PREFACE
To be a perfect engineer, it is necessary to have an idea about the industrial job and must know some basic facts like, how the work is done in Industry? What are the common problems and how to tackle them? There is great difference between theory and practical. Although, we do practical in college but these are not sufficient, as their industrial environment cannot be created. This can be done by sending students to various industries, which improves their knowledge and is very helpful in being a good engineer. Due to these facts LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY held In-plant Training for 6 Months. We are pursuing our In-Plant Training at ALCATEL-LUCENT (DELHI) from 1 JUNE 2011 in our 7thsemester.
Acknowledgement:
This is a great opportunity to acknowledge and to thanks everybody without whose support and help this In-plant Training would have been impossible. I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who where part of this In-Plant Training in numerous ways. I would like to thanks to my training guide SRINIVAS SIR, for providing me the right ambiance, valuable suggestion, moral support, constant encouragement and contribution of time for the successful going of our In-plan Training. We are very grateful to him, for providing all the facilities needed during the training. At the outset, we sincerely thank all faculty members of my institution for their extra effort to make our session on line inspire of all ideas.
Needless to say, without all the above help and support our training would not been a success.
AMAL CHAUDHARY
CONTENT: Name
1. Organization Profile and History 2. Joint Venture of Alcatel Lucent 3. Services and the Processes: 4. Facets of Transport: 5. Technology Used for transmission: a. PDH - PDH (advantage and disadvantage) c. SDH (origin) - advantages and disadvantages of SDH - SDH Topology - SDH PRINCIPLE - STM-1 - STM-1 frame -SDH Concatenation - Errors in SDH transmission -Alarms for error indication in SDH
Page No.
4 6 7 8 9
Organization
With a strong focus on complete solutions maximizing value for customers, Alcatel-Lucent is organized around four business groups and three geographic regions. The Application Software Group focuses on developing and maintaining innovative software products for its global customer base. The Carrier Product Group serves fixed, wireless and convergent service providers with end-to-end communications solutions. The Enterprise Product Group focuses on meeting the needs of business customers as well as the Industry & Public Sector. The Services Group designs, deploys, manages and maintains networks worldwide. The company's geographic regions are the Americas; Europe, Middle East, and Africa; and Asia Pacific and China.
History :
The formation of Alcatel-Lucent created the worlds first truly global communications solutions provider, with the most complete end-to-end portfolio of solutions and services in the industry. Alcatel-Lucent combined two entities Alcatel and Lucent Technologies which shared a common lineage dating back to 1986. That was the year Alcatels parent company, CGE (la Compagnie Gnrale dElectricit), acquired ITTs European telecom business. Nearly 60 years earlier, ITT had purchased most of AT&Ts manufacturing operations outside the United States. Lucent Technologies was spun off from AT&T. The combination of Alcatel and Lucent Technologies created the worlds first truly global communications solutions provider by building on two rich heritages. Alcatel-Lucent has three regional groups Americas; Europe, Middle East, and Africa; and Asia Pacific and China - focused on addressing the unique needs of customers throughout the world.
Alcatel-Lucent is a French company that provides hardware, software, and services to telecommunications service providers and enterprises all over the globe. The company is incorporated in France, and has its global executive offices in Paris. The company does business in 132 countries, with almost equal sales distribution coming from both its European and North American regions, and an additional third of its channel located elsewhere in the world. Alcatel-Lucent was formed after Alcatel's buyout of Lucent Technologies on December 1, 2006.
4. Means of Transport
1. Media
Wireline Copper , Aluminium
3. Technology
- Voice Communication PDH, - Modern Transport SDH, - DWDM
Sampler
Quantiser
Encoder
01010011
Fig 1.1 PCM Block diagram Engineers soon saw the potential to produce more effective transmission systems by combining several PCM channels together over the same copper pair. In Europe a standard was adopted where thirty-two, 64kbit/s channels were combined together in a process called "multiplexing", to produce a structure with a transmission rate of 2.048 Mbit/s (usually referred to as 2 Mbit/s). As demand for telephony services grew, it soon became apparent that the standard 2 Mbit/s signal was not sufficient to cope with the demands of the growing network, and so a further level of multiplexing was devised. Four, 2 Mbit/s signals were combined together to form an 8 Mbit/s signal (actually 8.448 Mbit/s). As the need arose, additional levels of multiplexing structure were added to include rates of 34 Mbit/s (34.368) and 140 Mbit/s (139.264). These transmission speeds are called Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy or PDH rates.
Europe Primary
Although each of the systems works fine as a stand-alone hierarchy, it does make international inter-connection very difficult and costly. This was the major reason for the development of a new internationally agreed standard.
