143

APPENDICES
1
APPENDIX
THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Planets Distance From Sun Diameter Characteristic Feature Number of Satellite

Mercury 58 million km 4,900 km No atmosphere.

Rocky, many craters.
Temp. –1700 C to 4000C —

Venus 108 million km 12,000 km Atmosphere is mostly

carbon dioxide.
Vast plains and high
mountains.
Average temp. over 5000 C —

Earth 150 million km 12,750 km Atmosphere is mostly 1 satellite —

nitrogen and oxygen. Moon
Surface covered with water.
Temp. is 150C

Mars 228 million km 6,800 km Thin atmosphere, mostly 2 satellites —

carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Phobos
Surface has polar ice caps and Deimos
and dry river beds. Temp.
ranges from –1000 C to
about –300 C

Jupiter 778 million km 1,43,000 km Atmosphere is mostly 16 satellites called

hydrogen and helium. Galilean satellites.
No solid surface. Temp. 4 largest
ranges to –1250 C in the satellites are Io,
atmosphere. Europa, Ganymede
and Callisto

Saturn 1,427 million km 1,20,000 km Atmosphere is mostly 20 satellites —

hydrogen and helium. largest visible
No solid surface. satellite Titan
Average temp. in
atmosphere is
about –1800 C

Uranus 2,869 million km 52,000 km Atmosphere is mostly 15 satellites

hydrogen and helium.
No solid surface.
Average temp. in
atmosphere is about –2250 C

Neptune 4,505 million km 49,000 km Atmosphere is mostly 8 satellites

hydrogen. No solid surface.
average temp. in
Atmosphere is about –2200 C

Pluto 5,890 million km 2,300 km Atmosphere is mostly methane. 1 satellite

Surface is solid with unknown
features.
Temp. is about –2300 C
11
APPENDIX
MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS

Mineral Hardness (Based on Moh’s Scale)

Talc 1
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5
Orthoclase 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10
111
APPENDIX
PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC MINERALS

Name Chemical Formula Economic Uses

Boehmite AlOOH Ore of aluminium

Diaspore HAlO2 -do-
Alunite KAl2(SO4)2. (OH)6 -do-
Magnetite Fe3O4 Ore of iron
Hematite Fe2O3 -do-
Goethite HFeO2 -do-
Siderite FeCO3 -do-
Rutile TiO2 Ore of titanium
Ilmenite FeTiO2 -do-
Pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9 S8 Ore of nickel
Niccolite NiAs -do-
Chalcopyrite CuFe S2 Ore of copper
Chalcocite Cu2S -do-
Covellite CuS -do-
Azurite 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 -do-
Malachite CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 -do-
Cuprite Cu2O -do-
Copper Cu -do-
Galena PbS Ore of lead
Jamesonite Pb4FeSb6S11 -do-
Bournonite CuPbSbS3 -do-
Sphalerite ZnS Ore of zinc
Wurtzite — —
Smithsonite ZnCO3 Ore of zinc
Calamine Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2.H2O -do-
Cassiterite SnO2 Ore of tin
Stannite Cu2FeSnS4 -do-
Cinnabar HgS Ore of mercury
Polyxene (Pt, Fe) Ore of platinum
Argenite Ag2S Ore of silver
Proustite Ag3AsS3 -do-
18
APPENDIX
RADIATION BALANCE OF THE EARTH
(SURFACE + ATMOSPHERE ENERGY BALANCE)

Incoming Solar Radiation Percentage

Absorption by O3 3
Absorption by H2O and aerosols 13
Absorption by clouds 2
Back scattered by clouds 24
Back scattered by air and aerosols 7
Back scattered by surface 4
Total 53
Absorption by ground
From the sun 25
From the atmosphere and clouds 22
Total 47
Total Incoming Radiation 100

Outgoing Terrestrial Radiation

Short Waves Nil
Back radiation from H2O, CO2 and clouds to outer space 31
Back radiation from ground to outer space 4
Total 35

Long Waves
Back radiation from ground 5
Back radiation from H2O, CO2 and clouds 60
Total 65

Total Outgoing Radiation 100

Surface Balance (as Percentage of Incoming Solar Radiation Outside the Atmosphere)

Incoming from
the sun 25
the atmosphere 26

Total 51
Outgoing to
the atmosphere
Long wave to H2O, CO2 and clouds 13
Latent heat 24
Sensible heat 5
Outer space
Back scattered from ground 4
Long wave 5
Total 51
8
APPENDIX
AREA AND VOLUME OF MAJOR OCEANS AND SEAS

Name Area Percentage Volume Percentage

(sq. km.) (cu. km)

I. Oceans
Atlantic Ocean 82,441,500 22.83 323,613,300 23.61
Indian Ocean 73,442,700 20.34 291,030,000 21.23
Pacific Ocean 1,65,246,200 45.77 707,555,000 51.63
Arctic Ocean 14,090,100 3.91 16,980,000 1.23

Sub Total 3,35,220,500 92.85 1,339,178,000 97.70

II. Inter-Continental Seas

Malay Sea 8,143,100 2.26 9,873,000 0.72
Central American Sea 4,319,500 1.21 9,573,000 0.70
Mediterranean Sea 2,965,900 0.82 4,238,000 0.30

Sub Total 15,428,500 4.29 23,684,000 1.72

III. Smaller Enclosed Seas

Baltic Sea 422,300 0.12 23,000
Hudson Bay 1,232,300 0.34 1,58,000
Red Sea 437,900 0.12 2,15,000
Persian Gulf 238,800 0.06 6,000

Sub Total 2,331,300 0.64 4,02,000 0.05

IV. Fringing Seas

Bering Sea 2,268,200 0.62 3,259,000
Okhotsk Sea 1,527,600 0.42 1,279,000
Japan Sea 1,007,700 0.28 1,361,000
E. China Sea 1,249,200 0.34 235,000
Andaman Sea 797,600 0.22 694,000
California Sea 162,200 0.04 132,000
North Sea 575,300 0.17 54,000
English Channel and Irish Seas 178,500 0.05 10,000
Laurentian Sea 237,800 0.06 30,000
Bass Sea 74,800 0.02 5,000

Sub Total 8,078,900 2.22 7,059,000 0.51

Grand Total 3,61,059,200 13,70,323,500

(Hydrosphere)