γ α ) E  + (αβ + α β )F  
[ ]

HWF
$OWIHO *0  ⋅ *0  = *, + ,0  *, + ,0  = *,  − ,* ⋅ ,0  − ,* ⋅ ,0  + ,0  ⋅ ,0  
( )( )
HWF

 
2EVHUYD LH *0  = *0 ⋅ *0 = D  + E  + F  − αD  + βE  + γF  + S& (0 )
( ) ( )
 
XQGH0αβγ∈3

([HPSOH
*0 ⊥*0  ⇔  (α + α  )D  +  +  (βγ  + β γ )D  +  =  D  + E  + F  
[ ] [ ] ( )
 
 *, ⋅ *0 =  S  + U  +  5U − α D  + EF + β E  + DF + γ F  + DE 
( ) [( ) ( ) ( )]
 

 *, ⋅ *2 =  U  +  5U − S  úL *, ⊥*2 ⇔ S  = U  +  5U 
( )

  
 *2 ⋅ *0 = D + E  + F  − αD  + βE  + γF  
( ) ( )
 

 *2 ⋅ *1 = S  −  U  −  5U = −*2 ⋅ *,  'HFL *2 ⋅ *1 + *, =   GH

( ) ( )
XQGHUH]XOW  *1 + *, =  DGLF  1* = *, 1 ∈ ,* úL 1, = *,  ( )

7HRUHP  )LH0αβγ 0 N (α N  βN  γ N )∈ 3 N =  $WXQFLP VXUDXQJKLX
OXL000VHRE LQHGLQUHOD LD 00 ⋅ 00 = 00 ⋅ 00 ⋅ FRV 000 
XQGH

00  ⋅ 00  = S& (0 )+ [β(γ + γ  )+ γ(β + β )− (βγ  + β γ )]D +  
{ }


'(021675$ ,(
( )( )
00  ⋅ 00  = 0, + ,0  0, + ,0  = 0,  − ,0 ⋅ ,0  − ,0 ⋅ ,0  + ,0  ⋅ ,0  
 
= − 5U + (γDE + αEF + βFD )+ S& (0 )+ 5U − [(γ + γ  )DE + ]+ (βγ + β γ )D +  + 
[ ]
 
  
+  5U − [(γ + γ )DE + ]+ (βγ  + βγ )D  +  −  5U + (γ + γ  )D  + ]±
[ ] [
  
 
− (βγ  + β  γ )D  +  = S& (0 )+ [β(γ + γ  )+ γ (β + β  )− (βγ  + β γ )]D  +  
[ ] { }
 

 
 $5+,0('( V 1ULDQXDULHIHEUXDULH

2EVHUYD LH
00  = 00  ⋅ 00  = − βγD  + γαE  + αβ F  + [(βγ  + γβ −βγ )D  +  = 
( ) ]
= (βγ + γβ − βγ − βγ )D +  = −(β − β ) (γ − γ )D − (γ − γ )(α − α )E − (α − α )(β − β )F 
  

úLUHJ VLPIRUPXODGLVWDQ HLvQWUHGRX SXQFWHvQFRRUGRQDWHEDULFHQWULFH'HIDSW

UHOD LD RE LQXW  QX HVWH DOWFHYD GHFkW 0 0  = 00  + 00  − 00  ⋅ 00   3L
WDJRUDJHQHUDOL]DW 

([HPSOH
00 ⊥00  ⇔ [(β − β )(γ − γ )+ (β − β  )(γ − γ  )− (β − β  ) (γ − γ  )]D  +  =  
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