PDH n Suffix
The PDH rates are often referred to by an n suffix. This suffix is also used within SDH to refer to the various different PDH input signals. The table below shows these suffixes and there associated rates.
n Suffix 11 12 21 22 31 32 4
Bit rate (Kbit/s) 1,544 2,048 6,312 8,448 34,368 44,736 139,264
8 Mbit/s
34 / 8 34 / 8
2 Mbit/s
8 / 2 8 / 2
As we can see, the multiplexer mountain means that we need to have a lot of expensive equipment just to connect 2 Megs together. This means that: Valuable space is taken up in racks in node sites and more equipment means more maintenance-associated problems. Each of the equipment levels is synchronised from a different source and at a different rate. This can lead to clocking problems that can cause errors. This equipment must also be jumperd not only at the 2 Mbit/s level for customer interconnection, but also between the various multiplexers that make up the individual transmission system. This leads to large amounts of coax wiring, which is physically very bulky and also relatively high maintenance, due to the fact that the terminating plugs work on a mechanical nature. An advantage of PDH is the small overhead of the system. This leads to efficient use of bandwidth. Unfortunately because of this lack of overhead in the structure, management facilities in PDH are severely limited: There is no automatic storage of route information so comprehensive and accurate paper records must be kept to avoid problems.
There is no ability to remotely configure equipment and the alarm monitoring is rudimentary, effectively only reporting loss of inputs.
Protection of the transmission paths is generally only available using 1+1 protection at the higher PDH levels i.e.140 Mbit/s and above, leaving customer 2 Mbit/s circuit vulnerable to failure.
TX RX
RX TX
TX RX
RX TX
Customer A A
Customer B
Customer A
Customer B
"Ring Normal"
To speed up switching times, although SDH multiplexers transmit on both sides of the ring simultaneously, they only receive on one side at any time. This means that only the receiving end needs to switch, thus reducing the impact of a fault on the customers' data.
STM-1:
The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1) is the SDH ITU-T fiber optic network transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s. The other levels are STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64. Beyond this we have wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) commonly used in submarine cabling.
Frame structure:
'The STM-1 frame is the basic transmission format for SDH'. A STM-1 signal has a byteoriented structure with 9 rows and 270 columns of bytes with a total of 2430 bytes (9 rows * 270 columns = 2430 bytes). Each byte corresponds to a 64kbit/s channel. The frame consists of two parts, the transport overhead and the path virtual envelope (virtual container with a(VC-4) capacity).
Transport overhead
Frame characteristics
The STM-1 base frame is structured with the following characteristics: - Length : 270 column x 9 row = 2430 bytes - Duration (Frame repetition time): 125 s i.e. 8000 frames/s - Rate (Frame capacity): : 2430 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s - Payload = 2340 bytes i.e. 149.760 Mbit/s 1 byte i.e. 64 kbit/s (e.g. speech channel)
The bits start at the top left with byte number one and are read from left to right and top to bottom. They are arranged as 270 columns across and 9 rows down. Therefore byte 270 is the byte in column 270, row 1. Byte 271 is in column 1, row 2 and byte 2430 is located at column 270, row 9 etc.
SOH 9 R o w s
3 4 5
P AU PTR's O H SOH
VC-4 Payload
SDH Concatenation:
The SDH frame can be thought of as an articulated lorry. The data to be transported is placed in the VC-4 'Container'. This is then hitched to the SOH 'Cab unit' that 'drives' the data to its destination. The maximum carrying capacity of the vehicle is determined by the size of the 'container'. Therefore although the SDH signal is 155 Mbit/s in size, the largest single circuit that can be transmitted at any one time by the customer is limited to the size of the VC-4 i.e. 140 Mbit/s.
When using higher rates of SDH (STM-4, STM-16 etc), multiple 'containers' and 'cabs' are added one after another, to form a bigger vehicle. The customer is still limited to a single circuit size of 140 Mbit/s however, because each individual 'container' is still the same size (140 Mbit/s). They can however transmit multiple 140 Mbit/s circuits simultaneously. The diagram below represents the standard STM-4 structure
VC-4 Payload
VC-4 Payload
VC-4 Payload
This limitation of 140 Mbit/s per individual circuit is not a particularly efficient way of managing bandwidth and a method of combining 'containers' together has been developed which is called 'Concatenation'. The diagram below represents an STM-4 concatenated structure (VC-4-4C).
Concatenated paths are commonly defined as VC-4-xC circuits (where x is size of the concatenation), as shown below: STM-4 concatenation (written as VC-4-4c), provides a single circuit with a bit rate of approximately 600M (actually 599.04 Mbit/s) STM-16 concatenation (written as VC-4-16c), provides a single circuit with a bit rate of approximately 2.2G (actually 2.2396160 Gbit/s) STM-64 concatenation (written as VC-4-64c), provides a single circuit with a bit rate of approximately 10G (actually 9.584640 Gbit/s) STM-256 concatenation (written as VC-4-256c), provides a single circuit with a bit rate of approximately 38G (actually 38.338560 Gbit/s)
Some important alarms in SDH Networks are explained next. SDH equipment are set to alarms if some specified errors occur. 1. LOS (loss of signal) : LOS alarms is given if the SDH equipment notices that the signal level is Below the specification, usually so low that the information is not separated from noise, there is also usually a measurement in network for both optical and electrical power depending on the transmission medium. 2. LOF (loss of frame): When the SDH networks cannot receive correct frame byte, network element defines the frame lost. Los alarm is given only if the frame bytes are incorrect during the certain time. When the network element recognizes the correct byte again the alarm is removed.